Quantitative 

Methods
MM ZG515 / QM ZG515
Lecture3
BITS Pilani
Work Integrated Learning
Programmes Division
Srinivas Kota
Stem & Leaf Display

The following data represent the costs (in rupees) of a

sample of 30 postal mails by India Post.

3.67 2.75 9.15 5.11 3.32 2.09

1.83 10.94 1.93 3.89 7.20 2.78
6.72 7.80 5.47 4.15 3.55 3.53
3.34 4.95 5.42 8.64 4.84 4.10
5.10 6.45 4.65 1.97 2.84 3.21

Using rupees as a stem and paise as a leaf, construct a

stem-and-leaf plot of the data.

2 Quantitative Methods MMZG515 / QMZG515 BITS Pilani, WILPD

3.67 2.75 9.15 5.11 3.32 2.09
1.83 10.94 1.93 3.89 7.20 2.78
6.72 7.80 5.47 4.15 3.55 3.53
3.34 4.95 5.42 8.64 4.84 4.10
5.10 6.45 4.65 1.97 2.84 3.21

1.83 1.93 1.93

2.09 2.75 2.78 2.84
3.21 3.32 3.34 3.53 3.55 3.67 3.89
4.10 4.15 4.65 4.84 4.95
5.10 5.11 5.42 5.47
6.45 6.72
7.20 7.80
8.64
9.15
10.94

3 Quantitative Methods MMZG515 / QMZG515 BITS Pilani, WILPD

Exercise
As player salaries have increased, the cost of attending IPL
cricket matches has increased dramatically. The following
data in the file represent the cost for four tickets, four soft
drinks, four samosas, two caps, and the parking fee for one
car at 30 matches in 2018.
166, 321, 215, 192, 190, 151, 140, 166, 260, 207, 191, 137,
148, 230, 165, 157, 252, 167, 160, 164, 215, 229, 142, 251,
200, 146, 217, 202, 184, 196.

a. Place the data into a ordered array

b. Construct a stem and leaf plot for these data
c. Which of the two displays provide more information? Discuss.

4 Quantitative Methods MMZG515 / QMZG515 BITS Pilani, WILPD

 Stem Leaf
13
14
166, 321, 215, 192, 190, 151, 140, 166, 260, 207, 15
191, 137, 148, 230, 165, 157, 252, 167, 160, 164, 16
215, 229, 142, 251, 200, 146, 217, 202, 184, 196. 17
18
19
20
21
137 140 142 146 148 151 157 160 164 165 22

166 166 167 184 190 191 192 196 200 202 23
24
207 215 215 217 229 230 251 252 260 321
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
5 Quantitative Methods MMZG515 / QMZG515 BITS Pilani, WILPD
 BITS Pilani
Work Integrated Learning
Programmes Division

Tables and charts for numerical data

Cumulative Frequency
Distribution (Ogive)
Cumulative frequency

Over time frequency less than more than

83‐85 4

86‐88 5

89‐91 7

92‐94 13

95‐97 1

Total 30

Less than Ogive: plotted against upper class limits
More than Ogive: plotted against lower class limits
Uses:
1. Number of observations lying below certain values
2. Easy comparison ‐ less overlap
3. Can determine median, deciles, quartiles etc.
Median ‐ middle value in a sequential data set
7 Quantitative Methods MMZG515 / QMZG515 BITS Pilani, WILPD
Histogram
• A histogram is a bar chart for grouped numerical data in which 
the frequencies or percentages of each group of numerical 
data are represented as individual vertical bars.

• No spaces between intervals

• Bar charts: 
categorical data

• Histograms: 
grouped numerical data

8 Quantitative Methods MMZG515 / QMZG515 BITS Pilani, WILPD

Frequency /
Percentage Polygon
Percentage polygon is formed by joining the midpoints of the top 
of bars in the histogram drawn with %values
%

2 or more plots
skewness - degree of asymmetry

9 Quantitative Methods MMZG515 / QMZG515 BITS Pilani, WILPD

Exercise problem 2.1
The following data represent the cost of electricity during July
2019 for a random sample of 50 one-bedroom apartments
Raw data on utility charges (rupees)
96 171 202 178 147 102 153 197 127 82
157 185 90 116 172 111 148 213 130 165
141 149 206 175 123 128 144 168 109 167
95 163 150 154 130 143 187 166 139 149
108 119 183 151 114 135 191 137 129 158

a. Form a frequency distribution and a percentage distribution that have

class intervals with the upper class boundaries 99, 119 and so on.
b. Construct a histogram, a percentage polygon and a cumulative
percentage polygon
c. Around what amount does the monthly electric cost seem to be
concentrated
10 Quantitative Methods MMZG515 / QMZG515 BITS Pilani, WILPD
 BITS Pilani
Work Integrated Learning
Programmes Division

Cross Tabulations
 Cross tabulation:
Contingency table
Cross tabulation
A technique for analyzing relation between two variables by
organizing them in a table

Contingency table
Presents the results of two categorical variables as cross
tabulations

Bivariate frequency distribution

Frequency distribution arising out of the cross classification of
data involving two variables

13 Quantitative Methods MMZG515 / QMZG515 BITS Pilani, WILPD

Exercise Example 2.2
A sample of 500 shoppers was selected in a large city to
determine various information concerning consumer
behaviour. Among the questions asked was “Do you enjoy
shopping for clothing?” The results are summarized in the
following table. Enjoy shopping for Gender
clothing Total
Male Female
Yes 136 224 360
No 104 36 140
Total 240 260 500

a) Construct contingency tables based on total percentages,

row percentages and column percentages.
b) What conclusions you will draw from these analyses?

