2 Fig. 2.1 shows a hammer being used to drive a nail into a piece of wood.

hammer head

nail

Wood

Fig. 2.1

The mass of the hammer head is 0.15kg.

The speed of the hammer head when it hits the nail is 8.0m/s.
The time for which the hammer head is in contact with the nail is 0.0015s.

The hammer head stops after hitting the nail.

(a) Calculate the change in momentum of the hammer head.

change in momentum= ****************************************************.

(b) State the impulse given to the nail.

impulse= [1
(c) Calculate the average force between the hammer and the nail.

average force =
2

[Total: 51

UCLES 2016 O625/42/F/M/16

 level track, as shown in
h e engine of unpowered toy train is rolling at a constant speed on
an a

Fig. 3.1. The engine collides with a stationary toy truck, and joins withit

moving engine
stationary truck

OoOOOTOY

track
Fig. 3.1

Before the collision, the toy engine is travelling at 0.32 m/s. The mass of the engine is 0.50kg.

(a) Calculate the momentum of the toy engine before the collision.

momentum =
*****
[21

(b) The mass of the truck is 0.30 kg.

Using the principle of conservation of momentum, calculate the speed of the joined engine
and truck immediately after the collision.

speed 3

Total: 5)

UCLES 2014
0625/04/SP/16
 ***

2 shows two railway trucks on a track.

Fig.2.1
5.0m/s
truck A
truck B
buffer 6000 kg track
5000 kg

Fig. 2.1

truck B of mass 5000 kg, which is

Truck A of mass 6000 kg is moving at 5.0m/s. It is approaching

stationary.

(a) Calculate the momentum of truck A.

momentum=
****""
.
(21

their buffers compress and then they bounce off each other, remaining
(b) collide,
The trucks
undamaged.

After the collision, truck B has a momentum of 27 000 kg m/s.

(i) Determine the impulse applied to truck B.

impulse: [21

(i) The trucks are in contact for 0.60 s.

Calculate the average force on truck B.

force=
2

UCLES 2016 060626 42 2016 1.11

 (i) Calculate the final speed of truck A.

speed
'******'*''***''****'** ''**'***''** '********* '
[3]

Total 9

[Turn over
060626 42_20161 11
OUCLES 2016
 4

2 (a) () State an expression for the kinetic energy of an object of mass m that is moving with a

speed v.

(ii) State and explain whether kinetic energy is a scalar quantity or a vector quantity.

(b) Fig. 2.1 shows two fairground "bumper" cars.

stationary moving
car
empty car
50 kg 2.5m/s /200 kg
springs

Fig.2.1
The car with passengers, of total mass 200 kg, is moving in a straight line. It is travelling at
2.5m/s when it hits a stationary empty car of mass 50 kg.

After the collision, the empty car moves forwards in the same direction ata speed of 4.0m/s.

For the car with passengers, determine

(i) its momentum when it is travelling at 2.5m/s,

momentum =
2

(1i) the speed and direction of its motion immediately after the collision.

speed = . . .

direction: ****'**°°.****. **********

**********.

UCLES 2016
0625/42/0N/16
 (ii) Fixed to the front and the back of the cars are large springs.

When the cars collide the springs compress

The total kinetic energy of the cars after the collision is equal to the total kinetic energy
before the collision.

Describe the energy transfers that occur as the cars collide and then separate.

* ******.******************* ********************"*****"'*************"*******'*********e****

i* .* **e**ssree**snesss***********************"**************"********* **************"

...
2

Total:9

[Turn over
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@UCLES 2016
 2 Fig. 2.1 shows two cars, A and B, before they collide.

18m/s
stationary

car B carrA
Fig. 2.1

Car B, of mass 1200 kg, is stationary. Car A, of mass 2000 kg, is traveling towards car B at 18m/s.

(a) Calculate the momentum of car A.

momentum = .
[21

(b) The cars collide and car B experiences an impulse. Car A continues to move in the same
direction, with a momentum of 21 000 kg m/s.

