cÖ_g Aa¨vq Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ cÖv_wgK aviYv
 wek^MÖvg (Global Village) avibvi cÖeZ©K- gvkv©j
g¨vKjynvb|
 wek^MÖvg avibvwU gvk©vj g¨vKjynv‡bi †h eB‡Z D‡jøL
i‡q‡Q- The making of a tropographic man
(1962) Understanding media (1964).
 wek^MÖv‡gi g~j Dcv`vb ¸‡jv n‡jv-
1. nvW©Iq¨vi 2. Software
3. †bUIqvK©/Kv‡bw±wfwU 4. †WUv
4. gvby‡li mg¨gZx
 IOT (AvBIwU) Gi c~Y© iƒc- B›Uvi‡bU Ae w_sm
(Internet of Things).
 wek^MÖv‡gi †giæ`Ð n‡jv- †bUIqvK© ev Kv‡bw±wfwU|
 wek^MÖvg ej‡Z †evSvq- c„w_exi †h †Kvb RvqMv †_‡K
cÖ‡qvRbxq †h †Kvb ai‡bi †mev Avni‡Yi myweav|
 Communication - j¨vwUb fvlvi kã|
 j¨vwUb kã 'Communicare' k‡ãi A_© n‡jv- fvMvfvwM
Kiv|
 †hvMv‡hv‡Mi (Communication) cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`vb-
1. Sendar (†cÖiK) 2. Medium (ga¨g) 3. Message
(evZ©v) 4. Receiver (cÖvcK)|
 †hvMv‡hvM mvaviYZ- 3 ai‡bi n‡q _v‡K| (K. †gvwLK L.
A-evPwbK (A½fw½i gva¨‡g) M. Ges wjwLZ|
 B †gBj (E-Mail)Gi Avwe®‥vi- wkfv AvBqWzivB (1974
mvj)|
 B †gB‡ji Av‡iK RbK- †igÛ Ugwjbmb (1972)
 B- †gBj Gi @ Gi c‡ii As‡ki bvg- †Wv‡gBb †bBg|
 hy³iv‡óªi eY© •el‡g¨i weiæ‡× Av‡›`vjb nq- 2020 mv‡j|
 c„w_exi BwZnv‡m cÖ_g eøMvi- Rvw÷b nj|
 wg_¨v msev` †VKv‡bvi j‡ÿ¨ †h me cÖhyw³ e¨envi Kiv nq-
AvwU©‡dwmqvj B‡›Uwj‡RÝ wfwËK wbDR mvf©vi, kw³kvjx
†WUv‡eR, †bUIqvK© wbivcËv e¨e¯’v|
 B-‡gB‡ji (E-Mail) Gi c~Y© iƒc- Electronic Mail
 webvg~‡j¨ B‡gBj †mev cÖ`vbKvwi cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi bvg-
yahoo.com, gmail.com, Zoho, GMX mail,
ADL.
 B‡gB‡ji gva¨‡g GKmv‡_ A‡bK cÖvc‡Ki wbKU evZ©v
†cÖiY Kiv hvq|
 †Uwj‡dv‡bi Avwe®‥viK- Av‡j·vÛvi MÖvnvg‡ej
(Alexandar Grahambel)(1876)(Aa¨vcKt †ev÷b
BDwbfvwm©wU, hy³ivó«)|
 wewfbœ ai‡bi †UwjKbdv‡iÝ- cvewjK Kbdv‡iÝ, †K¬vRW
Kbdv‡iÝ, wiW Abwj Kbdv‡iÝ
 †UwjKdv‡iÝ Avwe®‥vi nq- 1975 mv‡j| Avwe®‥viK-
gwi Uvid|
 †Uwj‡dv‡bi gva¨‡g †hB wgwUs nq Zv‡K Kx e‡j-
†Uwj‡dv‡bi Kbdv‡iÝ|
Focus ICT Supplement
 wfwWI Kbdv‡iwÝs Gi D™¢veK- Rb jwR †eqvW© (John
Logie Baird, 1920)
 B›Uv‡i‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g wfwWI Kbdv‡iwÝs Gi D™¢veK- WM
G‡½jevM© (Dog Angelbarg, 1968)|
 wfwWI Kbdv‡i‡Ýi cwiwPZ wKQy gva¨g- Skype, Zoom,
Google meet, Whereby, Slake, Microsoft
team, Webex, Webinar |
 I‡qe Kbdv‡iwÝs‡qi myweavmg~n- wfwWI Kbdv‡iwÝs,
AwWI Kbdv‡iwÝs, wfwWI w÷ªwgs, ¯øvBW‡kv, A¨vwcø‡Kkvb
†kqvi, †iKwW©s|
 AvDU‡mvwm©s n‡jv- †Kvb cÖwZôv‡bi †Kvb KvR wb‡Riv bv
K‡i Ab¨‡`i w`‡q Kwi‡q †bqv‡K AvDUmwm©s e‡j|
 wd«‡jwÝs n‡jv- B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g †h †Kvb mgq, †h‡Kvb
RvqMvq, †h †Kvb ai‡bi KvR Kivi my‡hvM|
 wKQy RbwcÖq AvDU‡mvwm©s cÖwZôv‡bi bvg- Fiverr.com,
odesk.com, freelancer.com, upowrk.com,
peopleperhour.com, chakuri.com, belencer,
Affiliate marketing, Google Adsence.
 AvDU‡mvwm©s‡q evsjv‡`wk wKQy cÖwZôv‡bi bvg- Hype
Dhaka, SkyTech Solutions, WpHostsell, Tech
ICS, Cyber Developer BD, W3 Engineers.
 wewfbœ I‡qe eªvDRvi: Chrome, Opera Mini,
Internet Explorer(IP), Mozila Firefox.
 B jvwb©s n‡jv- B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g, wewfbœ cø¨vUdg© e¨envi
K‡i c„w_exi †h‡Kvb RvqMvq Ae¯’vb K‡i wkÿv AR©b|
 RbwcÖq B jvwb©s cø¨vUdg©- Khan Academy, Udemy,
Udacity, edx, Coursera, Ten Minitue School
BZ¨vw`|
 E-Learning Gi Dcv`vb `yBwU- White-bord,
E-book.
 E-book Gi RbK- Michael S Hart.
