Summarize Written Text: A Complete Manual On

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A COMPLETE
MANUAL ON
SUMMARIZE
WRITTEN
TEXT
Version 3.0
Recently Asked Questions with Model Answer

Explanatory Video on Summary Writing
Summar
Writte T
Summarize Written Text is the first task in the Writing Module. It is a timed task of 10 minutes, in which you have to read
a passage (generally of 100-400 words), and then, write a summary in a single sentence.
In the test, you will have 2/3 questions (minimum - 2 : maximum - 3) of Summarize Written Text.
Also, as this is a timed task of 10 minutes per summary, if you are not able to finish writing the summary in 10 minutes,
even if you don’t click on the NEXT button, automatically the next question will come on your screen.
Vice versa, let’s assume that you finish it before the allotted time, i.e. in 5 minutes (which means you are still left with 5
more minutes), and if you click NEXT, you will not get these 5 remaining minutes in the next question or in the next
modules (Reading or Listening), as there is NO CUMULATIVE addition of time in PTE Academic.
So, 20-30 minutes of your test will be used up in this task, depending on the number of questions - 2 or 3.
A typical question of Summarize Spoken Text looks like looks like:
Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in tho box at the bottom of tho
screen.You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how
well your response presents the key points in tho passage.
A dowry—the money or property a bride brings to her husband at marriage—was common throughout much of the ancient
world, and also flourished in medieval Europe.
In many places around the world, weddings were formal occasions, accompanied by gift giving and rituals. The practice of
dowries apparently originated when a bride's parents gave her presents. As time went on, the dowry developed various
functions. A dowry of household goods often helped the newly weds set up their own home. A dowry of property or jewelry
would help the wife support herself if her husband died. Generally, the husband returned the dowry to his in-laws if he and
his wife divorced or if his wife died childless.
Sometimes, the groom's family paid for the bride, often to compensate her family for the money spent raising her. If the
bride had been a valuable worker, her family was sometimes compensated for the loss of her economic support.
Today, traditional wedding observances are losing ground all over the world However, some traditional cultures, including
gypsies, many Hindus, and certainAfrican societies, continue to see dowries as a usual part of marriage.
In the African nation of Sudan, traditionally, the family of the groom has offered cattle, often as many as 100 animals, to the
family of the bride.
Agroom of the Roma people, or gypsies, pays the bride's family for the loss of their daughter. The bride price also ensures
that the bride will be well-treated by her new family. Negotiations between the families of the bride and groom can become
quite extensive, with the bride's father calculating how much his daughter has cost him since her birth, and how much she
could be expected to earn during her lifetime.
During and after the Middle Ages, young girls in rural areas typically received a dowry bed when she turned 12. followed by a
wardrobe the next year. Furniture was often painted with designs representing family history and specific regions. Brides
often entered marriage with enough goods to set up a household. Grooms received livestock and tools, so they could begin
farming.
Total Word Count : 0 Timer : 10:00
Latest updated: 1st March, 2020 | Version 3.0 www.ptetutorials.online 01

Wh I Summar Writte T A Ver
Importan T For Your PTE-Academi Scor ?
As the name of the task is Summarize ‘Written’

Text, to summarize it, you will need to read it first,
and only then will you be able to summarise it. So
this is an integrated task for both - WRITING &
READING scores.
Multiple Skills and Subskills are tested by this task,

which are:
Communicative skills tested: Reading and Writing
Subskills tested: Reading a passage under timed

conditions; identifying a writer’s purpose, style, tone
or attitude; comprehending explicit and implicit
information; comprehending concrete and abstract
information.
Writing a summary; writing under timed conditions;

taking notes while reading a text; synthesizing
information; writing to meet strict length
requirements; communicating the main points of a
reading passage in writing; using words and phrases
appropriate to the context; using correct grammar.
www.ptetutorials.online 02
SCORE GUIDE
It’s very important to understand the scoring of this task. And most importantly, this task affects your Reading score,
along with your Writing score, as it is an integrated task.
Communicative skills tested: Reading and Writing

Subskills tested:
1. Reading a passage under timed conditions;
2. Identifying a writer’s purpose, style, tone or attitude;
3. Comprehending explicit and implicit information;
4. Comprehending concrete and abstract information
5. Writing a summary;
6. Writing under timed conditions;
7. Taking notes while reading a text;
8. Synthesizing information;
9. Writing to meet strict length requirements;
10. Communicating the main points of a reading passage in writing;
11. Using words and phrases appropriate to the context; using correct grammar
The most important thing to understand from the above scoring is that this is an integrated module, which means, it
affects the scores of both, Writing & Reading. Thus, it becomes an extremely vital and interesting task for your score.
There are four things that are crucial to get a high score in Summarize Written Text.
Content + Form (Number of words in a single sentence) + Grammar + Vocabulary

The vital thing to note in the summary instruction is that we have to write a summary in a single sentence only (5-75
words), in 10 minutes. If you write a summary which is less than 5 words, or more than 75 words, which not written in a
single sentence, you get 0 in the parameter Form.
So, how many words should we write?
If you write a summary in excellent English, with very high vocabulary, and perfect grammar, but of only 20-25 words, it
will be very difficult to fetch a high score in this task. Why? Because it is difficult to cover the entire encapsulation or
summary of a passage of 100-400 words in as few as 20-25 words.
On the other hand, let’s say you write a summary of a single sentence of 70 words, with perfect content, impeccable
grammar, and high vocabulary, would it be advisable? Not really, as it would be a single sentence of 70 words, and that
would not be very nice for your grammar score.
Then how many words should you write? The guideline which PTE gives is very vague - 5 to 75 words, more confusing
than helping.
The ideal length would be somewhere in between, which would be 35-45 words. It should be easy to encapsulate all the
key ideas in the passage using around 40 words.
So as you can understand, take care of the basics like:

ü Spelling
ü Grammar
ü Punctuation
ü Word Count (Form)
ü Vocabulary
ü Content (Very Important as it mainly decides your Reading score)
How Shoul Yo Manag Your 10 Minut For T ?