14 Quantitative Methods MMZG515 / QMZG515 BITS Pilani, WILPD

 Solution

Enjoy Gender Enjoy shopping Gender

shopping for Total for clothing Total
Male Female Male Female
clothing
Yes 136 224 360 Yes
No 104 36 140 No
Total 240 260 500 Total

Enjoy shopping Gender Enjoy shopping Gender

for clothing Total for clothing Total
Male Female Male Female
Yes Yes
No No
Total Total

15 Quantitative Methods MMZG515 / QMZG515 BITS Pilani, WILPD

Scatter Plot

1. Plot of the individual data points for two variables

2. Easy to visualize tabulated data
3. Shows trends, spreads, anomalies
Good fit lines

Expenditure Expenditure

16 Quantitative Methods MMZG515 / QMZG515 BITS Pilani, WILPD

Scatter Plot

Expenditure

No linear relationship

17 Quantitative Methods MMZG515 / QMZG515 BITS Pilani, WILPD

Scatter plot

Used to examine relationship between two numerical

variables
Problem 2.3: The following is a set of data from a sample of
9 items.
X 5 8 3 6 10 12 4 9 15
Y 15 24 9 18 30 36 12 27 45

a) Construct a scatter plot

b) Is there a relationship between X and Y? Explain?

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Solution
X 5 8 3 6 10 12 4 9 15

Y 15 24 9 18 30 36 12 27 45

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Problems

Construct a histogram and Construct an ogive for

a frequency polygon for the the following data.
following data

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Problems

Construct a stem-and-leaf plot using two digits for the stem.

212 239 240 218 222 249 265 224
257 271 266 234 239 219 255 260
243 261 249 230 246 263 235 229
218 238 254 249 250 263 229 221
253 227 270 257 261 238 240 239
273 220 226 239 258 259 230 262
255 226

21 Quantitative Methods MMZG515 / QMZG515 BITS Pilani, WILPD

Topics learned

• Organizing numerical data

• Ordered array
• Stem and leaf display

• Tables and charts for numerical data

• Frequency distribution
• Histograms
• Ogive

• Cross tabulation
• Contingency table
• Scatter plot

22 Quantitative Methods MMZG515 / QMZG515 BITS Pilani, WILPD

 BITS Pilani
Pilani | Dubai | Goa | Hyderabad

Numerical Measures
Numerical measures:
Location and Dispersion
• Graphical and Tabular presentations pictorially summarizes the entire
data set

Business may require

• A measure that summarizes the data with a single number
• A measure that summarizes the spread of the data with a single
number

Statistics & Parameter

• If this measure summarizes a sample data, it is referred to as a Statistic
• If this measure summarizes the population, it is referred to as a
Parameter
• The sample mean 𝐗 is said to be a point estimator of the population
mean 𝛍
• The sample standard deviation s is said to be a point estimator of the
population standard deviation 𝛔.
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Measures of location I

X -5 -3 -1 0 1 5 Y -5 -3 -1 0 1 4 4

Mean ∑ ∑
X ,μ

Median Median 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚

Rule1: Odd no. of values:
Median is the middle value

Rule2: Even no. of values:

Median is the average of
two middle ranked values
Mode

25 Quantitative Methods MMZG515 / QMZG515 BITS Pilani, WILPD

Measures of location I

• Calculate the median of the service time of 7 customers:

3.5, 4.5, 3, 3.8, 5.0, 5.5, 4
Sorted data: 3, 3.5, 3.8, 4, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5
Median = (7+1)/2th value = 4th value = 4

• Calculate the median of 10, 12, 15, 20, 13, 24, 17, 18
Sorted data: 10, 12, 13, 15, 17, 18, 20, 24
n/2 = 8/2 = 4 and n/2+1 = 8/2+1 = 5
Median = (15+17)/2 = 16

26 Quantitative Methods MMZG515 / QMZG515 BITS Pilani, WILPD

Mode
• Mode is the value in the data set that occurs most
frequently
• extreme values DO NOT affect mode
• often there is no mode or there are several modes
• Does not require measurement on all observations

In the data set: 37.3, 39.2, 44.2, 44.5, 53.8, 56.6, 59.3, 62.4,
66.5

There is no mode

In the data set: 29, 31, 35, 39, 39, 40, 43, 44, 44, 52

There are 2 modes: 39 and 44

27 Quantitative Methods MMZG515 / QMZG515 BITS Pilani, WILPD
Skewness: Mean & Median
Suppose Median > Mean
• More than 50% of the population is to the right of the mean
• The histogram may have a longer left tail and so skewed left

Median > Mean ⇒ negative or skewed left

Median = Mean ⇒ symmetric or zero skewness

Median < Mean ⇒ positive or skewed right

28 Quantitative Methods MMZG515 / QMZG515 BITS Pilani, WILPD

Mean of Grouped data
Find the arithmetic mean for the following frequency distribution
Class: 0-1 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-6
Frequency: (fi) 1 4 8 7 3 2
Midpoints (xi) 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5

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Median of Grouped data
Find the median for the following frequency distribution
Class: 0-1 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-6
Frequency: 1 4 8 7 3 2

L ‐Lower limit of the median class

n‐total no. of observations
m‐cumulative freq. preceding the median class
f‐freq. of the median class
c‐class interval of the median class

30 Quantitative Methods MMZG515 / QMZG515 BITS Pilani, WILPD

 Mode of Grouped data
Find the median for the following frequency distribution
Class: 0-1 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-6
Frequency: 1 4 8 7 3 2

L‐lower limit of the modal class

f1‐freq. of the modal class
f0‐freq. preceding the modal class
f‐freq. succeeding the modal class
c‐class interval of the modal class
d1 = f1 ‐ f0
d2 = f1 ‐ f2

31 Quantitative Methods MMZG515 / QMZG515 BITS Pilani, WILPD