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Combinational Circuits
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Code conversion
Decoders
Encoders
Multiplexers
Demultiplexers
HDL for combinational circuits
Uses in designing the logic circuits
Combinational circuits
A combinational circuit consists of input variables, logic gates, and output
variables.
Analysis and design procedure
Used to derive the truthtable and Boolean expression to design various digital
logic circuits
Circuits for arithmetic operations
Half adder, Full adder, Binary adder, Binary adder/ subtractor, Half subtractor,
Full subtractor
Decoders
The decoder is called n-to-m-line decoder, where m≤2n .The decoder is also used
in conjunction with other code converters such as a BCD-to-seven_segment
decoder.
Encoders
An encoder is the inverse operation of a decoder. Used in designing the various
complex digital circuits.
Multiplexers
Multiplexer circuits can be combined with common selection inputs to provide
multiple-bit selection logic.
Demultiplexers
A decoder with an enable input is referred to as a decoder/demultiplexer.
HDL for combinational circuits
1.Gate-level modeling
2.Dataflow modeling
3.Behavioral modeling
8. TEXT BOOKS:
Sanjay Kumar Suman, L.Bhagyalakshmi, S.Porselvi, “Digital Principles And System
Design”,Vijay Nicole Pubilcations
9. APPLICATIONS
Fundamental circuits that are the base building blocks of most larger digital
circuits
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Combinational Circuits
Combinational Circuits block
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What are the outputs: how many and how many bits in an each, active high,
active low, tristate output?
The functional operation that takes place in the chip, i.e., for given inputs
what will appear on the outputs.
Convert the specifications into a variety forms for optimal implementation.
Possible forms
Truth Tables
Expressions
K-maps
Binary Decision Diagrams
Implementation with example
BCD-to-Seven-Segment Decoder
Digital readouts on many digital products often use LED seven-segment displays.
Each digit is created by lighting the appropriate segments. The segments are labeled
a,b,c,d,e,f,g
The decoder takes a BCD input and outputs the correct code for the seven-segment
display.
Specifications
1. Input: A 4-bit binary value that is a BCD coded input.
2. Outputs: 7 bits, a through g for each of the segments of the display.
3. Operation: Decode the input to activate the correct segments.
Construct a truth table
Binary expressions
A = A’C+A’BD+B’C’D’+AB’C’
B = A’B’+A’C’D’+A’CD+AB’C’
C = A’B+A’D+B’C’D’+AB’C’
D = A’CD’+A’B’C+B’C’D’+AB’C’+A’BC’D
E = A’CD’+B’C’D’
F = A’BC’+A’C’D’+A’BD’+AB’C’
G = A’CD’+A’B’C+A’BC’+AB’C’
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8.TEXT BOOKS:
Sanjay Kumar Suman, L.Bhagyalakshmi, S.Porselvi, “Digital Principles And System
Design”,Vijay Nicole Pubilcations
9.APPLICATIONS
Fundamental circuits that are the base building blocks of most larger digital
circuits
They are reusable and are common to many systems
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Note that the circuit has four binary input variables A, B, and C and two binary output
variables and. The outputs of gates that are a function of input variables only are and.
The Boolean functions for these two outputs are
F2 = AB + AC + BC; T1 = A + B + C; T2 = ABC; T3 = F2’T1;
F1 = T3 + T2
F1 = T3 + T2 = F2’T1 + ABC = A’BC’ + A’B’C + AB’C’ + ABC
Derivation of truth table from logic diagram and Boolean function
Determine the number of input variables in the circuit. For n inputs, list the binary
numbers from 0 to 2n – 1 in a table.
1. Break the circuit into small single-output blocks by labeling each block output with an
arbitrary symbol.
2. Obtain the truth table for the blocks with functions that depend on input variables only.
3. Proceed to obtain the truth table for blocks with functions that depend on previously
defined inputs and block outputs, until the columns for all circuit outputs are determined
8.TEXT BOOKS:
Sanjay Kumar Suman, L.Bhagyalakshmi, S.Porselvi, “Digital Principles And System
Design”,Vijay Nicole Pubilcations.
CS6201-DIGITAL PRINCIPLES AND SYSTEM DESIGN Page 8
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9.APPLICATIONS
They are used as building blocks for various intermediate inputs and outputs and thereby
applying it in design of various digital circuits.
