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Physical Phamacy Report
Physical Phamacy Report
Pharmacy department
Physical Pharmacy
Title of Report :-
Three components system
Students Names :
علي مكي عبد الحسن مصطفى حميد عطيه
There must be a definite boundary between any two phases. This boundary is
known as the interface. Air constitutes a single phase only as it contains a mixture
of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor etc., A system consisting of only
one phase is said to be homogeneous. A mixture of two immiscible liquids such as
water and benzene, will exist in two distinct liquid phases and in addition there will
be a vapor phase. Thus, there will be three phases each separated from the other by
a well-defined bounding surface.
It is also called as Gibbs phase triangle or triangle plot. A ternary system consists
of three components. We can independently change the pressure, the temperature,
and two independent composition variables for the system as a whole.
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A ternary or three component phase diagram has the shape of a triangular prism
with an equilateral triangle as a foundation which is also called as composition
triangle. In Figure 1, each apex of the triangle indicates one of the pure
components A, B, or C. A point present on the edge of the triangle opposite a
vertex represents a two-component system or binary system and a point present
within the internal area of triangle represents a three-component system or ternary
system. In a ternary system we need to limit the quantities of two components. So,
we call for two axes. The measure of the third can be obtained by deducting the
aggregate of the two from 100 which means all three components A, B and C
represent 100% or sum of three is 100. The entire space is divided into a set of
small equilateral triangles which can be further subdivided. Smaller divisions give
accurate and precise location of the composition.
water and mercury are, for all practical purposes, completely immiscible
regardless of the relative amounts of each present.
Between these two extremes lies a whole range of systems that exhibit partial
miscibility (or immiscibility). Phenol and water exhibit partial miscibility as
their miscibility affected by two factors conc. and temp.
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Effect of Temperature
A tie line a telephone line that directly connects two or more private branch
exchanges. While Tie line in ternary phase diagram is: - Tie lines connect
compositions of liquid and vapor phases in equilibrium. Any mixture with an
overall composition along a tie line gives the same liquid and vapor compositions.
Only the amounts of liquid and vapor change as the overall composition changes
from the liquid side of the binodal curve to the vapor side.
Ternary phase diagrams give the precise and accurate data of the various
composite component systems and are utilized in several areas of pharmaceuticals
like the formulation of various dosage forms. polymer coating methods and several
other formulation processes.
Mass ratio: - is the relative amount by wt. of conjugate phase, it depends on the
position in tie line & temp.
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Phase boundaries: It the junction of two crystals which differ in lattice structure
and composition. In coherent phase boundaries the atomic configuration of the two
crystals is the same at the boundary plane and the lattices are continuous across the
boundary.
Triple point: It is the temperature and pressure at which the three phases (gas,
liquid, and solid) of that substance coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium.
o Chloroform.
o Ethanol.
o Distilled water.
o Burette.
o Pipette.
o Retort stand.
o Conical flask.
o Measuring cylinder.
o Conical flask stopper.
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Reading
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Calculations
W.T = d ×v
(d HAC = 1.05 g / cm3) (d CHCHL3 = 1.49 g / cm3) (d H2O = 1 g /
cm3)
Test tubes W.T (HAC) W.T (CHCHL3) W.T (H2O) W.T Total
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W .T
X% = Total W . T × 100%
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DISCUSSION
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According to phase rule: P + F = C + 2,
where for ethanol/chloroform/water system, we have 3 components and
1 liquid phase. F= 3-1+2= 4. Hence, 4 degrees of freedom are required,
namely temperature, pressure, and the concentrations of two of the three
components. Concentration of the third component can be obtained by
further calculation.
The experiment is carried out at a constant temperature and pressure.
The laboratory temperature is 27°C.
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CONCLUSION
This experiment of ternary system involves three different liquids
Which are ethanol, Chloroform, and water and is represented using a
Triangle (ternary phase diagram). In this experiment, as the number of
Volume of ethanol by percentage increase while the number of Volume
of Chloroform by percentage decrease, the volume of water will
increase. The two-phase system was established once the Cloudiness
was observed. This shows that water and Chloroform are Only slightly
miscible whereas ethanol is completely miscible with Both chloroform
and water
REFERENCES
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