PHYSICAL PHARMACY

Exp : – Two Component System

.containing Liquid Phases

Name : MUSTAFA HAMEED ATEA

Group : 2
Managed by DR.SAJJAD HASSAN
Data : 30/10/2021

●Theory-:
Some liquids are miscible with each other in all proportions to form
homogenous solution.
However, some other liquids have miscibility in limited proportions in
other liquids. For example, ethanol and water are miscible with each
other in all proportions while etherwater and phenol-water are liquids that
partially miscible yielding either one or two liquid phases, depending on
the condition.
Generally, the temperature of the system can influence the miscibility of
liquids. When the temperature increases, the mutual solubility of partially
miscible liquid will also increase until it reaches the consolute point
which also known as critical solution temperature.
This temperature is the critical temperature above which the components
of a mixture are completely miscible in all proportions which can be
obtain from the mutual solubility curve. It is difficult to determine the
upper and lower critical solution temperature except for nicotine and
water.
The mutual solubility curve for phenol and water can be determined by
analytical and synthetic method.
At any temperature below the critical solution temperature, the
composition for two layers of liquids in equilibrium state is constant and
does not depend on the relative amount of these two phases.
The mutual solubility for a pair of partially miscible liquids in general is
extremely influenced by the presence of third component.
The mutual solubility curve for phenol and water can be determined by
analytical method and synthetic method.
When phenol and water are mixed, a certain amount of the two dissolves
with the other due to hydrogen bonding and two conjugate layers of
liquids are obtained.
The upper layer of this system is water dissolved in phenol and the lower
layer is phenol dissolved in water.
The composition of these layers depends only on the temperature of the
system and is
independent of the quantities of the liquids mixed. For every temperature
two solubilities can be obtained, one for phenol dissolved in water and
the other for water dissolved in phenol.
Generally, for partially miscible liquids solubility increases with
increasing temperature and the temperature at which they are completely
miscible 2 is termed as the critical solution temperature (CST) or
consolute temperature.
The temperature above which the phases of a system are completely
miscible is known as the upper consolute temperature (UCT) or upper
uritical solution temperature (UCST). Similarly, the temperature below
which the phases of a system are completely miscible is known as the
lower critical solution temperature (LCST). The phenol water system
exhibits an upper critical solution temperature and this critical solution
temperature can be used for testing the purity of the mixture.
The triple point of a substance is the temperature and pressure at which
the three phases (gas, liquid, and solid) of that substance coexist in
thermodynamic equilibrium
Tie line: The line by drawn across the region containing two phases is
termed a tie line; it is always parallel to the base line in two component
systems. all systems prepared on a tie line at 50° C will separate into
phases of constant composition whose composition is b and c. These
phases are termed conjugate phases.

●Material and Tools:

*Distilled water
*Watch Glass
*Wash Bottle
*Test Tubes
*Funnel
*Analytical Balance
*Measuring cylinder
*Spatula
*Phenol

 Reading:

:Calculation

)B )A
F=C–P+2 F=C–P+2
F=2–2+2 F=2–1+2
F=2 F=3
 )E )D
F=C–P+2 F=C–P+2
F=2–2+2 F=2–2+2
F=2 F=2
)C )F
F=C–P+2 F=C–P+2
F=2–2+2 F=2–2+2
F=2 F=2
)G
F=C–P+2
F=2–1+2
F=3

Procedure:

1- Prepare following concentration of phenol in test

tube (10ml): 2%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 14%, 40%, 55%,
62%, 65%, and 80%.
 2- Put the test tubes in a fixed temperature water
bathe 25oC and keep it for 10 minutes at this
temperature.
3- Take the test tubes out and before temperature
has changed record which on has two phases and
with a single phase.
4- Repeat the work at higher temperatures using the
following, 40oC, 50oC, and 70o C.
5- Draw a curve of temperature versus
concentration, and show the two phases area and
one phase area in the curve.

Discussion:

A graph temperature versus percentage of phenol in water is plotted. The

curve of the graph shows the limits of the temperature and concentration
within which two liquid phases exist in equilibrium. The region outside
this curve contains systems having but one liquid phase.
Starting at the point a, equivalent to a system containing 100% water
(pure water) at 50oC, the addition of known increments of phenol to a
fixed weight of water, the whole being maintained at 50oC, will result in
the formation of a single liquid phase until the point b is reached, at
which a minute amount of a second phase appears.
As we prepare mixtures containing increasing quantities of phenol, that
is, as we proceed across the diagram from point b to point c, we form
systems in which the amount of the phenol-rich phase continually
increases. At the same time, the amount of the water-rich phases
decreases. Once the total concentration of phenol exceeds 63%, at 50oC,
a single phenol-rich liquid phase is formed. The maximum temperature at
which the two-phase region exists is termed the critical temperature.
The graph obtain for this system is a phase diagram with two components
containing liquid phase condensed system. According to phase rule,
F=2-1+2, thus the degree of freedom for this system is 3. This show that
3 intensive variables must be fixed in order to describe the system
completely. As the pressure is fixed, F reduces to 2, and it is necessary to
fix both temperature and concentration to define the system.
We see that phenol and water at room temperature are in two
phases, not becoming one phases even at the lowest
concentration. Through experience, it became clear that when the
temperature increase for the standard in the table,it remains in two
phases. Even when the concentration and temperature increase What is
the importance of phase diagram?
Phase diagrams are useful because they allow us to understand in what
state matter exists under certain conditions.

What is the difference between phase and component?

A phase is a form of matter that is homogeneous in chemical
composition and physical state. ... The number of components (C) is the
number of chemically independent constituents of the system, i.e., the
minimum number of independent species necessary to define the
composition of all phases of the system. What is the significance of a tie
line? The ends of the tie lines show the compositions of the two phases
that exist in equilibrium with each other at this temperature.

What are the components of phase rule?

The variables are: the number of phases P (forms of matter-i.e., solid,
liquid, and gas–not necessarily of a single chemical component), the
number of chemical components C (pure compounds or elements), and
the number of degrees of freedom F of intensive variables, such as
temperature, pressure, and percentage ...

What is the significance of phase rule?

Gibbs' Phase Rule provides the theoretical foundation, based in
thermodynamics, for characterizing the chemical state of a (geologic)
system, and predicting the equilibrium relations of the phases (minerals,
melts, liquids, vapors) present as a function of physical conditions such as
pressure and temperature.

What is a component in a phase diagram?

Common components of a phase diagram are lines of equilibrium or
phase boundaries, which refer to lines that mark conditions under which
multiple phases can coexist at equilibrium. Phase transitions occur along
lines of equilibrium.

REFERENCES:

1. West D, Saunders N. Ternary phase diagrams in materials

science. 3rd ed. CRC press. 2017.
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2007.
3. Atkins P, De Paula J. Atkins’ Physical chemistry. 8th ed.
Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2006.
4. Physical Chemistry 2nd ed. Pergamum, EA Moelwin Hughes
New York
5. Physical Pharmacy [Internet]. Http://qu.edu.iq/. [Cited 18 July
2017]. Available from: http://qu.edu.iq/ph/wp-
content/uploads/2015/03/lec-6.pdf
6. Bahl B, Bhal A, Tuli G. Essentials of physical chemistry.
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