Since this is an integrated task, to write a summary, first you will need to read the passage. Reading
means 3 things - skim, scan and understand.
How much time should you take to read?

2-3 minutes would be ideal.
Immediately after reading, start writing the summary of a single sentence.

Finish writing in the next 4-5 minutes. In the end, you will still have 1-2 minutes left. What will you do
in this time? Proofreading. Always check whatever you write for 2 things mainly - spelling &
grammar.
So, to get a high score in this task, you just need to be good at two things:
WHAT to write HOW to write

CONTENT (because WHAT you write STRUCTURE + GRAMMAR + SPELLINGS
determines your Reading score) (because how you write determines your
Writing score)
2 m commo m tak
whic peopl mak i th t
1) Grammar mistakes. As the summary has to be written in just a single sentence, it is very easy to make mistakes
of punctuations. Using simple structures which I explain later will eliminate all grammatical mistakes.
2) Copy + Paste: Since time is of the essence in this task, as with all tasks in PTE, what many people do is - take full
sentences/phrases from the passage and write them *as they are* in the box.
One very popular way to do this in the actual test is:

Take one sentence from the 1st paragraph in the passage (most likely the introduction statement), take one
sentence from the last paragraph (most likely the conclusion statement), and join them using a connector (a
conjunction or an conjunctive adverb - words like however, moreover, and furthermore).
Now ask yourself - Should you do this? In one word, the answer is - NEVER. Why not? Because of the following
instruction in this task.
Take one sentence from the 1st paragraph in the passage (most likely the introduction statement), take one
sentence from the last paragraph (most likely the conclusion statement), and join them using a connector (a
conjunction or an conjunctive adverb - words like however, moreover, and furthermore).
Now ask yourself - Should you do this? In one word, the answer is - NEVER. Why not? Because of the following
instruction in this task.
Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the
box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 Minutes to finish this task. Your response will
be judge on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key
points in the passage.
Now if you’re going to copy+paste full sentences/phrases from the passage, there is no quality in the writing
because it won’t remain *your* writing, as it is PTE’s writing. Right?
So what you have to do is something very simple. You do need to pick up key points from the passage, as they
determine your content score, but link those main points from the passage (keywords) using your own
structure.
So first, let’s talk about WHAT to write.
Firstly, it’s very important to find out the main idea(s) in a passage very quickly. How to find it quickly?
Easy Method:
The main idea will generally be repeated more than once in the method. Also, the main idea is never
a standalone statement. Either it will be repeated, or it will have dependent statements.
For example, let’s see the passage below.
Read the passage below and summarize is using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the
screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judge on the quality of your writing and on how
well your response presents the key points in the passage.
Public figures include politicians and other public officials such as judges and civil servants as well as celebrities such as
film stars, musicians and sports stars. The very nature of these roles opens these people to scrutiny by the press The
extent to which the media are legally free to investigate and publish details of public figures' private lives varies from
country to country Countries like France are much stricter on protecting personal privacy than, for example, Britain.
People have a right to know about those in power. Whether through taxes, in the case of politicians and civil servants, or by
revenue generated by films, music, TV, sporting appearances or concerts in the case of celebrities—these people's income
is dependant on the general public.
People have the right to make informed judgements about the kind of leaders they have. Attempts to restrict what may be
reported about public figures in the press could easily become a conspiracy to keep voters in the dark and to manipulate
them. All elections are to a greater or lesser extent about the character of the leading politicians involved. Unless the voters
are allowed insights into their private lives they will lack the information needed to make a fair decision at the polling booth.
For example, some people believe that a politician who betrayed his wife in an affair was equally capable of breaking his
promises and lying to his country.
Exposing corruption and dishonesty on the part of public officials and businesses is a critical part of the function of a free
press, and it is essential to the functioning of a free-market economy. If investigative journalists are prevented from
scrutinising the private lives of public figures, then corruption and crime will be much easier to hide.
Public figures know that with fame comes a price and that price is constant scrutiny. In fact, many celebrities actively seek
media exposure in order to advance their careers, revealing to the media many aspects of their personal lives. Once
success has been bought in such a fashion it is then somewhat hypocritical to complain of "press intrusion" into those few
aspects the star would prefer to remain hidden.
Which word(s) do you see in the first and the last paragraph repeated?
‘Public figures’, which means that the entire passage is about public figures, right?
That’s how you spot a main idea very often in any passage.
Also there might be many proper nouns in the passage. What are proper nouns? Names of people/places/things.
For instance, in the passage above, we have the name of two countries - Britain and France. It is always a good idea to
include one or two proper nouns in the passage, as names are examples/evidence to support the main idea in the
passage.
Also, many times there are same or similar words repeated again and again the passage. Why is PTE repeating those
words? Because obviously, they are vital, and convey something which cannot be omitted. So what should we do when
we see *repeated words* in the passage? Take those words as they are, and use them in your summary.
Lastly, you might have many words (adjectives) in the passage like -
Ø The most important blah blah blah…
Ø The chief reasons for blah blah blah…
Ø The vital points blah blah blah…
Ø The effectiveness of blah blah blah…
Ø They key points blah blah blah…
Whatever is after these keywords is obviously important.
For example, the three chief reasons for Australia’s economic success are
immigration, education and tourism.
Now obviously, you need to include the words immigration, education and tourism in your summary.
So always be on the look out for such words in the passage.
So this explains WHAT we should write in the summary.
Now, let’s address the question of HOW we should write the summary.
Since we should be writing a summary of 40-45 words, we should be very careful with the choice of our words. As there
will be only one full stop (.) at the end of the sentence, we should be very judicious (careful) with the use of connectors,
and not use lengthy connectors like -
- as well as
- in addition to
So which are the connectors which we should use?