 AbjvBb jvBf K¬vm †bqvi wewfbœ cø¨vUdg©- (WebEx,
Gooogle Meet, webinar, Facebook,
messenger, imo, skype, Whatsapp, zoom
BZ¨vw`)
 †UwjwgwWwmb Kx? Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i
`~ieZx© †ivwM‡`i‡K we‡klÁ wPwKrmK‡`i gva¨‡g wPwKrmv
†`qv|
 EHR Gi c~Y©iƒc- Electronic Health Record.
 †Uwj‡gwWwmb †mevi wewfbœ gva¨g- Teladoc, Maven
Clinic, iCliniq, MDlive, Amwell, Doctor on
Demand, treatment online.
 †ivM wbY©‡qi †ÿ‡Î K…wÎg eyw×gËvi e¨envi i‡q‡Q|
1
 wØZxq
wØZxq Aa¨vq
Aa¨vq Communication Systems
Communication Systemsand
andNetworking
gvB‡µvI‡qf:
 gvB‡µvI‡qf Gi cwiwa 1 wMMvnvR© †_‡K 100 wMMvnvR©|
 GwU 2 wMMv nvR© ev Zvi AwaK wd«‡Kv‡qw݇Z †WUv UªvÝwgU
Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 gvB‡µvI‡qf `zB ai‡bi; †Uwiw÷ªqvj I m¨v‡UjvBU|
 cvnvo, eo `vjvb, BZ¨vw`i Dc‡i †Uwiw÷ªqvj emv‡bv nq|
 G‡¶‡Î 40 †_‡K 50 wK‡jvwgUvi ci ci wiwcUvi ev wi‡j
†÷kb emv‡Z n‡e|
m¨v‡UjvBU:
 f‚c„ô †_‡K 34 nvRvi wK‡jvwgUvi Dc‡i ¯’vwcZ
m¨v‡UjvBU‡K wRI †÷kbvwi m¨v‡UjvBU ejv nq|
 gnvKv‡k ¯’vwcZ m¨v‡UjvB‡Ui mv‡_ f‚c…‡ô ¯’vwcZ very
small aperture terminal (VSAT) mshz³ _v‡K|
Networking
eøyUz_:
 eøyUz_ cv‡m©vbvj Gwiqv †bUIqv‡K© e¨eüZ nq| Gi e¨vwß
wZb †_‡K 10 wgUvi n‡q _v‡K
 eøyUz_ †bUIqvK© Gi Av‡iK bvg wc‡Kv‡bU
 eøyUz_ m‡e©v”P AvUwU h‡š¿i mv‡_ wmMb¨vj Av`vb-cÖ`vb
Ki‡Z cv‡i| G‡¶‡Î †cÖiK wWfvBm‡K gv÷vi wWfvBm
Ges evKx¸‡jv †¯øf wWfvBm ejv nq|
IqvBdvB:
 IqvBdvB Gi c~Y©iƒc wireless fidelity.
 Wi-Fi alliance IqvBdvB Gi ¯^Z¡vwaKvix|
 GwU †jvKvj Gwiqv †bUIqvK© G KvR K‡i
 2.4 †_‡K 5 wMMvnvU©R wd«‡Kv‡qwÝ †Z KvR K‡i Kvfv‡iR
Gwiqv 50 †_‡K 200 wgUvi ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z|
WiMAX
 IqvBg¨v· Gi c‚Y©iƒc worldwide interoperability
for microwave access |
 GwU mvaviYZ (2-66) wMMvnvU©R wd«‡Kv‡qwÝi KvR K‡i
Ges 1 mbps †_‡K 1 gbps ch©šÍ MwZ‡Z †WUv UÖvÝdvi
Ki‡Z cv‡i|

IqvBg¨v‡•i `ywU Ask:

 1. base Station Gi Kvfv‡iR Gwiqv 50 †_‡K 80 wK‡jvwgUvi|
 2. G‡›Ubv hz³ IqvBg¨v· wiwmfvi †h Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K|
 Gi gva¨‡g nvRvi nvRvi e¨enviKvix‡K B›Uvi‡bU myweav †`qv hvq|
Name Standard (EEE) Frequency (GHz) Speed (Mbps) Range (Meter) Network
Bluetooth 802.15 2.45 0.72-25 3-10 WPAN
Wifi 802.11 2.4-5 11-200 50-100 WLAN
Wimax 802.16 2-66 80-1000(1Gbps 1000-50000 (50km) WMAN
 IqvBg¨v· †bUIqvK© e¨env‡ii Rb¨ KZ©…c‡¶i Abz‡gv`b cÖ‡qvRb nq Ges Gi LiP †ewk|
 †gvevBj cÖRb¥  c¨v‡KU myBwPs †WUv UÖvÝwgkb wbivcËv †ewk|
cÖ_g cÖRb¥ (1979-1990):  High speed package access hsp
 Nippon telegraph and telephone corporation  Wideband code division multiple access
WCDMA
NTTC me© cÖ_g evwYwR¨Kfv‡e †gvevBj‡dvb Drcv`b
 3rd generation partnership project 3gpp
ïiæ K‡i|
 Universal Mobile telecommunication szstem u
 Motorola Dyna TAC
MTS.
 Advanced mobile phone system a MPS
 Total access communication system. PZz_© cÖRb¥ (2009-2020):
wØZxq cÖRb¥ (1991-2000):  B›Uvi‡bU cÖ‡UvKj wfwËK †bUIqv‡K©i e¨envi|
 †Møvevj wm‡÷g di †gvevBj KwgDwb‡Kkb (GSM)|  `ªæZ Pjbkxj wWfvB‡mi †¶‡Î 100mbps wUªgvwÎK Ges
 †KvW wWwfkb gvwëcj A¨vK‡mm (CDMA)| w¯’i wWfvB‡mi †¶‡Î 1gbps|
 GB cÖR‡b¥i wewfbœ myweav: wcÖ‡cBW c×wZ GmGgGm  Long term evolution.
GgGgGm B›Uvi‡bU mvwf©m|  Video conferencing, 3D TV. 4G Gi MwZ 3G
Z…Zxq cÖRb¥ (2001-2008): †_‡K 50 ¸Y †ewk|
 Docomo Japan.
Focus ICT Supplement 2
cÂg cÖRb¥ (2020-.......):
 GB cÖR‡b¥i †bUIqvK© †K world wide wireless web
wwww ejv nq|
 5G NR new radio technology.
 MIM multiple input multiple output.
