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SRIVIDYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY-VIRUDHUNAGAR
Digital computers internally use the binary (base 2) number system to represent data and
perform arithmetic calculations. The binary number system is very efficient for computers,
but not for humans. Representing even relatively small numbers with the binary
system requires working with long strings of ones and zeroes.
8.TEXT BOOKS:
Sanjay Kumar Suman, L.Bhagyalakshmi, S.Porselvi, “Digital Principles And System
Design”,Vijay Nicole Pubilcations
9.APPLICATIONS
The binary numbers are used for representing various types of computer data. It is
used to design various digital systems.
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In the event that a computer user (programmer, operator, end user, etc.) needs to
examine a display of the internal representation of computer data (such a display is called
a "dump"), viewing the data in a "shorthand" representation (such as hex or octal) is less
tedious than viewing the data in binary representation. The binary, hexadecimal , and
octal number systems will be looked at in the following pages.
The decimal number system that we are all familiar with is a positional number
system. The actual number of symbols used in a positional number system depends on its
base (also called the radix). The highest numerical symbol always has a value of one less
than the base. The decimal number system has a base of 10, so the numeral with the
highest value is 9; the octal number system has a base of 8, so the numeral with the
highest value is 7, the binary number system has a base of 2, so the numeral with the
highest value is 1, etc.
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8.TEXT BOOKS:
Sanjay Kumar Suman, L.Bhagyalakshmi, S.Porselvi, “Digital Principles And System
Design”,Vijay Nicole Pubilcations
9.APPLICATIONS
The binary numbers are used for representing various types of computer data. It is
used to design various digital systems.
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Arithmetic operation
The arithmetic operations - addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division, performed on the binary numbers is called binary arithmetic
Need of arithmetic operation
In computer systems, the basic arithmetic operations performed on the binary numbers is
very significant because to design more number of logical circuits
Types of Arithmetic operator
• Binary Addition
• Binary Subtraction
• Binary multiplication
• Binary division
Binary Addition
Binary addition involves adding of two or more binary numbers. The binary
addition rules are used while performing the binary addition. Table 1 shows the binary
addition rules.
Table 1. Binary Addition Rules for two inputs
1.Start addition by adding the bits in unit column (the rightmost column). Use the rules of
binary addition.
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Binary Subtraction
Binary subtraction involves subtracting of two binary numbers. The binary subtraction
rules are used while performing the binary subtraction. The binary subtraction rules are shown in
Table 3.
The steps for performing subtraction of the binary numbers are as follows-
1.Start subtraction by subtracting the bit in the lower row from the upper row, in the unit
column.
2.Use the binary subtraction rules. If the bit in the upper row is less than lower row, borrow 1
from the upper row of the next column (on the left side). The result of subtracting two
bits is the difference.
3.Write the difference in the result of that column.
4.Repeat step 2-3 for each column, i.e., the tens column, hundreds column and so on.
Example1
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Binary Multiplication
Multiplication of two numbers based on multiplicand and multiplier
The binary multiplication table is simple:
0 0=0 | 1 0=0 | 0 1=0 | 1 1=1
Example1
Multiplicand 1011
Multiplier 101
Partial Products 1011
Binary Division
Division of two numbers based on dividend and divisor
Example: 1/1=0
8.TEXT BOOKS:
Sanjay Kumar Suman, L.Bhagyalakshmi, S.Porselvi, “Digital Principles And System
Design”,Vijay Nicole Pubilcations.
9.APPLICATIONS
In computer systems, the basic arithmetic operations performed on the binary
numbers is very significant because to design more number of logical circuits.
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1.CONTENT LIST:
Binary codes
2. SKILLS ADDRESSED:
Remembering
Uderstanding
3.OBJECTIVE OF THIS LESSON PLAN:
To make the students know significance and types of binary codes
4.OUTCOMES:
i. Explain the types of binary codes
ii. Evaluate the significance of binary codes
5.LINK SHEET:
i. Define Binary Codes
ii. Give the types of binary codes
iii. Elaborate the types of binary codes
6 . EVOCATION: (5 Minutes)
EVOCATION: (5 Minutes)
Binary Codes
The alphabetic data, numeric data, alphanumeric data, symbols, sound data
and video data, all are represented as combination of bits in the computer. The bits are
grouped in a fixed size, such as 8 bits, 6 bits or 4 bits. A code is made by combining bits of
definite size. Binary Coding schemes represent the data such as alphabets, digits 0-9, and
symbols in a standard code. A combination of bits represents a unique symbol in the data. The
standard code enables any programmer to use the same combination of bits to represent a
symbol in the data.