accordingly also besides however indeed instead nonetheless otherwise
consequently conversely likewise meanwhile similarly still
finally furthermore hence moreover nevertheless subsequently then
Next therefore thus
All these connectors used are conjunctive adverbs.
Also, you could use conjunctions like - and, because, or, but, yet.
The rule for using conjunctions and conjunctive adverbs is very simple.
Conjunctive adverbs: Whenever you use conjunctive adverbs like moreover, however and furthermore, you always
use a semi colon (;) before them, and a comma (,) after them.
For example: Rome is a beautiful country; moreover, it has wonderful

weather throughout the year.
Conjunctions: Whenever you use conjunctions, generally, you need a comma (,) before them.
For example: Rome is a beautiful country, but has a lot of traffic on its roads.
SHORT CUT TO GET A VERY HIGH SCORE IN SUMMARISE WRITTEN TEXT (SWT)
As I have already mentioned, the two most common mistakes people make in SWT are:
1. Grammatical mistakes
2. Copy + Pasting full sentences from the passage
I will share a very easy method to get a very high score in this task. Just follow it. Automatically, the sentence will fetch
you a very high grammar score.
LET’S ASSUME THERE IS PASSAGE ABOUT THE ECONOMIC GROWTH IN CHINA
China is blessed with wonderful climate throughout the year. It has three major seasons - Summer, Spring and Winter.
The last year saw some fluctuations in temperature due to the effects of global warming. Since centuries now, China
has been a country of entrepreneurs, and it still is the business leader when it comes to investments done per year.
There has never been a single year in the past 60 years when the number of new businesses established in China has
fallen, and so, if given the opportunity, I would love to relocate there and start my own venture. Also, as I am not
creatively inclined, I would never start a modeling agency because of the creative restrictions there.
I have selected 3 main ideas (clauses) from the passage which are:
[China has beautiful weather throughout the year] [there are many business opportunities in China currently]
[so I wish to move there as soon as possible to start my own business venture]. {31 Words}
Now as we are already aware, there can only be a single full stop at the end of the sentence. So obviously, we need to link
the given phrases/clauses using connectors and punctuations.
Always remember, that the three most important/strong connectors (conjunctive adverbs) are:
1. moreover 2. furthermore 3. However
Always remember a simple thumb rule while using these 3 connectors.
Before these connectors, you always use a semi-colon (;).
After these connectors, you always use a comma (,).
Now the number of questions we get in Summarize Written Text is minimum 2 and maximum 3. So you can use the
following three structures in the 2/3 questions.
1. China has beautiful weather throughout the year; moreover, there are many business opportunities in China
currently, and so, I wish to move there as soon as possible to start my own business venture.
2. China has beautiful weather throughout the year; furthermore, there are many business opportunities in China
currently; hence, I wish to move there as soon as possible to start my own business venture.
3. China has beautiful weather throughout the year; however, there are very few creative openings in China currently;
therefore, I do not wish to move there to set up my new modeling agency.
Basically, with the use of just two punctuations - semi-colon (;) before, and comma (,) after the proper conjunctive
adverb, you are automatically constructing a compound/complex sentence.
Just follow this in your test, and you are bound to get a very high Writing component score in this task. And for the
Reading component score, just ask yourself - What is/are the main idea(s) in the passage? Basically, choose the
important words from the passage, and paraphrase using the structure I just explained.
Never copy+paste full sentences/phrases from the passage.
POINTS TO REMEMBER:
ü Just take care of the grammar, focus on the key words from the passage, ask yourself the question - What is the
main idea(s) in the passage? And be quick in writing the summary. In the end, don’t forget to proofread it.
ü Always double check spellings and grammars. Writing using the connectors which I have shared will automatically
make the sentence you type a compound/complex sentence. Just be careful with the punctuations, and you’ll get a
very high score if you take care of the content.
ü By mistake, don’t use two full stops, that is, don’t write two sentences, or else you’ll get 0 in Form.
a ’ i . Yo ’r don wit nea an cr p summar of 40-45 word - singl sentenc .
Now Le ’ star b pract in wit th sampl qu tion an ge crysta clear