 2018 mv‡ji Awjw¤úK †Mg‡m `w¶Y †Kvwiqv me©cÖ_g
5G †bUIqv‡K©i e¨envi cÖ`k©b K‡i|
 Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s
 GKvwaK Kw¤úDUv‡ii g‡a¨ Z_¨ Av`vb cÖ`v‡bi
D‡Ï‡k¨ ms‡hvM e¨e¯’v †K Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK©
ejv nq| GB †bUIqv‡K©i gva¨‡g e¨w³MZ
†hvMv‡hvM, †WUv ¯’vbvšÍi, B‡gBj, AbjvBb e¨vswKs,
miKvwi-‡emiKvwi ch©v‡qi †mev MÖnY BZ¨vw`
eûwea I Kvh©µg m¤úbœ Kiv hvq| GKwU wbw`©ó
†Kv¤úvwbi mKj Kw¤úDUvi hLb GKwUgvÎ mdUIq¨vi
e¨envi K‡i ZLb †mwU‡K mdUIq¨vi wi‡mvm© †kqvi Kiv
nq| GKvwaK Kw¤úDUvi hLb GKwUgvÎ wcÖ›Uvi w`‡q wcÖ›U
K‡i ZLb †mwU‡K nvW©Iqvi wi‡mv‡m© †kqvi ejv hvq|
 PAN personal area network.
 LAN local area network.
 CAN campus area network.
 MAN metropolitan area Network.
 WAN Wide area network.
 hLb Kv‡iv e¨w³MZ e¨eüZ wWfvBm ¸‡jvi g‡a¨
cvi¯úwiK ms‡hvM ¯’vcb Kiv nq ZLb †mUv‡K cv‡m©vbvj
Gwiqv †bUIqvK©| †hgb e¨w³MZ †W¯‥Uc, j¨vcUc, mvDÛ
wm‡÷g, wcwWG, †gvevBj, ¯‥¨vbvi, wcÖ›Uvi BZ¨vw`| Gi
cwiwa m‡e©v”P 10 wgUvi ch©šÍ|
 †QvU feb ev GKwU wbw`©ó cÖwZôv‡b me¸‡jv wWfvBm hLb
GKmv‡_ GKB †bUIqv‡K©i gva¨‡g mshy³ _v‡K ZLb
†mwU‡K †jvKvj Gwiqv †bUIqvK© e‡j| LAN Gi
†Uv‡cvjwR mvaviYZ ÷vi, evm, wUª Ges wis n‡q _v‡K
UzB‡÷W †cqvi K¨vej, †KvGw·qvj K¨vej, Ges dvBevi
AcwUK K¨vej Ges Zviwenxb gva¨‡g LAN Gi ms‡hvM
¯’vcb Kiv hvq|
 †h †Kvb cÖwZôvb GKvwaK feb Gi GKvwaK LAN Gi
mgš^‡q MwVZ nq K¨v¤úvm Gwiqv †bUIqvK© (CAN)| Gi
we¯Í…wZ 1 †_‡K 5 wK‡jvwgUvi ch©šÍ| Googleplex and
Microsoft’s network, CAN Gi cÖK…ó D`vniY|
 GKwU wbw`©ó AÂj wKsev kn‡ii A‡bK¸‡jv Kw¤úDUvi Gi
ga¨Kvi †bUIqv‡K© †g‡UªvcwjUb Gwiqv †bUIqvK© MAN
ejv nq| GB †bUIqv‡K©i we¯Í…wZ mvaviYZ 50 wK‡jvwgUvi
ch©šÍ nq| Zviwenxb MAN †K wireless
metropolitan area Network ejv nq| GB †bUIqv‡K©
Focus ICT Supplement
†bUIqvK© wWfvBm wn‡m‡e ivDUvi, myBP, nve, weÖR,
†MUI‡q BZ¨vw` e¨eüZ nq|
 †bUIqvwK©s wWfvBm
MODEM:
 MODEM Gi `ywU Ask-
1. Modulator 2. DeModulator
 Modulator wWwRUvj ms‡KZ‡K GbvjM ms‡K‡Z
iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i| ms‡KZ iƒcvšÍ‡ii GB cÖwµqv‡K
Modulation e‡j|
 DeModulator GbvjM ms‡KZ‡K wWwRUvj ms‡K‡Z
iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i| ms‡KZ iƒcvšÍ‡ii GB cÖwµqv‡K
DeModulation e‡j|
 Modem 2 cÖKvi| 1. B›Uvibvj 2.G·Uvibvj|
NIC (Network Interface Card):
 GwU LAN Card ev Network Adaptor bv‡g cwiwPZ|
 cÖwZwU †bUIqvK© KvW©‡K wPwýZ Ki‡Z 48 we‡Ui GKwU
msL¨v e¨eüZ nq| GB msL¨v‡K MAC (Media
Access Control) e‡j|
 ‡KvGw·qvj K¨ve‡ji Rb¨ e¨envi nq BNC Connector.
 UyB‡÷U †cqvi K¨ve‡ji Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq RJ-45 Connector.
HUB:
 ÷viU‡cvjwRi †ÿ‡Î wWfvBm Kv‡b±i wn‡m‡e nve e¨eüZ
nq|
 nve mvaviYZ 4,8,16 †cvU© wewkó nq|
 nve 2 cÖKvi| 1. GKwUf nve 2. c¨vwme nve|
 nv‡e †WUv wdëvwis m¤¢e nq bv|
 †h‡Kv‡bv †WUv me¸‡jv wWfvB‡mi g‡a¨ UªvÝwgU K‡i|
 GwU ïay LAN †bUIqvwK©s G e¨eüZ nq|
SWITCH:
 GwUI nv‡ei g‡ZvB KvR K‡i| Z‡e ïaygvÎ Uv‡M©U
Kw¤úDUv‡i ev wWfvB‡m †WUv UªvÝwgU K‡i|
 myBP‡K Bw›Uwj‡R›U wWfvBm ejv nq|
 GwU mvaviYZ 8,16,24,48 †cv‡U©i n‡q _v‡K|
 GwU ïay LAN †bUIqvwK©s G e¨eüZ nq|
ROUTER:
 GwU LAN, MAN Ges WAN wZb ai‡bi †bUIqv‡K©B
KvR K‡i|
 GKB cÖ‡UvKj †bUIqvK© Qvov mshy³ n‡Z cv‡ibv|
 ‡WUv wdëvwis myweav i‡q‡Q|
REPEATER:
 Signal †K Gw¤ødvB ev kw³kvjx K‡i MšÍe¨ ¯’vb ch©šÍ
†c․Qv‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
 GwU `yB cÖKvi| 1. Gw¤ødvqvi 2. wmMb¨vj wi‡Rbv‡iwUs|
3
BRIDGE:
 GwU e„nr †bUIqvK© •Zwi‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
 GwU GKvwaK †QvU †bUIqvK©‡K mshy³ K‡i eo †bUIqvK©
•Zwi K‡i|
 Bridge 2 cÖKvi| 1. Local bridge 2. Remote
Bridge (`ywU †j‡bi g‡a¨ IqvBW Gwiqv †bUIqvK© •Zwi
K‡i)| 3. Wareless Bridge.