(i) Calculate the momentum of car B immediately after the collision.

momentum= (11

(i) Determine the average impulse experienced by car B during the collision.

impulse ' ' ''''''**''***'*****

*****
****

******"" [1]

UCLES 2016 06_0625 43_2016 1.8

 (iii) The cars are in contact for 0.20s.

Calculate the average resultant force experienced by car B during the collision.

force ********''''°*
12

(c) Amodern car is designed so that, during a collision, the front section of the car is crushed and
the time of contact increases.

the benefit of increasing the time of contact for the people in the car.
Explain
....... . .** ****'******"*****"""***************************
******* ********* **

******* ************************' ****************'**********'*'**''**' **** '*°*'***'°****'***

********' ****'*****************°********°****°****************'***"**** ****'********"*****************°***

*******'***'** *** *** ***************************************'****************'*********************** **. [21

Total: 8]

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06 0625 43 2016 1.8
OUCLES 2016
2 Fig. 2.1 shows a dummy of mass 70 kg used in a crash test to investigate the safety of a new car.

passenger
dummy
barrier- compartment
windscreen

Fig.2.1

The car approaches a solid barrier at 20 m/s. It crashes into the barrier and stops suddenly.

(a) i) Calculate the momentum of the dummy immediately before the crash.

momentum *
= *** * ******** '********** ***********
12

(i) Determine the impulse that must be applied to the dummy to bring it to rest.

impulse = . .
'*****'*'''''"**''.'''* °'''. .[1]

OUCLES 2016 060625 41_2016 1.10

 5

() In the crash test, the passenger compartment comes to rest in 0.20s.

Calculate the deceleration of the passenger compartment.

deceleration =
***** ***'**********'****'**********" [2

(c) The seat belt and air bag bring the dummy to rest so that it does not hit the windscreen.
The dummy has an average deceleration of 80 m/s.

Calculate the average resultant force applied to the of

dummy, mass 70kg.

force ....
* * ****** **********
[21

(d) The deceleration of the dummy is less than the deceleration of the passenger
compartment.
Explain why this is of benefit for the
safety of a passenger.

*****'** ''
*'*******
''''********** ''''''* ******* ** ***
°***

°**** ' ****

***********''****'**'"*''' ''**''***''''' ''' °*

**''''*'''''''* '
'""

****** *****
'''''**''**'* ' '

'''''** '''
'''''°'**''''''''''''"''"''''''' *' ' *

[21

[Total: 9

UCLES 2016 06 0625 41_2016 1.10

[Turn over
 4

2 A footballer kicks a ball vertically upwards Initially, the ball is stationary.

(a) His boot is in contact with the ball for 0.050s. The average resultant force on the ball during
this time is 180N. The ball leaves his foot at 20m/s.

Calculate

() the impulse of the force acting on the ball,

impulse
(ii) the mass of the ball,

mass *******'****"**************** *** .

..2]

(iii) the height to which the ball rises. Ignore air resistance.

height= ...

****' ** ** *****''*' ***

(b) While the boot is in contact with the ball, the ball is no
lcnger spherical.
State the word used to describe the energy stored in the
bai.

******
******'***'** ****':
***'****.
.[1]
Total:8]

UCLES 2017 0625/41/MIJ/17

3 (a) Underline the pair of quantities which must be multiplied together to calculate impulse

force and mass force and velocity mass and time

time and velocity weight and velocity force and time (1

(6) Fig. 3.1 shows a collision between two blocks A and B on a smooth, horizontal surface.

A B B
3.0m/s V
2.4 kg
1 2 kg
before collision after collision

Fig. 3.1

Before the collision, block A, of mass 2.4 kg, is moving at 3.0 m/s. Block B, of mass 1.2 kg. is
at rest.

After the collision, blocks A and B stick

together and move with velocity v.