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Excess 3 codes
Excess-3 is a non weighted code used to express decimal numbers. The code derives its name
from the fact that each binary code is the corresponding 8421 code plus 0011(3).Example: 1000
of 8421 = 1011 in Excess-3
Gray Code
The gray code belongs to a class of codes called minimum change codes, in which only
one bit in the code changes when moving from one code to the next. The Gray code is non-
weighted code, as the position of bit does not contain any weight. The gray code is a reflective
digital code which has the special property that any two subsequent numbers codes differ by only
one bit. This is also called a unit-distance code. In digital Gray code has got a special place.
When data is transmitted from one point to another, like in wireless transmission, or it is
just stored, like in hard disks and memories, there are chances that data may get corrupted. To
detect these data errors, we use special codes, which are error detection codes.
Parity
In parity codes, every data byte, or nibble (according to how user wants to use it) is checked if
they have even number of ones or even number of zeros. Based on this information an additional
bit is appended to the original data. Thus if we consider 8-bit data, adding the parity bit will
make it 9 bit long. At the receiver side, once again parity is calculated and matched with the
received parity (bit 9), and if they match, data is ok, otherwise data is corrupt. There are two
types of parity:
Even parity: Checks if there is an even number of ones; if so, parity bit is zero. When the
number of ones is odd then parity bit is set to 1.
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Odd Parity: Checks if there is an odd number of ones; if so, parity bit is zero. When number of
ones is even then parity bit is set to 1
Error-Correcting Codes
Error correcting codes not only detect errors, but also correct them. This is used normally
in Satellite communication, where turn-around delay is very high as is the probability of data
getting corrupt.
ECC (Error correcting codes) are used also in memories, networking, Hard disk, CDROM,
DVD etc. Normally in networking chips (ASIC), we have 2 Error detection bits and 1 Error
correction bit
8.TEXT BOOKS:
Sanjay Kumar Suman, L.Bhagyalakshmi, S.Porselvi, “Digital Principles And System
Design”,Vijay Nicole Pubilcations.
9.APPLICATIONS
Binary codes are used for unicode character encoding in MS word. It is also used to convert
basic computer keys as binary values.
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Learning
Remembering
Applying
3. OBJECTIVE OF THIS LESSON PLAN:
To enable the students understand basic postulates in Boolean algebra and
theorems.
4.OUTCOMES:
i. Describe the various properties of Boolean algebra.
ii. Evaluate the concept of Boolean theorems.
5.LINK SHEET:
i. Define Boolean algebra.
ii. List the various properties of Boolean algebra
iii. Define the properties of Boolean algebra with proof
iv. Sort the postulates and theorems of Boolean algebra with proof
6.EVOCATION: (5 Minutes)
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= A.1 + AB + BC
= A (A + C) + B (A+C)
A+BC = (A+B)(A+C)
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(i) A+AB = A
= A(1+B) [Since, 1 + B = 1]
= A.1 = A
ii) A(A+B) = A
= A(1+B)
= A.1
=A
iv) A.(Ā+B) = AB
= AB [ AĀ = 0]
= AB+ĀC+BC(A+Ā) [ A+Ā=1]
= AB+ĀC+ABC+ĀBC
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= AB+ĀC
8.TEXT BOOKS:
Sanjay Kumar Suman, L.Bhagyalakshmi, S.Porselvi, “Digital Principles And System
Design”,Vijay Nicole Pubilcations.
9.APPLICATIONS
The Boolean algebra and theorems are used to simplify logic expressions which
are used in designing logic circuits.
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5.LINK SHEET:
i. Define the basic concept of Boolean function
ii. Give an example to simplify Boolean expression using Boolean function
6.EVOCATION: (5 Minutes)
Boolean function
Boolean functions consists of binary variables, the constants 0 and 1, and the logic
operation symbols. A Boolean function can be represented in a truth table.
A Boolean function expresses the logical relationship between binary variables. A Boolean
functions can be transformed from an algebraic expression into a circuit diagram composed
of logic gates.
F1 = x + y' z
- The function F1 is equal to 1 if x is equal to 1 or if both y’ and z are equal to 1.
- Otherwise, F1 is equal to 0.
