Arrays

OUTLINE

• Popular antennas
• Two-element array
• N-element array: uniform amplitude and
spacing

Note 04 1
 Dipole antenna
Galaxy S20+ 5G Main Antenna

Characteristic
Shapes or geometries Printed antenna or wire antenna
Gain Low
Beam shape Omnidirectional
Bandwidth Narrow
Polarization Linear
Feeding technique Planar transmission line or cable

Note 04 2
 Yagi-Uda antenna
Characteristic
Shapes or geometries Printed antenna or wire antenna
Gain Medium
Beam shape Close to pencil beam
Bandwidth Narrow
Polarization Linear
Feeding technique Planar transmission line or cable

Note 04 3
Note 04 4
 Patch antenna
Characteristic
Shapes or geometries Printed antenna
Gain Low
Beam shape Half elliptical
Bandwidth Narrow
Polarization Linear or circular
Feeding technique Cable or planar transmission line

Note 04 TI 60-GHz MIMO array GPS Receiver - LS20031

5
 Horn antenna
Characteristic
Shapes or geometries Aperture antenna
Gain Medium
Beam shape Close to pencil beam
Bandwidth Medium
Polarization Linear
Feeding technique Coaxial cable

horn calibration horn

horn measurement AUT

Note 04 6
Far-field chamber
 Parabolic reflector antenna

Characteristic
Shapes or geometries Aperture antenna
Gain High
Beam shape Pencil beam
Bandwidth Medium
Polarization Linear
Feeding technique Waveguide

Note 04 7
 Spiral antenna
Characteristic
Shapes or geometries Printed antenna
Gain Low
Beam shape Omnidirectional
Bandwidth Wide
Polarization Circular
Feeding technique Planar transmission line or cable

Note 04 8
 Slot antenna
Characteristic
Shapes or geometries Printed/aperture antenna
Gain Low
Beam shape Omnidirectional
Bandwidth Narrow
Polarization Linear or circular
Feeding technique Planar transmission line or WG

Note 04 9
 Array antenna
Array antennas are group of similar
antennas in various configurations with
proper amplitude and phase relations to
give certain desired radiation characteristic.

Note 04 10
 Five factors for shaping array pattern
1. The geometrical configuration of the
overall array (linear, circular, rectangular,
etc.)
2. The relative displacement between the
elements
3. The excitation amplitude of the individual
elements
4. The excitation phase of the individual
elements
5. The relative pattern of the individual
element
Note 04 11
 Two infinitesimal dipoles
Uniform amplitude
Distance d
Dipole deploy in z
and parallel to y
Consider far field

Note:
1. Assume no coupling between
elements!
2. Consider y-z plane pattern only
Note 04 ( = 90) 12
 Total field
E t = E1 + E 2
kI0  e − j (kr1 −  2)
e − j (kr2 −+  2)

= aˆ j  sin(0.5 − 1 ) + sin(0.5 −  2 )
4  r1 r2 
kI0   e − j (kr1 −  2)
e − j (kr2 −+  2)

= aˆ j  cos(1 ) + cos( 2 )
4  r1 r2 
d 
r1  r − cos  r1  r2  r 
2 
 for phase variation  for amplitude variation
d 1   2   
r2  r + cos 
2 
kI0e − jkr
E t = aˆ j
4r

cos e + j (kd cos +  ) 2 + e − j (kd cos +  ) 2 
kI0 e − jkr  1 
= aˆ j cos 2 cos (kd cos +  ) 
Note 04
4r  2  13
 kI0 e − jkr  1 
E t = aˆ j cos  2 cos (kd cos +  ) 
4r  2 

Note 04 14
 Example: Finding nulls

d. d = /2,  = 0

Note 04 15
Note 04 16
 (a) d = /4,  = 0

 
cos cos 
4 

Note 04 17
Note 04 18
 (b) d = /4,  = +/2

Note 04 19
Note 04 20
Note 04 21
 (c) d = /4,  = -/2

Note 04 22
Note 04 23
Note 04 24
 (d) d = /2,  = 0
Only consider array factor. kd kd
−j cos  cos 
AF = e+ j (kd cos +  ) 2 + e− j (kd cos +  ) 2 = e
j
2
+e 2

x
in phase

−1 1
1 1 z
out phase 1 − 1 out phase

in phase

Note 04 0.5 25
An array of identical elements all of identical magnitude and each
with a progressive phase is referred to as a uniform array.
Note 04 26
 Array factor

Note 04 27
 Another form of AF: compact, closed

Note 04 28
 Cont’d

If reference point is
the physical center
of the array

Note 04 29
 Cont’d

Note 04 30
 Cont’d
sin(N 2 )
( AF )n =
N sin( 2)

Note 04 31
 Broadside array

One of the objectives in many designs is to avoid multiple maxima, in addition

the main maxima, which are referred to as grating lobes. Often it may be
required to select the largest spacing between the elements but with no
grating lobes. To avoid grating lobes, the largest space between elements
should be less than one wavelength.
Note 04 32
 Endfire array

Note 04 33
 A non-uniform array: Binomial array
(1) Recall for N = 2,  = 0, d = (2) N = 3,  = 0, d = /2
/2, uniform amplitude Non-uniform amplitude (1:2:1)
1 : 2 : 1

decompose as

treated as

0.5
(3) N = 4,  = 0, d = /2
Non-uniform amplitude (1:3:3:1)
AF2
AF4 = AF3 x AF2 = (AF2)3

1:2:1
Note 04 1:2:1 34
 Comparison

Amplitude
1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1 1:9:36:84:126:126:84:36:9:1
Directivity / HPBW as d = 0.25wavelength
Larger / smaller Smaller / larger

Note 04 35
 A trade-off method: Doiph-
Tschebyscheff array

Amplitude
1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1 1:9:36:84:126:126:84:36:9:1 1:1.357:1.974:2.496:2.798:
2.798:2.496:1.974:1.357:1
Directivity / HPBW as d = 0.25wavelength
Larger
Note 04 / smaller Smaller / larger Medium / medium36