v io o how t perfor i th rea a !
Summar writte t
rea t qu tion
PLUG-IN VEHICLE
Passage :
Here's a term you're going to hear much more often: plug-in vehicle, and the acronym PEV. It's what
you and many other people will drive to work in ten years and more from now. At that time, before
you drive off in the morning you will first unplug your car - your plugin vehicle. Its big onboard
batteries will have been fully charged overnight, with enough power for you to drive 50-100
kilometers through city traffic.
When you arrive at work you'll plug in your car once again, this time into a socket that allows power
to flow from your car's batteries to the electricity grid. One of the things you did when you bought
your car was to sign a contract with your favorite electricity supplier, allowing them to draw a
limited amount of power from your car's batteries should they need to, perhaps because of a
blackout, or very high wholesale spot power prices. The price you get for the power the distributor
buys from your car would not only be most attractive to you, but it would also be a good deal for
them too, their alternative being very expensive power form peaking stations. If driving home or for
some other reason your batteries looked like running flat, a relatively small, but quiet and efficient
engine running on petrol, diesel or compressed natural gas, even bio-fuel, would automatically cut
in, driving a generator that supplied the batteries so you could complete your journey.
Concerns over 'peak oil', increasing greenhouse gas emissions, and the likelihood that by the
middle of this century there could be five times as many motor vehicles registered worldwide as
there are now, mean that the world's almost total dependence on petroleum-based fuels for
transport is, in every sense of the word, unsustainable.
Model Answer :
Plug-in vehicle (PEV) has big onboard batteries which can be fully charged overnight with enough
power to drive through city traffic, and plugging the car in the socket allows the power to flow from
car's battery to the electricity grid, moreover, if the batteries look like running flat, any bio-fuel which
drives a generator can help to complete the journey, so, world can see the total dependency on fuels
for transport.
53 Words
VIVIDITY OF TV AND NEWSPAPER
Passage :
To understand the final reason why the news marketplace of ideas dominated by television is so
different from the one that emerged in the world dominated by the printing press, it is important to
distinguish the quality of vividness experienced by television viewers from the “vividness”
experienced by readers. I believe that the vividness experienced in the reading of words is
automatically modulated by the constant activation of the reasoning centers of the brain that are
used in the process of concreating the representation of reality the author has intended. By
contrast, the visceral vividness portrayed on television has the capacity to trigger instinctual
responses similar to those triggered by reality itself—and without being modulated by logic, reason,
and reflective thought. The simulation of reality accomplished in the television medium is so
astonishingly vivid and compelling compared with the representations of reality conveyed by
printed words that it signifies much more than an incremental change in the way people consume
information. Books also convey compelling and vivid representations of reality, of course. But the
reader actively participates in the conjuring of the reality the book's author is attempting to depict.
Moreover, the parts of the human brain that are central to the reasoning process are continually
activated by the very act of reading printed words: Words are composed of abstract
symbols—letters—that have no intrinsic meaning themselves until they are strung together into
recognizable sequences.
Television, by contrast, presents to its viewers a much more fully formed representation of
reality—without requiring the creative collaboration that words have always demanded.
Model Answer :
The vividness of experiencing the words is modulated by the constant activation of the reasoning
centers of the brain that are used in the process of concreating the representation of reality
whereas, the visceral vividness portrayed on television has the capacity to trigger instinctual
responses and without being modulated by logic, so, the simulation of reality accomplished in the
television medium is compelling compared by printed words.
67 Words
AUSTRALIAN EDUCATION
Passage :
Owhen Australians engage in debate about the educational quality or equity, they often seem to
accept that a country cannot achieve both at the same time. Curriculum reforms intended to
improve equity often fail to do so because they increase breadth or differentiation in offerings in a
way that increases differences in quality. Further, these differences in quality often reflect
differences in students' social backgrounds because the 'new' offerings are typically taken up by
relatively disadvantaged students who are not served well them. Evidence from New South Wales
will be used to illustrate this point. The need to improve the quality of education is well accepted
across OECD and other countries as they seek to strengthen their human capital to underpin their
modern, knowledge economies. Improved equity is also important for this purpose since the
demand for high-level skills is widespread and the opportunities for the low skilled are diminishing.
Improved equity in education is also important for social cohesion. There are countries in which the
education system seems primarily to reproduce existing social arrangements, conferring privilege
where it already exists and denying it where it does not. Even in countries where the diagnosis
might be less extreme, the capacity of schooling to build social cohesion is often diminished by the
way in which school's separate individuals and groups.
Model Answer :
Australians believe that the country cannot achieve bot the things: educational quality and equity
as the curriculum intends to improve equity but fails to achieve that because they increase
differentiation in a way which increases differences in quality, moreover, Improved equity is also
important for social cohesion, and as the demand for high-level skills is widespread and the
opportunities for the low skilled are diminishing.
40 Words
COLUMBUS
Passage :
When Christopher Columbus arrived at Hispaniola during his first transatlantic voyage in the year
A.D. 1492, the island had already been settled by Native Americans for about 5,000 years. The
occupants in Columbus's time were a group of Arawak Indians called Tainos who lived by farming,
were organized into five chiefdoms, and numbered around half a million (the estimates range from
100,000 to 2,000,000). Columbus initially found them peaceful and friendly, until he and his
Spaniards began mistreating them. Unfortunately for the Tainos, they had gold, which the Spanish
coveted but didn't want to go to the work of mining themselves. Hence the conquerors divided up
the island and its Indian population among individual Spaniards, who put the Indians to work as
virtual slaves, accidentally infected them with Eurasian diseases and murdered them. By the year
1519, 27 years after Columbus's arrival, that original population of half a million had been reduced
to about 11,000, most of whom died that year of smallpox to bring the population down to 3,000.
Model Answer :