GATEWAY:
 wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖ‡UvK‡ji †bUIqvK©‡K mshy³ K‡i|
 GwU cÖ‡UvKj Uªv݇jk‡bi KvR K‡i _v‡K|
 †hgb-1.Adrees Gateway 2. Application Gateway
3. Protocol Gateway.
 B›Uvi‡bU GK ai‡bi IqvBW Gwiqv †bUIqvK© WAN hv
c…w_exi wewfbœ cÖv‡šÍ Aew¯’Z me¸‡jv †gvevBj Ges
Kw¤úDUvi †K GKB †bUIqv‡K© mshy³ K‡i| GKvwaK
Kw¤úDUvi †K GKwU †bUIqv‡K©i g‡a¨ AvIZvfz³ Kivi
Rb¨ nve e¨eüZ nq| nv‡ei wbR¯^ †Kvb eyw×gËv †bB|
nv‡e WvUvi g‡a¨ msN‡l©i Avk¼v _v‡K| eZ©gv‡b nv‡ei
weKí wn‡m‡e myBP Gi e¨envi nq|
 myBP Gi wbR¯^ myw×gËv Av‡Q ZvB WvUv ¸‡jvi g‡a¨
msN‡l©i m¤¢vebv †bB|
 nv‡e MAC media access control e¨eüZ nq|
 myBP‡cvU© Gi msL¨v 8, 16, 24 Ges 48 wU n‡Z cv‡i|
 GKwU myBP w`‡q GKwU LAN •Zwi Kiv hvq
 ivDUvi GKB cÖ‡UvKjfz³ GKvwaK †bUIqv‡K© mshy³ K‡i|
 ivDUv‡ii gva¨‡g GKvwaK LAN mshy³ Kiv hvq|
 ivDUv‡ii gva¨‡g WAN Ges LAN Gi ms‡hvM NUv‡bv nq|
 ivDUvi †WUv wdëvwis Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 ivDUv‡i NAT, Network Address Translation.
e¨enÖZ nq|
 wfbœag©x cÖ‡UvKj wewkó †bUIqv‡K©i g‡a¨ ms‡hvM ¯’vcb
Kivi †¶‡Î †MUI‡q e¨eüZ nq|
 †MUI‡q PAT Protocol Address Translation
e¨envi K‡i †bUIqvK© wPwýZ K‡i| GRb¨ GwU‡K cÖ‡UvKj
KbfvU©vi ejv nq|
 †WUv UªvÝwgkb axi MwZ‡Z nq|
 ‡WUv msNl© nIqvi AvksKv _v‡K|
Network U‡cvjwR:
 Topology g~jZ Local Area Network G mshy³
wWfvBm mg~‡ni ms‡hvM Ges Zv‡`i gv‡S †WUv Av`vb
cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq| G‡`i ms‡hvM¯’j‡K †bvW ejv
nq|
evm U‡cvjwR:
 †bUIqvK© wWfvBm mg~n GKwU ¯^Zš¿ jvB‡bi gva¨‡g mshy³
_v‡K|
 jvB‡bi `yB cÖv‡šÍ `ywU UªvÝwgUvi _v‡K|
 ïaygvÎ cÖvcK Kw¤úDUvi †WUv MÖnY K‡i|
Focus ICT Supplement
 †h †Kvb mgq bZzb wWfvBm mshy³ Kiv hvq|
 GKwU Kw¤úDUvi bó n‡jI †bUIqvK© mPj _v‡K|
 †Kv‡bv mvf©v‡ii cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|
 †WUv UªvÝwkb axi MwZ‡Z nq|
 †WUv msNl© nIqvq AvksKv _v‡K|
wis U‡cvjwR:
 Kw¤úDUvi †bvW¸‡jv PµvKv‡i mshy³ _v‡K, wis Gi b¨vq|
 †K›`ªxq mvf©v‡ii cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|
 ‡WUvmg~‡ni gv‡S msN‡l©i AvksKv _v‡K bv|
 ‡WUv axiMwZ‡Z UªvÝwgkb nq|
 ‡Kvb bZzb Kw¤úDUvi hy³ Ki‡j ev we‡qvRb Ki‡j
†bUIqvK© AKvh©Ki n‡q c‡o|
 wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ RwUj md&UIq¨vi cÖ‡qvRb|
÷vi U‡cvjwR:
 GKwU mvf©vi/nve/myBP w`‡q meai‡Yi wWfvBm mshy³
_v‡K|
 GB †bUIqv‡K© UzB‡÷W †cqvi †Kej †ewk e¨eüZ nq|
 `ªæZMwZ‡Z †WUv Av`vb-cÖ`vb nq|
 ‡Kvb wWfvBm APj n‡jI †bUIqvK© mPj _v‡K|
 wWfvBm msL¨v ewׇZ †WUv UªvÝwgkb MwZ‡Z e¨Mva N‡U bv|
 wmwKDwiwU †ewk|
 mvf©vi APj n‡j cy‡iv †bUIqvK© APj n‡q hvq|
 LiP †ewk|
wUª U‡cvjvwR:
 Tree topology n‡jv Star topology’i m¤úªmvwiZ
iƒc|
 Gi Aci bvg nvqvivwK© U‡cv‡jvwR|
 GK ¯Í‡ii Kw¤úDUvi Aci ¯Í‡ii Kw¤úDUv‡ii Rb¨
AšÍeZx© ‡nv÷ Kw¤úDUvi wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
 cÖ‡Z¨KUv kvLvi †kl Kw¤úDUvi‡K †cwi‡civj ev cÖvšÍxq
Kw¤úDUvi e‡j|
 eo ai‡Yi †bUIqv‡K© †ewk e¨eüZ nq|
 ‡bUIqvK© †Kvb kvLv bó n‡j m¤ú~Y© †bUIqvK© APj nq
bv|
 LiP †ewk I RwUj|
†gk U‡cvjvwR:
 GwUi Aci bvg AvšÍtmshy³ Interconnected
U‡cv‡jvwR|
 cÖ‡Z¨KUv Kw¤úDUvi ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ mshy³ _v‡K|
 GB †bUIqv‡K© Zv‡ii msL¨v wbf©i K‡i Kw¤úDUv‡ii
n(n1)
msL¨vi Dci| GB‡ÿ‡Î m~Î n‡”Q 2
n = Numler of computer.