F1 = x + y'z
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f1 = x'y'z+xy'z'+xyz = m1+m4+m7
f2 = x'yz+xy'z+xyz'+xyz = m3+m5+m6+m7
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8. TEXT BOOKS:
Sanjay Kumar Suman, L.Bhagyalakshmi, S.Porselvi, “Digital Principles And System
Design”,Vijay Nicole Pubilcations.
9.APPLICATIONS
Boolean Functions are used in reducing the complex boolean expression
by applying various postulates of boolean algebra
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kmap1
Kmap2
2 variable K map:
In any K-Map, each square represents a minterm. Adjacent squares always differ by just one
literal (So that the unifying theorem may apply: X + X' = 1). For the 2-variable case (e.g.: variables X,
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Y), the map can be drawn as below. Two variable map is the one which has got only two variables as
input.
Example
3 variable K map
There are 8 minterms for 3 variables (X, Y, Z). Therefore, there are 8 cells in a 3-
variable K-map. One important thing to note is that K-maps follow the gray code
sequence, not the binary one.
Example
4 variable K map:
There are 16 cells in a 4-variable (W, X, Y, Z); K-map as shown in the figure
below. There are 2 wrap-around: a horizontal wrap-around and a vertical wrap-around.
Every cell thus has 4 neighbours. For example, the cell corresponding to minterm m0
has neighbours m1, m2, m4 and m8.
Example:
F(W,X,Y,Z) = (1,5,12,13)
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5 variable K map:
There are 32 cells in a 5-variable (V, W, X, Y, Z); K-map as shown in the figure below.
8. TEXT BOOKS:
Sanjay Kumar Suman, L.Bhagyalakshmi, S.Porselvi, “Digital Principles And System
Design”,Vijay Nicole Pubilcations.
9. APPLICATIONS
This is a compact way of representing a truth table and is a technique that is used
to simplify logic expressions
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8. TEXT BOOKS:
Sanjay Kumar Suman, L.Bhagyalakshmi, S.Porselvi, “Digital Principles And System
Design”,Vijay Nicole Pubilcations.
9. APPLICATIONS
It can compute boolean expressions for the function with more than 5 variables
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No of Minter U V W X
1's ms
1 1 0 0 0 1
2 2 0 0 1 0
3 8 1 0 0 0
4 3 0 0 1 1
5 9 1 0 0 1
6 10 1 0 1 0
7 7 0 1 1 1
8 11 1 0 1 1
9 14 1 1 1 0
10 15 1 1 1 1
3.Any two numbers in these groups which differ from each other by only one variable
can be chosen and combined, to get 2-cell combination, as shown in the table below.
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Combinations U V W X
(1,3) 0 0 - 1
(1,9) - 0 0 1
(2,3) 0 0 1 -
(2,10) - 0 1 0
(8,9) 1 0 0 -
(8,10) 1 0 - 0
(3,7) 0 - 1 1
(3,11) - 0 1 1
(9,11) 1 0 - 1
(10,11) 1 0 1 -
(10,14) 1 - 1 0
(7,15) - 1 1 1
(11,15) 1 - 1 1
(14,15) 1 1 1 -
4. From the 2-cell combinations, one variable and dash in the same position can be
combined to form 4-cell combinations as shown in the figure below.
Combinations U V W X
(1,3,9,11) - 0 - 1
(2,3,10,11) - 0 1 -
(8,9,10,11) 1 0 - -
(3,7,11,15) - - 1 1
(10,11,14,15) 1 - 1 -
5. The cells (1,3) and (9,11) form the same 4-cell combination as the cells (1,9) and (3,11). The order
in which the cells are placed in a combination does not have any effect. Thus the (1,3,9,11)
combination could be written as (1,9,3,11).
Prime Implicants Table
Prime 1 2 3 7 8 9 10 11 14 15
Implican
ts
(1,3,9,11) X - X - - X - X - -
(2,3,10,1 - X X - - - X X - -
1)
(8,9,10,1 - - - - X X X X - -
1)
(3,7,11,1 - - - - - - X X X X
5)
- X X - X X - - - X -
6. The columns having only one cross mark correspond to essential prime implicants.
A yellow cross is used against every essential prime implicant. The prime implicants sum
gives the function in its minimal SOP form. Y = V'X + V'W + UV' + WX + UW8.
TEXT BOOKS:
Sanjay Kumar Suman, L.Bhagyalakshmi, S.Porselvi, “Digital Principles And System
Design”,Vijay Nicole Pubilcations.