Hispaniola was an island where Arawak Indians called Tainos, settled by Native Americans for
about 5,000 years, lived peacefully and friendly until when Christopher Columbus arrived with his
Spaniards and mistreated them, moreover, the conquerors divided up the island and its Indian to
work as virtual slaves for mining of gold, but accidentally with Eurasian diseases the population
came down.
60 Words
SKIPPING BREAKFAST
Passage :
Skipping Breakfast Has Drawbacks - It's no mystery why so many people routinely skip breakfast:
bad timing. It comes at a time when folks can be more occupied with matters of grooming, attire
and otherwise making themselves presentable for a new day. However, studies conducted both in
the United States and internationally have shown that skipping breakfast can affect learning,
memory and physical well-being. Students who skip breakfast are not as efficient at selecting
critical information for problem-solving as their peers who have had breakfast. For school children,
skipping breakfast diminishes the ability to recall and use newly acquired information, verbal
fluency, and control of attention, according to Ernesto Pollitt, a UC Davis professor of paediatrics
whose research focuses on the influence of breakfast on mental and physical performance.
Skipping breakfast can impair thinking in adults, also. For both children and adults, a simple bowl of
cereal with milk goes a long way toward providing a sufficiently nutritious start to the day. Green-
Burgeson recommends choosing a cereal that's low in sugarless than five grams per serving — and
using nonfat or one percent milk. Frederick Hirshburg, a paediatrician at UC Davis Medical Group,
Carmichael, says that babies and other preschoolers rarely skip breakfast because "they're usually
the hungriest at the beginning of the day. Breakfast then becomes more of a "learned experience"
than a response to a biological need, Hirshburg says.
Model Answer :
Skipping breakfast can affect learning, memory and physical well-being, the students who skip
breakfast are not as efficient at selecting critical information for problem-solving, it diminishes the
ability to recall and use newly acquired information, it can impair thinking in adults, so, a simple
bowl of cereal with milk goes a long way toward providing a sufficiently nutritious start to the day
for the babies who are the hungriest at the beginning of the day.iciently nutritious start to the day
for the babies who are the hungriest at the beginning of the day.
75 Words
OVERQUALIFIED EMPLOYEES
Passage :
If your recruiting efforts attract job applicants with too much experience—a near certainty in this
weak labor market—you should consider a response that runs counter to most hiring managers'
MO: Don't reject those applicants out of hand. Instead, take a closer look. New research shows that
overqualified workers tend to perform better than other employees, and they don't quit any sooner.
Furthermore, a simple managerial tactic—empowerment—can mitigate any dissatisfaction they
may feel.
The prejudice against too-good employees is pervasive. Companies tend to prefer an applicant
who is a “perfect fit” over someone who brings more intelligence, education, or experience than
needed. On the surface, this bias makes sense: Studies have consistently shown that employees
who consider themselves overqualified exhibit higher levels of discontent. For example, over-
qualification correlated well with job dissatisfaction in a 2008 study of 156 call-centre reps by
Israeli researchers Saul Fine and Baruch Nevo. And unlike discrimination based on age or gender,
declining to hire overqualified workers is perfectly legal.
But even before the economic downturn, a surplus of overqualified candidates was a global
problem, particularly in developing economies, where rising education levels are giving workers
more skills than are needed to supply the growing service sectors. If managers can get beyond the
conventional wisdom, the growing pool of too-good applicants is a great opportunity. Berrin
Erdogan and Talya N. Bauer of Portland State University in Oregon found that overqualified
workers' feelings of dissatisfaction can be dissipated by giving them autonomy in decision making.
At stores where employees didn't feel empowered, “overeducated” workers expressed greater
dissatisfaction than their colleagues did and were more likely to state an intention to quit. But that
difference vanished where self-reported autonomy was high.
Model Answer :
Companies prefer an applicant who is a perfect fit over someone who brings more intelligence,
education, or experience than needed, moreover, they also consider themselves overqualified
workers, who tend to perform better than other employees, and they don't quit any sooner, and
exhibit higher levels of discontent.
47 Words
MALAYSIA TOURISM
Passage :
Malaysia is one of the most pleasant, hassle-free countries to visit in Southeast Asia. Aside from its
gleaming 21st-century glass towers, it boasts some of the most superb beaches, mountains and
national parks in the region. Malaysia is also launching its biggest-ever tourism campaign in an
effort to lure 20 million visitors here this year.
Any tourist itinerary would have to begin in the capital, Kuala Lumpur, where you will find the
Petronas Twin Towers, which once comprised the world tallest buildings and now hold the title of
second-tallest. Both the 88-story towers soar 1,480 feet high and are connected by a sky-bridge on
the 41st floor. The limestone temple Batu Caves, located 9 miles north of the city, have a 328-foot-
high ceiling and feature ornate Hindu shrines, including a 141-foot-tall gold-painted statue of a
Hindu deity. To reach the caves, visitors have to climb a steep flight of 272 steps. In Sabah state on
Borneo island not to be confused with Indonesia's Borneo you'll find the small mushroom-shaped
Sipadan island, off the coast of Sabah, rated as one of the top five diving sites in the world. Sipadan
is the only oceanic island in Malaysia, rising from a 2,300-foot abyss in the Celebes Sea. You can
also climb Mount Kinabalu, the tallest peak in Southeast Asia, visit the Sepilok Orang Utan
Sanctuary, go white-water rafting and catch a glimpse of the bizarre Probosci's monkey, a primate
found only in Borneo with a huge pendulous nose, a characteristic pot belly and strange honking
sounds.
While you're in Malaysia, consider a trip to Malacca. In its heyday, this southern state was a
powerful Malay sultanate and a booming trading port in the region. Facing the Straits of Malacca,
this historical state is now a place of intriguing Chinese streets, antique shops, old temples and
reminders of European colonial powers. Another interesting destination is Penang, known as the
Pearl of the Orient. This island off the northwest coast of Malaysia boasts of a rich Chinese cultural
heritage, good food and beautiful beaches.
Model Answer :
Malaysia is one of the most pleasing places, it's capital city Kuala Lumpur has the Petronas Twin
Towers, which are the world tallest buildings, moreover, there are many places to visit like Sipadan,
the only oceanic island in Malaysia, Mount Kinabalu, the tallest peak in Southeast Asia, and
Penang, known as the Pearl of the Orient.
56 Words
VOTING RIGHT IN UK
Passage :
Compulsory voting is often suggested as a solution to the problem of declining turnout. But how
are individuals and countries affected by compulsory voting beyond boosting electoral