5(51) 20
5wU Kw¤úDUvi n‡j Zvi jvM‡e 2 = 2 = 10wU|
 cÖwZiÿv Ges e¨vswKs Gi †ÿ‡Î e¨eüZ nq|
 Ab¨vb¨ Uª‡cv‡jvwRi Zzjbvq †ewk `ªæZMwZm¤úbœ|
 †Kvb mvf©v‡ii cÖ‡qvRb †bB|
4
 wØZxq Aa¨vq
Z…Zxq Aa¨vq Communication
msL¨v c×wZ I wWwRUvj and Networking
SystemswWfvBm
 cuvP nvRvi eQi Av‡M wgkixq I my‡gwiqvb e¨ewjqvb msL¨v †n•v‡Wwm‡gj:
c×wZ ïiæ nq| †n·v‡Wwm‡g‡ji wfwË n‡”Q 16 Gi msL¨v¸‡jv 09, AF
 wgkixq msL¨v wQ‡jv 10 wfwËK Avi e¨‡ewjqb msL¨v wQ‡jv (A = 10, B = 11, C = 12, 0 = 10, E = 14, Ges F = 16)
lvU wfwËK|  cÖwZwU A±vj msL¨vi Rb¨ wZbwU evBbvwi we‡Ui cÖ‡qvRb|
 eZ©gv‡b †Kv‡Yi gvb Ges wgwbU N›Uvi wn‡m‡ei mv‡_  cÖwZwU †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vi Rb¨ 4wU evBbvwi we‡Ui
e¨ewjwbq msL¨v c×wZi wgj i‡q‡Q| cÖ‡qvRb|
 wgkixq msL¨v c×wZ‡Z ¯’vbxq gvb wQ‡jv bv, evKx `y‡Uv‡Z  `kwgK msL¨v‡K evBbvwi‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ Ki‡Z n‡j,
wQ‡jv| msL¨vwU‡K cÖ_g `yB w`‡q fvM K‡i Zvici cÖ‡Z¨KUv
fvMdj‡K `yBw`‡q fvM Ki‡Z n‡e, hZÿYbv fvMdj k~b¨
 gvqvb mf¨Zvi msL¨v c×wZ wQ‡jv 20/Kzwo wfwËK|
bv nq| (25)10=(?)2 †hgb-
 wPb I fviZxq msL¨v c×wZ wQ‡jv `k wfwËK|
2 | 25
 gvqvb I fviZxq msL¨v c×wZ‡Z ¯’vbxq gvb wQ‡jv|
2 | 12 1 (LSB)
 k~‡b¨i Avwe®‥viK fviZxq Avwe¯‥vi Brahmagupta
2|6 0
(628 mv‡j)| 2|3 0
 Avgv‡`i nv‡Z `kwU Av½yj _vKvq `kwfwËK msL¨v c×wZ 2|1 1
e¨eüZ nq| 0 1 (MSB)
 `yB, AvU, †lvj wfwËK msL¨v c×wZI i‡q‡Q|
(11001) wbP †_‡K emv‡Z 2 n‡e|
cwRkbvj  bb cwRkbvj
 †h msL¨v c×wZ‡Z ¯’v‡bi cwieZ©‡b D³ msL¨vi gv‡bi
 †Wwm‡gj †_‡K A±vj|
 A±v‡ji †eBR †h‡nZz 8 †m‡nZz cÖ‡Z¨KUv fvMdj‡K 8
cwieZ©b nq bv Zv‡K bb cwRkbvj msL¨v c×wZ e‡j|
w`‡q fvM Ki‡Z n‡e hZÿYbv fvMdj k~b¨ nq|
†hgb- †ivgvb msL¨v V, VI, VII, X, I (87)10 = (?)8
 `kwgK msL¨v c×wZ cwRkbvj| KviY, GLv‡b msL¨vi 8 | 87
Ae¯’v‡b cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ gv‡bi cwieZ©b nq 0, 1, 2, 3 8 | 10 9 LSD
0 9 8|1 2
0 1 SD
evBbvwi:
wWwRUvj B‡j±ªwb· evBbvwi msL¨v c×wZi wfwˇZ M‡o D‡V‡Q| (87) 10 = (127)8
 evBbvwi msL¨vq ¯’vbxq gvb i‡q‡Q| SB (Significant Bit)
 evBbvwi msL¨vq ¯’vbxq gvb w`‡q ¸Y K‡i gvb¸‡jv‡K †hvM SD (Significant Digit)
Ki‡jB †Wwm‡gj gvb cvIqv hvq|  A±vj †_‡K evBbvwi-
11001.1102=?  A±vj †_‡K evBbvwi‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ Kivi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡Z¨KUv
GLv‡b cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡K Av‡M ¯’vbxq gvb Ges Base w`‡q ¸Y A±vj msL¨vi Rb¨ by¨bZg wZbwU weU jvM‡e|
Ki‡Z n‡e, Octal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
= 124+123+022+021+120+121+122+ 023 Binary 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111
= 16+8+0+0+1+.5+.25+0 4124 = 4 1 2
= (25.75)10 100 001 010 = 1000010102
evBbvwi †_‡K A±vj iƒcvšÍ‡ii †ÿ‡Î evBbvwi msL¨v¸‡jv‡K Wvb
evBbvwi‡Z `ywU msL¨v ZvB Gi wfwË 2, Ges 1 w`‡q
w`K †_‡K wZbwU K‡i fvM Ki‡Z n‡e Gici A±vj gvb emv‡Z n‡e|
evBbvwi MwVZ| (010100101011)2
A±vj: (2 4 5 3)8
A±vj gv‡b AvU, GB Rb¨ A±vj msL¨v c×wZi wfwË-8, A±vj  †n•v‡Wwm‡gj †_‡K †Wwm‡gj-
msL¨v c×wZi msL¨v n‡jv- 07 ch©šÍ| (2AF)16 = 2 10 15
A = 10, F = 15 = 2  162 + 10  161 + 15  160
= (687)10
Focus ICT Supplement 5
 cÖ‡Z¨KUvi ¯’vwbq gvb Abyhvqx ¸Y Ki‡Z n‡e| †hvM-we‡qvM Kivi ci B‡j±ªwbK mvwK©‡U we‡Ui wba©vwiZ
 †Wwm‡gj †_‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡g‡j iƒcvšÍwiZ Kivi mgq fvR¨ msL¨v †_‡K †e‡o ZLb Zv KvR K‡i bv| †hgb- †hvM
