2.

0 Intended Learning Outcomes

(ILOs)
At the end of this module, you shall be able to:

1. Explain the principles of conservation of mass and energy;

2. Determine the application of the different forms of energy in real life situation; and
3. Analyze and solve situational problems related to conservation of mass and energy.

2.1 Conservation of Mass

INTRODUCTION:
Mass is indestructible.
For steady flow system, the total mass that enters the system is equal to the total mass that leaves
the system.
2.2 Forms of Energy
First Law of Thermodynamics – “Energy can neither be created nor
destroyed.”

INTRODUCTION:
There are different forms of energy present everywhere. When you cook, walk, run, dance, and
even if you just stand outside the house and feel the heat from the sun, you feel those energies.
Even YOU have your own energy.
So, in this topic, we will study about the different forms of energy, and how they are related in our
daily activities, and how important these energies are.
FORMS OF ENERGY:

1. Potential Energy
2. Kinetic Energy
3. Internal Energy
4. Flow Work
5. Enthalpy
6. Heat
7. Work

DEFINITION:

1. Potential Energy (PE) – is defined as the energy stored in a system as a result of its
position in the earth’s gravitational field.
2. Kinetic Energy (KE) – is defined as the energy stored in a system by virtue of the system’s
motion.
3. Internal Energy (U) – is energy stored within a body by virtue of the activity and
configuration of its molecules and of the vibration of the atoms within the molecules.
4. Flow work (Wf) – is work done in pushing a fluid across a boundary.
5. Enthalpy (h) – is the sum of internal energy and flow work.
6. Heat (Q) – is the energy transferred between a system and its surroundings due to
temperature difference between them.
7. Work (W) – is defined as the product of a displacement and the component of the force in
the direction of displacement.
2.2.1 Open System
DEFINITION:
Open system is a thermodynamic system whose boundary allows the exchange of both matter and
energy with the surroundings.

This figure shows a flow of the fluid in an open system.

The fluid contains the different forms of energy as it flows through the system. And the output work
is known to be as Work Steady Flow (WSF).
To sum up all energies in an open system, an energy balance shall be done.
COMPUTATION:
A steady flow system receives 4.56 kgm per minute of a fluid where P1 = 137.90 kPa, ʋ1 = 0.0388
m3/kgm, ῡ1 = 122 m/s, U1 = 17.16 kJ/kgm. The fluid leaves the system at a boundary where P2 =
551.6 kPa, ʋ2 = 0.193 m3/kgm, ῡ2 = 183 m/s, and U2 = 52.80 kJ/kgm. During passage through the
system, the fluid receives 3000 J/s of heat. Determine the work in Watts.

2.2.2 Closed System

DEFINITION:
Closed system is one whose boundary does not permit the exchange of matter with the
surroundings but allows the exchange of energy.

An example of a closed system is a cylinder with piston as shown in the figure.

Once the gas entered the cylinder, the entrance port will be closed and the exit port will not open
until the gas reached a certain parameter set by the application. Thus the gas is trapped.
As the piston moves from right to left, the gas is compressed, as the piston moves to the right, the
gas expands. The work done by this application is known as the Work Non-Flow (WNF).
Summary: Module 2