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4.OUTCOMES:
i. Understand the design procedure of combinational circuits
ii. Illustrate the procedure with an example
5.LINK SHEET:
i. Discuss the design procedure with major steps.
ii. Give an example to illustrate the design procedure of combinational circuits.
iii. Design the logic circuit based on the steps of design procedure.
6.EVOCATION: (5 Minutes)
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Circuit implementation
z = D’; y = CD + C’D’ = CD + (C + D)’ , x = B’C + B’D + BC’D’ = B’(C + D) +
B(C + D)’ ,w = A + BC + BD = A + B(C + D)
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8.TEXT BOOKS:
Sanjay Kumar Suman, L.Bhagyalakshmi, S.Porselvi, “Digital Principles And System
Design”,Vijay Nicole Pubilcations.
.
9.APPLICATIONS
They are used as building blocks for logic circuits by calculating the truthtable
and boolean expression
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Fulladder-redstone scenario
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Boolean Expression
C = xy
S = x’y + xy’
Implementation of Half Adder Circuit
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Full Adder
One that performs the addition of three bits (two significant bits and a previous carry) is
a full adder.
Truth Table
8.TEXT BOOKS:
Sanjay Kumar Suman, L.Bhagyalakshmi, S.Porselvi, “Digital Principles And System
Design”,Vijay Nicole Pubilcations.
.
9.APPLICATIONS
The arithmetic circuits are used to reduce the cost, increase the speed and design very
complex digital circuits with ease
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Major Steps:
Truthtable
Boolean expression using Kmap
Logic circuit
Binary adder
This is also called Ripple Carry Adder, because of the construction with full adders are
connected in cascade.
Truth Table
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Binary subtractor:
M = 1 subtractor ; M = 0 adder
Overflow is a problem in digital computers because the number of bits that hold the
number is finite and a result that contains n+1 bits cannot be accommodated.
Implementation of Binary Subtractor circuit
Binary multiplier:
Usually there are more bits in the partial products and it is necessary to use full adders to
produce the sum of the partial products.
For J multiplier bits and K multiplicand bits we need (J X K) AND gates and (J − 1) K-
bit adders to produce a product of J+K bits.
K=4 and J=3, we need 12 AND gates and two 4-bit adders.
Implementation of 4-bit by 3-bit binary multiplier circuit
8.TEXT BOOKS:
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Types of codeconversion
BCD to Gray code. and viceversa.
BCD to excess3 code and viceversa.
Binary to gray code and viceversa
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8.TEXT BOOKS:
Sanjay Kumar Suman, L.Bhagyalakshmi, S.Porselvi, “Digital Principles And System
Design”,Vijay Nicole Pubilcations.
9.APPLICATIONS
The principle is applied in digital speakers, sound cards and stereo to 3D displays
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Decoder Examples
Decoder
The decoder is called n-to-m-line decoder, where m≤2n the decoder is also used in
conjunction with other code converters such as a BCD-to-seven segment decoder.
3-to-8 line decoder: For each possible input combination, there are seven outputs
that are equal to 0 and only one that is equal to 1.
Some decoders are constructed with NAND gates, it becomes more economical to
generate the decoder minters in their complemented form.
As indicated by the truth table, only one output can be equal to 0 at any given
time, all other outputs are equal to 1.
Types of decoder
2to4 decoder
3to8decoder
4to16decoder and so on.
Implementation of decoder circuit
3 to 8 decoder
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2 to 4 decoder
8.TEXT BOOKS:
CS6201-DIGITAL PRINCIPLES AND SYSTEM DESIGN Page 24
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ii. Implement any one of the encoder circuit with necessary diagrams wherever
necessary.
iii. List the types of encoder
6. EVOCATION: (5 Minutes)
Encoder
An encoder is the inverse operation of a decoder (ie) contains m inputs and
convert it into to n outputs
If two inputs are active simultaneously, the output produces an undefined
combination. We can establish an input priority to ensure that only one input is
encoded.
Another ambiguity in the octal-to-binary encoder is that an output with all 0’s is
generated when all the inputs are 0; the output is the same as when D0 is equal to
1.