Ges fvMdj‡K 16 w`‡q fvM Ki‡Z n‡e hZÿYbv fvMdj Kivi ci 7wU weU n‡j Zv Avi KvR Ki‡e bv|
k~b¨ nq- evBbvwi msL¨vi †ÿ‡Î MSB (Most Significant Bit)
16 | 7106 Ges LSB (Least Significant Bit) e¨eüZ nq|
16 | 4442 LSD Ab¨¸‡jvi †ÿ‡Î MSD Ges LSD e¨eüZ nq, msL¨vi
16 | 2712 cÖ_gwU n‡”Q MSB Ges †kl n‡”Q LSB evBbvwi msL¨vi
16 | 1 –11 ïiæ‡Z o _vK‡j Zv cwRwUf, 1 _vK‡j Zv †b‡MwUf|
0 1 MSD `kwgK + 2 = 0010 2 = 1010
1 11 12 2
1B C2
(71106)10 (1BC2)16 Positive Nagetive
 †n·v‡Wwm‡gj †_‡K evBbvwi‡Z iƒcvšÍ‡ii mgq tive
AvUwe‡Ui msL¨v + 5 3 = 0 0101011 53
†n·v‡Wwm‡g‡ji cÖ‡Z¨KUv A‡¼i R‡b¨ Pvi weU evBbvwi
= 1 0101011
e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
9F 9 F 2 3 2 Gi cwic~iK (2’s complement)
2316 = 1001 1111 0010 0011
15 †Kvb evBbvwi msL¨vi 2’s complement †ei Ki‡Z n‡j
= (1001111100100011)2 Av‡M msL¨vwUi 1’s complement †ei Ki‡Z evBbvwii
evBbvwi †_‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡g‡j iƒcvšÍ‡ii †ÿ‡Î evBbvwi 0 †_‡K 1 Ges 1 †_‡K 0 Ki‡jB Zv 1’s complement
A¼¸‡jv‡K 4 weU K‡i fvM K‡i Zvici †n·vgvb emv‡Z n‡q hvq|
n‡e| 1’s complement
†hgb 0010 1101 1100 0011 †hgb- g~j evBbvwi 10110011 01001100
2 D C 3 0 †K 1 Ges 1 †K 0 Øviv
= (2DC3)16 iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i
D =13, C =12 Gici 1’s complement Gi mv‡_ 1 †hvM Ki‡j
 †n·v‡Wwm‡gj †_‡K A±vj-G iƒcvšÍ‡ii mgq cÖ_‡g msL¨vwUi 2’s complement †ei n‡q hvq
evBbvwi Ki‡Z n‡e, g~j evBbvwi 1’s complement
1011 0010 1111 10110011 01001100
B2F = = ( 101100)2 1
B 2 F
1 †hvM  2’s complement
Gici evBbvwi †_‡K A±v‡j iƒcvšÍ‡ii wbqg AbymiY 01001101
Ki‡Z n‡e, 2’s n‡jv g~j msL¨vwU †b‡MwUf
101 100 101 111 + 2 = hw` 0010 nq
= (5457)8
5 9 5 7 1101 1’s complement
1 †hvM
evBbvwi †hvM we‡qvM:

 evBbvwi †h‡nZz 0 Ges 1 GK w`‡q MwVZ ZvB Gi †hvM  n‡e|

we‡qvM 0 Ges 1 Qvov Avi †Kvb msL¨v n‡e bv| GQvov
evKx me wbqg mvaviY †hvM we‡qv‡Mi g‡ZvB BCD  Binary Coded Decimel:
†Wwm‡gj msL¨v‡K evBbvwi‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ Ki‡j hv nq Zv‡K
evBbvwi †hvM 101100101
11001110 BCD †KvW e‡j
`kwgK 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
100011 0011
evBbvwi 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001
evBbvwi †hv‡M †hvMdj 2 n‡j Zv‡K 10 a‡i Ki‡Z n‡e|
evBbvwi we‡qvM 101 100 101  BCD †Kv‡W cÖ‡Z¨KUv †Wwm‡gj msL¨vi wecwiZ PviwU
1 001 001 evBbvwi weU w`‡Z nq|
010 011100 EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal
evBbvwi we‡qvM 0 †_‡K 1 we‡qvM Ki‡j we‡qvMdj 9 bv Information code)
n‡q 1 nq cieZ©x‡Z wb‡Pi msL¨vi mv‡_ 1 †hvM nq|  GwU AvU we‡Ui †KvwWs|
 eZ©gv‡b Gi e¨envi †bB ej‡jB P‡j|
Focus ICT Supplement 6
Alphanumeric code:  wefvRb Dccv`¨  x + y z = (x+y) (x+z)
MvwYwZK msL¨v Ges eY©gvjv I we‡kl wP‡ýi mgš^‡q MwVZ = (y + z) = xy + xz
†KvW‡K Avj‡dwbDgvwmK †KvW ejv nq|  wWgiMvb Dccv`¨  xy  x  y , x  y  x y
Alphanumeric code `yB ai‡bi:  mnvqK Dccv`¨  x + xy = x
1) Ascll (American Standard for Information (x + y) = x
Interchange)
2) Unicode
Truth Table / mZ¨K mviwY:
Ascll Code (A¨vmwK †KvW) 7 we‡Ui nq hv w`‡q 132wU wPý x x y x+y x y xy
x
cÖKvk Kiv hvq| cÖ_g 32wU †KvW hvwš¿K wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ e¨eüZ 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
nq evKx 96wU wewfbœ Aÿi Ges MvwYwZK wP‡ýi R‡b¨ e¨eüZ 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0