participation? Shane Singh investigates the social, economic, and political consequences of
compelling citizens to vote.
There has been a lot of discussion about compulsory voting these days. In the United Kingdom, in
particular, as voter turnout rates have declined, many commentators and politicians have begun
advocating for mandatory electoral participation. Those in favor of compulsory voting often
adduce the importance of participation among all segments of society. Citizens of democracies
are forced to do many things in the interest of the public good, they maintain, including serving on
juries and educating their children, and full participation serves the country as a whole. Those
opposed to compulsory voting often argue that, from a democratic theory perspective, the right to
vote implicitly includes a right not to vote. Such a right of abstention, they argue, is more important
than any societal good that might accompany high turnout. In fact, opponents of compulsory
voting often contend that the country may be better off if those who are disinclined to vole are not
pushed to participate in public affairs.
Regardless of whether one of these sets of arguments is more persuasive than the other,
compulsory voting is commonly used around the world. Several European democracies mandate
voting, as do Australia and most of the countries in Latin America. By evaluating results from these
countries, it is possible to assess the mechanics and effects of compulsory voting.
Model Answer :
Voting is made mandatory by politicians, citizens of democracies are forced in the interest of the
public good; however, opponents argue that compulsory voting is not a democratic approach, and it
is an implicit right of an individual, so, it is used around the world in several countries like Europe,
Australia, and America.
53 Words
SEA-MINING RESEARCH IN NOC
Passage :
The National Oceanography Center (NOC) is engaged in research into the potential risks and
benefits of exploiting deep-sea mineral resources, some of which are essential for low-carbon
technology, as well as using ocean robots to estimate the environmental impact of these potential
deep-sea mining activities.
Late last year the NOC led an expedition on the RRS James Cook that found enough of the scarce
element Tellurium present in the crust of a submerged volcano that, if it were all to be used in the
production of solar PV panels, could provide two-thirds of the UK's annual electricity supply.
Recently, the NOC also led an international study demonstrating deep-sea nodule mining will cause
long-lasting damage to deep-sea life, lasting at least for decades.
These nodules are potato-sized rocks containing high levels of metals, including copper,
manganese and nickel. They grow very slowly on the sea-bed, over millions of years. Although no
commercial operations exist to extract these resources, many are planned.
Professor Edward Hill, Executive Director at the NOC commented, – By 2050 there will be nine
billion people on earth and attention is increasingly turning to the ocean, particularly the deep
ocean, for food, clean supplies of energy and strategic minerals. The NOC is undertaking research
related to many aspects and perspectives involved in exploiting ocean resources. This research is
aimed at informing with sound scientific evidence the decisions that will need to be taken in the
future, as people increasingly turn to the oceans to address some of society's greatest challenges'.
Model Answer :
The NOC works for exploring deep-sea mineral resources, in an expedition, they found element
Tellurium, in the crust of submerged volcano, which has the capacity of generating and supplying
electricity to the UK, moreover, these potato-sized rocks contain high level of metals grow on sea-
bed, and by 2050 majority of people will rely on the oceans to overcome some greatest challenges.
61 Words
BEAUTY CONTEST
Passage :
Since Australians Jennifer Hawkins and Lauryn Eagle were crowned Miss Universe and Miss Teen
International respectively, there has been a dramatic increase in interest in beauty pageants in this
country. These wins have also sparked a debate as to whether beauty pageants are just harmless
reminders of old fashioned values or a throwback to the days when women were respected for how
good they looked.
Opponents argue that beauty pageants, whether Miss Universe or Miss Teen International, are
demeaning to women and out of sync with the times. They say they are nothing more than symbols
of decline.
In the past few decades, Australia has taken a real step toward treating women with dignity and
respect. Young women are being brought up knowing that they can do anything, as shown by
inspiring role models in medicine such as 2003 Australian of the Year Professor Fiona Stanley.
Almost all of the pageant victors are wafer-thin, reinforcing the message that thin equals beautiful.
This ignores the fact that men and women come in all sizes and shapes. In a country where up to
60% of young women are on a diet at any one time and 70% of school girls say they want to lose
weight, despite the fact that most have a normal BMI, such messages are profoundly hazardous to
the mental health of young Australians.
Model Answer :
While Australian has taken a real step toward treating women with dignity and respect, young
Australian women still concern more about their body shapes because not only all the beauty
pageants are judged by their looks and they are reinforcing the idea that thin equals beautiful, but
also they ignore the fact that men and women come in all sizes and shapes, which is hazardous to
the mental health of young Australians.
72 Words
AMERICAN ENGLISH
Passage :
Some "moments" seem more important in hindsight than they were at the time. David Day, for
example, looks at John Curtin's famous "Australia looks to America" statement of December 1941,
a moment remembered as embodying a fundamental shift in Australia's strategic alliance away
from Britain towards the US. As Day points out, the shift to the US as our primary ally was a long,
drawn-out process which occurred over half a century. Curtin's statement is iconic - it represents
and symbolizes the shift - but in and of itself is made almost no difference. Russell McGregor
makes similar arguments with regard to the 1967 referendum, falsely hailed in our memories as a
huge advance in Aboriginal rights.
There are many other important events which our contributors examine - the campaign to save the
Franklin River; the landings at Gallipoli, the discovery of gold in 1851, the disastrous Premiers' Plan
designed to cope with the Great Depression, to name just a few.
Taken together, our contributors show that narrative approaches to Australian history are not as
simple as might be imagined. There is, of course, the issue of what should be included and what
should not be - what, after all, makes a moment or an event sufficiently important to be included in
an official narrative? Just as importantly, the moments and events that are included in narrative
histories are open to multiple interpretations.
We hope this collection will provide an important reminder to those wanting to impose a universal
history curriculum for our schoolchildren, and indeed a lesson to all Australians wishing to
understand their nation's past. History is never simple or straightforward, and it always resists
attempts to make it so.
Model Answer :
While a moment is remembered as embodying a fundamental shift in Australia's strategic alliance