Types of Encoder
4to2 encoder,8to3 encoder,16to4 encoder, Priority encoder and so on
Implementation of encoder circuit
8 to 3 encoder
z = D1 + D3 + D5 + D7 ,y = D2 + D3 + D6 + D7 ,x = D4 + D5 + D6 + D7
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x = D2 + D3 , y = D3 + D1D’2 , V = D0 + D1 + D2 + D
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8.TEXT BOOKS:
Sanjay Kumar Suman, L.Bhagyalakshmi, S.Porselvi, “Digital Principles And System
Design”,Vijay Nicole Pubilcations.
.
9.APPLICATIONS
An encoder is a device, circuit, transducer, software program, algorithm or person
that converts information from one format or code to another, for the purposes of
standardization, speed, secrecy, security or compressions..
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Multiplexing examples
Multiplexer
In electronics, a multiplexer (or mux) is a device that selects one of several
analog or digital input signals and forwards the selected input into a single line.
A multiplexer of 2n inputs has n select lines, which are used to select which input
line to send to the output.
Multiplexers are mainly used to increase the amount of data that can be sent over
the network within a certain amount of time and bandwidth.
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4 to 1 MUX
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8.TEXT BOOKS:
Sanjay Kumar Suman, L.Bhagyalakshmi, S.Porselvi, “Digital Principles And System
Design”,Vijay Nicole Pubilcations.
9.APPLICATIONS
Mux is used in telephony, telegraphy, digital broadcasting and analog
broadcasting. An electronic multiplexer makes it possible for several signals to share one
device or resource, for example one A/D converter or one communication line, instead of
having one device per input signal.
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Demultiplexing examples
Demultiplexer
Demultiplexer (or demux) is a device taking a single input signal and selecting
one of many data-output-lines, which is connected to the single
It is otherwise known as data distributor.
A decoder with an enable input is referred to as a decoder/demultiplexer.
The truth table of demultiplexer is the same with decoder.
Types of Demuliplexer
1 to 2 DEMUX,1 to 4 DEMUX,1 to 16 DeMUX and so on
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The Boolean expression for this 1-to-4 Demultiplexer above with outputs A to D and
data select lines a, b is given as: F = ab A + abB + abC + abD
8.TEXT BOOKS:
Sanjay Kumar Suman, L.Bhagyalakshmi, S.Porselvi, “Digital Principles And System
Design”,Vijay Nicole Pubilcations.
9.APPLICATIONS
Demultiplexer is used to connect a single source to multiple destinations. It is used in ALU
circuit. The second use of the Demultiplexer is the reconstruction of Parallel Data from the
incoming serial data stream.
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Remembering
Learning
3. OBJECTIVE OF THIS LESSON PLAN:
To make the students know the basics of HDL and know their advantages in
hardware implementation
4.OUTCOMES:
i. Describe the basic concept of HDL
ii. Explain design methodologies using HDL
5.LINK SHEET:
i. What is HDL
ii. Write the HDL coding for the circuit given
iii. Evaluate in brief the modeling techniques of HDL
6. EVOCATION: (5 Minutes)
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Modeling techniques
Gate-level modeling
Dataflow modeling
Behavioral modeling
8.TEXT BOOKS:
Sanjay Kumar Suman, L.Bhagyalakshmi, S.Porselvi, “Digital Principles And System
Design”,Vijay Nicole Pubilcations.
9.APPLICATIONS
Hardware description language enables a precise, formal description of an electronic
circuit that allows for the automated analysis, simulation, and simulated testing of an
electronic circuit.
A hardware description language looks much like a programming language such as C;
it is a textual description consisting of expressions and statements.
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Behavioral modeling
It is used mostly to describe sequential circuits, but can be used also to describe
combinational circuits.
Behavioral descriptions use the keyword always followed by a list of procedural
assignment statements.
Example
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8.TEXT BOOKS:
Sanjay Kumar Suman, L.Bhagyalakshmi, S.Porselvi, “Digital Principles And System
Design”,Vijay Nicole Pubilcations.
9.APPLICATIONS
High Level Modeling language and time consumption language
Used in various Design Entry
Used for Simulation with Xilinx
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8.TEXT BOOKS:
Sanjay Kumar Suman, L.Bhagyalakshmi, S.Porselvi, “Digital Principles And System
Design”,Vijay Nicole Pubilcations.
9.APPLICATIONS
High Level Modeling language and time consumption language
Used in various Design Entry.
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