nq| [cvV¨ eB‡q 3.4 †Uwej `ªóe¨] 1 0 1 1 0 0
1 1 1
 Unicode (Unique, Universal and Uniform 1 1 1
Character en coding) GLv‡b,
 c„w_exi me fvlv‡K Kw¤úDUv‡i †jLvi Dc‡hvwM Kivi Rb¨ cÖ_g Table G GKwU PjK (X) _vKvq Input 2wU, wØZxq
GB †Kv‡Wi Avwe¯‥vi| Table G `yBwU PjK (x,y) _vKvq Input, 22 = 4wU
 1994 mv‡j 24wU wb‡q BDwb‡Kv‡Wi cÖ_g ms¯‥iY wZbwU PjK _vK‡j Input n‡e 23 = 8wU
cÖKvwkZ nq| Gfv‡e n msL¨K Pj‡Ki Rb¨ 2n msL¨K Input n‡e|
 cÖ_g ms¯‥i‡Y evsjv fvlv wQ‡jv, BDwb‡Kv‡W (65,536)wU
¯’vb msiwÿZ Av‡Q, PvqwbR, RvcvwbR, †Kvwiqvb, wgkixq †g․wjK †MU 3wU: AND, OR, NOT
n‡iv‡jvMÖvwdK Ges B‡gR‡KvW BDwb‡Kv‡Wi AvIZvq
Avbv n‡q‡Q|
 UTF-16 (Unicode Transformation Format)
Ges UTF-8 BDwb‡Kv‡Wi evBU¸‡jv cÖwµqv Kivi AND Ges OR †MB‡U Kgc‡ÿ `yBwU BbcyU _vK‡Z nq,
me‡P‡q RbwcÖq c×wZ| NOT ‡MB‡U GKwU BbcyU h‡_ó AND ‡MB‡U me¸‡jv
 BDwb‡KvW PviweU wewkó 000016 10FFFF16 ch©šÍ| Input hw` 1 nq Zvn‡jB Output 1 n‡e| †h‡Kvb GKwU
Boolean Algebra: Input 0 n‡j Output 0 n‡e|
 Boolean Gi gva¨‡g wZb ai‡bi operation Kiv hvq
complement (cwic~iK) ¸Y Ges †hvM|
 eywjqvb c~iK 0 Gi 1 Ges 1 Gi c~iK 0
 eywjqvb †hvM: 0+0=0, 1+0=1, 0+1=1, 1+1=1
 eywjqvb ¸Y: 0.0 = 0, 1.0 = 1, 0 1 = 1, 1.1 = 1
 B‡jw±ªK mvwK©‡U 0 Ges 1 Gi A_© n‡jv: OV A_ev 5V
OR †MB‡U †h‡Kvb GKwU Input 1 n‡j output 1 n‡e|
 mvaviYZ 0 †_‡K + 0.8 †fvë ch©šÍ †j‡fj‡K jwRK 0
(AmsÁvwqZ)|
 +2 †_‡K +5 ch©šÍ †j‡fj‡K jwRK 1 ejv nq
(msÁvwqZ)|
NOT †MB‡U Input, 1 n‡j Output 0, Ges Input 0
eywjqvb Theory n‡j AvDUcyU 1
 •`Z cwic~iK  x  x 1 0 0 1
 AcwieZ©bxq Dccv`¨  x + x = x x.x = x
 cwiwPwZ Dccv`¨  x + 0 = x x.1 = x
 KZ©„Z¡ Dccv`¨  x + 1 = 1 x.0 = 0  AND †MBU ¸‡Yi KvR K‡i OR †MBU ‡hv‡Mi KvR K‡i
 wewbgq Dccv`¨  x+y = x + y, xy = yx  OR †MBU †hv‡Mi KvR K‡i|
 Abyl½ Dccv`¨  x + (y + z) = (x + y) + z, x  NOT †MBU cwic~i‡Ki KvR K‡i|
(yz) = xy(z)
Focus ICT Supplement 7

X X
XY
Y Y
aiæb 5bs jvB‡b wmMb¨vj †`qv Av‡Q Zvn‡j AvDUcyU n‡e
X+Y 5 Gi evBbvwi gvb A_©vr 510=(101)2
 Gb‡KvWv‡i 8wU BbcyU jvBb Ges 3wU Output jvBb _v‡K|
wW‡KvWvi:
wW‡KvWvi mvwK©U Gb‡KvWv‡ii wecixZ KvR K‡i| GLv‡b 3wU
Input Line Ges 8wU Output jvBb _v‡K|

A¨vWvi:
nvd A¨vWvi
dzj A¨vWvi
A¨vWv‡i †hvM:
mve©Rwbb (Universal) Gate- 2wU|
Count
 NAND Ges NOR NAND = AND + NOT S
1+1 = 10  GLv‡b Wv‡bi msL¨vwU S Ges Wv‡b 1 Cout
wn‡m‡e MY¨ nq, hv c‡ii av‡c PIN nq|
X Y Count S Count
NOR = OR + NOT 0 0 0 0 0
AND †MB‡U  †iRvë 0 n‡j NAND †MB‡U 1 0 1 0 1 0
1 0 0 1 0
AND †MB‡U  †iRvë 1 n‡j NAND †MB‡U 0
1 1 0 0 1
OR †MB‡U  †iRvë 0 n‡j NOR †MB‡U 1
0 0 1 1 0
OR †MB‡U  †iRvë 1 n‡j NOR †MB‡U 0 0 1 1 0 1
1 0 1 0 1
xy.xy  xy  xy 1 1 1 1 1
 we‡kl †MBU `ywU XOR, XNOR Gate
XOR ‡M‡Ui mZ¨K mviYx
x y x+y †iwR÷vi:
0 0 0 †h mvwK©‡Ui gva¨‡g GKwU BbcyU w`‡q †mB Bbcy‡Ui gvb msiÿY
0 1 1 Kiv hvq, Zv‡K wd¬cd¬c e‡j|
1 0 1 X X Y Q Q
1 1 0 Q
0 0 1 1
 XOR ‡MB‡U mKj Input GKB n‡j Output O nq, 0 1 1 0
Ab¨_vq hvq AvDUcyU 1 nq| 1 0 0 1
X NOR, n‡jv XOR †MB‡Ui D‡ëv XNOR mZ¨K mviYx 1 1 0 1
Y Q 1 0
x y x+y
0 0 1
0 1 0 c¨vivjvj †iwR÷vi:
1 0 0 †hme †iwR÷vi †Kej †WUv †jvW Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv‡`i‡K †jvW ev
1 1 1 evdvi †iwR÷vi e‡j|
XNOR †MB‡U mKj Input GKB n‡iv †KejgvÎ ZLb  ‡hme †iwR÷vi GKmv‡_ A‡bK¸‡jv weU †jvW Ki‡Z cv‡i
Output 1 n‡e| Ab¨_vq O n‡e| Zv‡`i‡K c¨vivjvj †iwR÷vi e‡j|
 Gb‡KvWvi I wW‡KvWvi `ywU wWwRUvj mvwK©U|  cÖ_‡g A0, A1, A2 Ges A3 G weU msiwÿZ Av‡Q|
 wmMb¨v‡ji gva¨‡g †hB jvBbwU D¾xweZ Kiv nq †KejgvÎ