away from Britain towards the US, there are many other important events which our contributors
examine, which suggests our contributors show that narrative approaches to Australian history
are not as simple as might be imagined, and the moments and events that are included in narrative
43 Words
PARENTS' BORN ORDER AFFECT THEIR PARENTING
Passage :
Parents' own born order can become an issue when dynamics in the family they are raising
replicate the family in which they were raised. Agati notes common examples, such as a firstborn
parent getting into "raging battles" with a firstborn child. "Both are used to getting the last word.
Each has to be right. But the parent has to be the grown-up and step out of that battle," he advises.
When youngest children become parents, Agati cautions that because they "may not have had high
expectations placed on them, they, in turn, may not see their kids for their abilities." But he also
notes that since youngest children tend to be more social, "youngest parents can be helpful to their
firstborn, who may have a harder time with social situations. These parents can help their eldest
kids loosen up and not be so hard on themselves. Mom Susan Ritz says her own birth order didn't
seem to affect her parenting until the youngest of her three children, Julie, was born. Julie was nine
years younger than Ritz's oldest, Joshua, mirroring the age difference between Susan and her own
older brother. "I would see Joshua do to Julie what my brother did to me," she says of the taunting
and teasing by a much older sibling." I had to try not to always take Julie's side." Biases can surface
no matter what your own birth position was, as Lori Silverstone points out. "As a middle myself, I
can be harder on my older daughter. I recall my older sister hitting me," she says of her reactions to
her daughters' tussles.
Model Answer :
Despite the theory that parents' own birth order can affect their parenting, and that parents usually
replicate the family in which they were raised, both parents and children have free will to build up
their own personality and characteristics.
39 Words
AUSTRALIA STRATEGIES
Passage :
Some "moments" seem more important in hindsight than they were at the time. David Day, for
example, looks at John Curtin's famous "Australia looks to America" statement of December 1941,
a moment remembered as embodying a fundamental shift in Australia's strategic alliance away
from Britain towards the US. As Day points out, the shift to the US as our primary ally was a long,
drawn-out process which occurred over half a century. Curtin's statement is iconic - it represents
and symbolizes the shift - but in and of itself is made almost no difference. Russell McGregor
makes similar arguments with regard to the 1967 referendum, falsely hailed in our memories as a
huge advance in Aboriginal rights.
There are many other important events which our contributors examine - the campaign to save the
Franklin River; the landings at Gallipoli, the discovery of gold in 1851, the disastrous Premiers' Plan
designed to cope with the Great Depression, to name just a few.
Taken together, our contributors show that narrative approaches to Australian history are not as
simple as might be imagined. There is, of course, the issue of what should be included and what
should not be - what, after all, makes a moment or an event sufficiently important to be included in
an official narrative? Just as importantly, the moments and events that are included in narrative
We hope this collection will provide an important reminder to those wanting to impose a universal
history curriculum for our schoolchildren, and indeed a lesson to all Australians wishing to
understand their nation's past. History is never simple or straightforward, and it always resists
attempts to make it so.
Model Answer :
While a moment is remembered as embodying a fundamental shift in Australia's strategic alliance