(i) Calculate

1. the momentum of block A before the

collision,

momentum =
... 2
***'***** *** ***

2. the velocity V,

velocity
3. the
.

21
impuise experienced by block B during the collision.

impulse
(ii) Suggest why the total kinetic energy of blocks 2
kinetic energy of A and B after
block A before the the collision is less than the
collision
***''*' **'***** . ****

************* *** **
****'' '

*********** ' ***'***. ..

T****''***'***'*** . .

**** * *** ****' *****

* ****
****''° ***** ****

1]
UCLES 2017 0625/42/MIJ/17 (Total: 8]
 2 (a) Explain why momentum is a vector quantity.
...1)

() The crumple zone at the front of a car is designed to collapse during a collision.

concrete wall
crumple
Zone

Fig. 2.1

In a laboratory test, a car of mass 1200kg is driven into a concrete wal, as shown in Fig. 2.1

A video recording of the test shows that the car is brought to rest in 0.36s when it collides
with the wall. The speed of the car before the collision is 7.5 m/s.

Calculate

) the change of momentum of the car,

change of momentum = *** '*********** '''*********** *****

(ii) the average force acting on the car.

average force=
[21

UCLES 2017 0625/42/F/M/17

 5

(c) A d1ferent car has a mass of 1500 kIf collides with the Same wa and al ot the energy
transferred during the collision is ah:orbed by the crumule zore

(i) The energy absorbed bythe crumple zone is 43 0Show ha: he speed of thecar
before the collision is 24 m/s.

2
(i) Suggest what would happen to the car if it is travelling faster than 24m/s vhen it hits
the wall.

******

. . . * *******'*********************** ********|

. . ** **.*** *********** *****

Total: 8]

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0625/42/FMI17
UCLES 2017
 For
Exmines
2 Fig. 2.1 shows a car with a dummy driver belore and after a colision test.

just before impact just after impact

V= 0m/sS
V 45 m/s

Fig. 2.1

The mass of the dummy driver is 90 kg. The impact time to reduce the dummy's speed from

45mVs to zero is 1.2s.

(a) Calculate

() the momentum of the dummy just before impact,

momentum = ... **'**********

(i) the average force on the dummy during impact.

force= . ****
***

4
(b) State the main energy transformation during the collision.

a*eo***a***.**********************************************************a********

(c)Calculate how much of the durnmy's energy is transformed during the collision.

energy . 3

243
062/3/0NO
1562
 Fo

2 Fig. 2.1 shows a Euniner

moving car on a level ro&d. U

unlform speed of
20m/s In the
direction shown

mass 800ky

Fig. 2.1
(a) Calculate the momentum of the car.

momentum of car =
...ongo 2]
(b) The brakes of the car are applied for 4 8, which reduces the speed of the car to 5 m/s.
() Calculate the average force ot the brakes.

average force=. ***°*******************

(1) Calculaterthe average deceleration of the car.

average deceleratlon = ...

(6

229
o423wyo

. °************
3 (a) (i) State how a vector quantity differs from a scalar quantity.

*******°*************************** ****°***. ****'****°***°************'****"*****"*********°°"**°*°''**********

(i) State and explain whether momentum is a vector quantity or a scalar quantity.

***************** °****************" * ***4******************° ***4* e**de****

*************"***********************""*"*****""******** *e*****************************d***d****eesdssds*****

(b) A spacecraft of mass 35 kg is travelling in a straight line at a velocity of 1200m/s. Assume no

external forces act on the spacecraft.

Calculate

)the momentum of the spacecraft,

momentum = ... ************ (2

****** *** ********

i) the kinetic energy of the spacecraft.

kinetic energy=. *********************.

(2
(c) The rocket fuel stored in the moving spacecraft in (b) explodes and the spacecraft splits into
two sections. One section speeds up and the other section slows down.

() State what happens to the total momentum.

(i) Predict and explain what happens to the total kinetic energy.

[2
[Total: 9

UCLES 2016 0625/43/0N/16