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9. APPLICATIONS
It can compute boolean expressions for the function with more than 5 variables
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Logic gates
Binary logic consists of binary variables and a set of logical operations. The
variables are designated by letters of the alphabet, such as A, B, C, x, y, z, etc, with each
variable having two and only two distinct possible values: 1 and 0, There are three basic
logical operations: AND, OR, and NOT.
Types of logic gates
AND ,OR ,NOT ,NAND ,NOR ,XOR , XNOR
AND Gate
The AND gate performs logical multiplication, commonly known as AND function. The AND
gate has two or more inputs and single output. The output of AND gate is HIGH only when all its
inputs are HIGH (i.e. even if one input is LOW, Output will be LOW).
OR Gate
The OR gate performs logical addition, commonly known as OR function. The OR gate has two
or more inputs and single output. The output of OR gate is HIGH only when any one of its inputs
are HIGH (i.e. even if one input is HIGH, Output will be HIGH).
If X and Y are two inputs, then output F can be represented mathematically as F = X+Y. Here
plus sign (+) denotes the OR operation. Truth table and symbol of the OR gate is shown in the
figure below.
NOT Gate
The NOT gate performs the basic logical function called inversion or complementation. NOT
gate is also called inverter. The purpose of this gate is to convert one logic level into the opposite
logic level. It has one input and one output. When a HIGH level is applied to an inverter, a LOW
level appears on its output and vice versa.
If X is the input, then output F can be represented mathematically as F = X', Here apostrophe (')
denotes the NOT (inversion) operation. There are a couple of other ways to represent inversion,
F= !X, here ! represents inversion. Truth table and NOT gate symbol is shown in the figure below.
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• The three simplest gates are the AND, OR, and NOT gates.
• They correspond directly to their respective Boolean operations, as you can see by their
truth tables.
Another very useful gate is the exclusive OR (XOR) gate.
XOR Gate
An Exclusive-OR (XOR) gate is gate with two or three or more inputs and one output. The output
of a two-input XOR gate assumes a HIGH state if one and only one input assumes a HIGH state. This
is equivalent to saying that the output is HIGH if either input X or input Y is HIGH exclusively, and
LOW when both are 1 or 0 simultaneously.
If X and Y are two inputs, then output F can be represented mathematically as F = X Y, Here
denotes the XOR operation. X Y and is equivalent to X.Y' + X'.Y. Truth table and symbol of the
XOR gate is shown in the figure below.
The output of the XOR operation is true only when the values of the inputs differ.
NAND and NOR are two very important gates. Their symbols and truth tables are shown at
the right.
NAND Gate
NAND gate is a cascade of AND gate and NOT gate, as shown in the figure below. It has two
or more inputs and only one output. The output of NAND gate is HIGH when any one of its
input is LOW (i.e. even if one input is LOW, Output will be HIGH).
NOR Gate
NOR gate is a cascade of OR gate and NOT gate, as shown in the figure below. It has
two or more inputs and only one output. The output of NOR gate is HIGH when any all its
inputs are LOW (i.e. even if one input is HIGH, output will be LOW).
XNOR
An Exclusive-NOR (XNOR) gate is gate with two or three or more inputs and one
output. The output of a two-input XNOR gate assumes a HIGH state if all the inputs
assumes same state. This is equivalent to saying that the output is HIGH if both input X
and input Y is HIGH exclusively or same as input X and input Y is LOW exclusively, and
LOW when both are not same.
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8. TEXT BOOKS:
Sanjay Kumar Suman, L.Bhagyalakshmi, S.Porselvi, “Digital Principles And System
Design”,Vijay Nicole Pubilcations.
9. APPLICATIONS
Digital logic gates are used to design many combinational and sequential circuits
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NOR Gate
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function has to be written in Product of Sum (POS) form. Once it is converted to POS, then it's
very easy to implement using NOR gate. In other words any logic circuit with OR gates in first
level and AND gates in second level can be converted into a NOR-NOR gate circuit.
Consider the following POS expression
F = (X+Y). (Y+Z)
The above expression can be implemented with three OR gates in first stage and one AND gate in
second stage as shown in figure.
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8. TEXT BOOKS:
Sanjay Kumar Suman, L.Bhagyalakshmi, S.Porselvi, “Digital Principles And System
Design”,Vijay Nicole Pubilcations.
9. APPLICATIONS
NAND and NOR implementation are used to built all other logic gates and hence
they are used to built all complex types of Combinational and Sequential Circuits.
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