CLK cvjm †`qvi mv‡_ mv‡_ (A0  A3) me weU
†mB jvB‡bi gvb 1 nq, evwK¸‡jvi gvb 0 nq|
GKmv‡_ f, b, l1 l2 Ges l3 ‡Z msiwÿZ n‡q hv‡e|
 hZ bs jvB‡b wmMb¨vj †`qv nq wVK †mB msL¨vi evBbvwi
†h‡nZz CLK cvjm †`qvi ci me¸‡jv GKmv‡_ Transfer nq
bvg AvDUcyU nq|
GRb¨ GKwU c¨vivjvj †jvW †iwR÷vi e‡j|

Focus ICT Supplement 8

 PZz_© Aa¨vq Web design and HTML
 HTTP (Hypertext transfer for protocol) †QvU
AvKv‡ii dvBj|
 VoIP Voice over Internet Protocol (Voice
call via broadband)
 SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
(Mail)
 Domain name n‡”Q IP address Gi AvjdvwbDgvwiK
ev text fvm©b|
 Top Level Domain (Url Gi GK`g me©‡kl
Ask| (.bd) (.edu)
 Top level Domain 2 cÖKvi:-
1. Generic Top level domain .com, .org,
.edu, .ac, .net, .int, .info.
2. Country code Top level domain .bd, .us,
.in, .uk, .au, .de (Germany)
 mvP© BwÄb:- I‡qe mvf©vi †_‡K mn‡R I‡qemvBU Lyu‡R
cvIqvi we‡kl †cÖvMÖvg|
 me‡P‡q RbwcÖq Ges e„nËg Search engine
Google .com Gi RbK Ò†jwi †cR I mvi‡R weªbÓ|
 bing.com Microsoft Gi Search engine.
 RbwcÖq K‡qKwU Search engine:-
 www.yahoo.com, duckduckgo.com, www.ask.com.
google.com.
 evsjv‡`‡ki GKgvÎ (evsjv) search engine
www.pipilika.com GwU •Zix K‡ib CSE
department, SUST.
 ISP Internet science provider.
 Yahoo Gi RbK †WwfW wd‡bv|
 <body>.</body> G Tag Gi †fZi hv wjLv _vK‡e
Zv w¯…‡Y `„k¨gvb n‡e|
 html Gi †g․wjK Tag PviwU:-
1. <!DOCTYPE> 2. <html>.</html>
3. <head> </head> 4. <body> </body>
 html Gi mvaviY µg
htmlheadtitlebody
 <style> </style>  css Kivi Rb¨ e¨eüZ Tag.
 body section G e¨eüZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© K‡qKwU Tag n‡jv:-
 <a> </a> G¼i Tag hv wjsK •Zwi‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
 <row> </row>  row ev mvwi •Zixi Rb¨|
 <form> </form>  form •Zix Kivi Rb¨|
 <table> </table>  table •Zixi Rb¨|
 <tr> </tr>  Table row.
 <td> </td>  Table G †mc •Zix|
Focus ICT Supplement
 <p> </p>  Paragraph ‣Zix|
 <th> </th>  Table heading.
 <ol> </ol>  Ordered list.
µg _v‡K| †hgb- (1,2,3 i, ii, iii) (a,b,c) BZ¨vw`|
 <ul> </ul>  Unordered list.
µg _v‡Kbv|
 <!-->  Comment Gi Rb¨ e¨eüZ tag.
 HTML Gi †nwWs Gwj‡g›U Av‡Q 6wU|
Gi g‡a¨ h1 Gi AvKvi me‡P‡q eo| h6 Gi AvKvi
me‡P‡q †QvU|
 `ywU jvBb‡K Avjv`v Kivi Rb¨ <br> e¨eüZ nq| Gi
†Kv‡bv ending tag †bB|
 <sub> </sub>  †Kvb text †K wb‡P ¯’vcb Kivi Rb¨|
 <sup> </sup>  †Kvb text †K Dc‡i ¯’vcb Kivi Rb¨|
 <b> </b>  text bold.
 <u> </u>  underline.
 <i> </i>  italic.
 Attribute Gi `ywU Ask _v‡K-  Attribute Name
and Value.
 Qwehy³ Ki‡Z <image> tag e¨eüZ nq| GwU empty
tag.
 <embed> Tag e¨envi K‡i Audio, Video GW Kiv nq|
 CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) Gi
RbK Hakon Wium Lie.
 CSS, W3C Øviv msiwÿZ|
 cÖ_g fvm©b CSS-1 (1996) mv‡j|
 me©‡kl Avc‡WU Css-4(15/12/2020)|
 CSS wZb fv‡e e¨eüZ nq|
1. Inline 2. Internal 3. External.
 †g․wjK is 3wU RGB Red, Green, Blue.
 Green (#OOFFOO)  Yellow (#FFFFOO)
 White (#FFFFFF)
 Red ( #FFOOOO)  Black (#000000)  Blue
(#0000FF)
 I‡qe mvBU wWRvB‡bi ci GKwU wek¦¯Í mvf©v‡i ivLv‡K
Web publishing e‡j|
 SQL (Structured Query Language)
 SEO (Search Engine Optimization)
 <h1> – <h6>  eo †_‡K †QvU †nwWs Tag (†gvU
QqwU Av‡Q)
 Global Hypertext Project Gi cÖ¯ÍveK  Tim
Berners Lee.
 hosting technology 2 ai‡Yi|
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