away from Britain towards the US, there are many other important events which our contributors
examine, which suggests our contributors show that narrative approaches to Australian history
are not as simple as might be imagined, and the moments and events that are included in narrative
65 Words
AMERICA AND INDIA IT (COMPUTER PROGRAMMING)
Passage :
Consider the current situation: like their counterparts in the United States, engineers and
technicians in India have the capacity to provide both computer programming and innovative new
technologies. Indian programmers and high-tech engineers earn one-quarter of what their
counterparts earn in the United States; Consequently, India is able to do both jobs at a lower dollar
cost than the United States: India has an absolute advantage in both. In other words, it can produce
a unit of programming for fewer dollars than the United States, and it can also produce a unit of
technology innovation for fewer dollars. Does that mean that the United States will lose not only
programming jobs but innovative technology job, too? Does that mean that our standard of living
will fall if the United States and India engage in international trade? David Ricardo would have
answered no to both questions - as we do today. While India may have an absolute advantage in
both activities, that fact is irrelevant in determining what India or the United States will produce.
India has a comparative advantage in doing programming in part because of such activity requires
little physical capital. The flip side is that the United States has a comparative advantage in
technology innovation partly because it is relatively easy to obtain capital in this country to
undertake such long-run projects. The result is that Indian programmers will do more and more of
what U.S. programmers have been doing in the past. In contrast, American firms will shift to more
and more innovation.
Model Answer :
India, as compared to the United States, is able to produce unit of programming at lower dollar cost
by recruiting programmers and high-tech engineers, moreover, India has a greater advantage as
compared to the US because the physical capital investment will be less, but the US has an
advantage of obtaining capital easily for long term projects, hence, Indian programmers will work
more towards innovation and US will have to develop and integrate for better innovations.
76 Words
NATIONAL PROHIBITION ACT
Passage :
Here's how tree ring dating, known to scientists as dendrochronology (from the Greek roots
dendron = tree, and Chronos = time), works. If you cut a tree down today, it's straightforward to
count the rings inwards, starting from the tree's outside. But it's less straightforward to attach a
date to a particular ring in an ancient Anasazi wooden beam because at first, you don't know in what
year the beam was cut. Hence the sequence of the rings in a tree cross-section is like a message in
Morse code formerly used for sending telegraph messages; dot-dot-dash-dot-dash in the Morse
code, wide-wide-narrow-wide-narrow in the tree ring sequence. (Actually, the tree ring sequence is
even more diagnostic and richer in information than the Morse code, because trees actually
contain rings spanning much different width, rather than the Morse code choice between dot and
dash.) Tree ring specialists (known as dendrochronologists) proceed by noting the sequence of
wider and narrower rings in a tree cut down in a known recent year, and also noting the sequences in
beams from trees cut down at various times in the past. In that way, dendrochronologists have
constructed tree ring records extending back for thousands of years in some parts of the world. A
bonus of dendrochronology is that the width and substructure of each ring reflect the amount of
rain and the season at which the rain fell during that particular year. Thus, tree ring studies also
allow one to reconstruct the past climate.
Model Answer :
While tree ring dating is straightforward to count the rings inwards, a bonus of dendrochronology is
that the width and the substructure of each ring reflect the amount of rain and the season at which
the rain fell during that particular year to reconstruct the past climate, which suggests that the tree-
ring sequence is even more diagnostic and richer in information because trees actually contain
rings spanning much different width
51 Words
AUSTRALIAN EDUCATION
Passage :
According to Dr. Ron Fessenden, M.D., M.P.H. the average American consumes more than 150
pounds of refined sugar, plus an additional 62 pounds of high fructose corn syrup every year. In
comparison, we consume only around 1.3 pounds of honey per year on average in the U.S.
According to new research, if you can switch out your intake of refined sugar and use pure raw
honey instead, the health benefits can be enormous.
What is raw honey? It's a pure, unfiltered and unpasteurized sweetener made by bees from the
nectar of flowers. Most of the honey consumed today is processed honey that's been heated and
filtered since it was gathered from the hive. Unlike processed honey, raw honey does not get robbed
of its incredible nutritional value and health powers. It can help with everything from low energy to
sleep problems to seasonal allergies. Switching to raw honey may even help weight-loss efforts
when compared to diets containing sugar or high fructose corn syrup. I'm excited to tell you more
about one of my all-time favorite natural sweeteners today.ave been doing in the past. In contrast,
American firms will shift to more and more innovation
Model Answer :
There are more health benefits of consuming raw honey rather than refined sugar, raw honey is
sweetener which is unfiltered, and unpasteurized, and is directly made by bees from the nectar of
flowers, it can help to overcome sleep problems, allergies, and weight-loss; moreover, honey which
we consume today is processed by heating the nectar collected from the hive.
59 Words
War for Talent
Passage :
Some of this panic is overdone—and linked to the business cycle: there was much ado about “a war
for talent” in America in the 1990s, until the dotcom bubble burst. People often talk about
shortages when they should really be discussing price. Eventually, supply will rise to meet demand
and the market will adjust. But, while you wait, your firm might go bust. For the evidence is that the
talent shortage is likely to get worse.
Nobody really disputes the idea that the demand for talent-intensive skills is rising. The value of
“intangible” assets—everything from skilled workers to patents to know-how—has ballooned from
20% of the value of companies in the S&P 500 to 70% today. The proportion of American workers
doing jobs that call for complex skills has grown three times as fast as employment in general. As
other economies move in the same direction, the global demand is rising quickly.
As for supply, the picture in much of the developed world is haunted by demography. By 2025 the
number of people aged 15-64 is projected to fall by 7% in Germany 9% in Italy and 14% in Japan.
Even in still growing America, the imminent retirement of the baby-boomers means that companies
will lose large numbers of experienced workers in a short space of time (by one count half the top
people at America’s 500 leading companies will go in the next five years). Meanwhile, two things are
making it much harder for companies to adjust.
The first is the collapse of loyalty. Companies happily chopped out layers of managers during the
1990s; now people are likely to repay them by moving to the highest bidder. The second is the
mismatch between what schools are producing and what companies need. In most Western
countries schools are churning out too few scientists and engineers—and far too many people who
lack the skills to work in a modern economy (that's why there are talent shortages at the top
alongside structural unemployment for the low-skilled),
Model Answer :
Supply of the talent is limited, there is a demand for talent-intensive skills rather than shortage of
price, the demand for talent has increased by three times; due to demographic changes, the
developed countries are losing the experienced workers, hence, it's difficult for companies to adjust
because of loyalty, and mismatch between the schools producing the talents and what companies
really need?
62 Words
Armed Police
Passage :
Armed police have been brought into NSW schools to reduce crime rates and educate students.
The 40 School Liaison Police (SLP) officers have been allocated to public and private high schools
across the state.
Organizers say the officers, who began work last week, will build positive relationships between
police and students. But parent groups warned of potential dangers of armed police working at
schools in communities where police relations were already under strain.
Among their duties, the SLPs will conduct crime prevention workshops, talking to students about
issues including shoplifting, offensive behavior, graffiti and drugs, and alcohol. They can also
advise school principals.
One SLP, Constable Ben Purvis, began work in the inner Sydney region last week, including at
Alexandria Park Community School's senior campus. Previously stationed as a crime prevention
officer at The Rocks, he now has 27 schools under his jurisdiction in areas including The Rocks,
Redfern and Kings Cross.
Constable Purvis said the full-time position would see him working on the broader issues of crime
prevention. “I am not a security guard,” he said. “I am not there to patrol the school. We want to
improve relationships between police and schoolchildren, to have a positive interaction. We are
coming to the school and giving them the knowledge to improve their own safety.”
The use of fake ID among older students is among the issues he has already discussed with
principals. Parents' groups responded to the program positively but said it may spark a range of
community reactions. “It is a good thing and an innovative idea and there could be some positive
benefits,” Council of Catholic School Parents executive officer Danielle Cronin said.
Model Answer :
Armed police have been sending to public and private high school to conduct crime workshops,
communicate with students the social issues, one of the most prominent examples is of Constable
Ben who handles 27 schools for crime prevention and positive interaction in students, however, this
can lead to varied community reactions from different communities.
54 Words
WINE INDUSTRY
Passage :
In 1920, the eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution created yet another setback
for the American wine industry. The National Prohibition Act, also known as the Volstead Act,
prohibited the manufacture, sale, transportation, importation, delivery, or possession of
intoxicating liquors for beverage purposes. Prohibition, which continued for thirteen years, nearly
destroyed what had become a thriving and national industry. One of the loopholes in the Volstead
Act allowed for the manufacture and sale of sacramental wine, medicinal wines for sale by
pharmacists with a doctor's prescription, and medicinal wine tonics (fortified wines) sold without
prescription. Perhaps more important, prohibition allowed anyone to produce up to two hundred
gallons yearly of fruit juice or cider. The fruit juice, which was sometimes made into a concentrate,
was ideal for making wine. People would buy grape concentrate from California and have it shipped
to the East Coast. The top of the container was stamped in big bold letters: caution: do not add
sugar or yeast or else fermentation will take place! Some of this yield found its way to bootleggers
throughout America who did just that. But not for long, because the government stepped in and
banned the sale of grape juice, preventing illegal wine production. Vineyards stopped being
planted, and the American wine industry came to a halt.
Model Answer :
The national prohibition act also known as Volstead act came into existence in 1920, this act was
enacted to prohibit wine industry for manufacturing, selling, transporting the alcohol beverages,
however, prohibition allowed people to produce fruit juice or cider with concentration of wine, this
had increased the illegal production of wine, which ultimately was banned by government later on.
37 Words
FROG AMBER
Passage :
A miner in the state of Chiapas found a tiny tree frog that has been preserved in amber for 25 million
years, a researcher said. If authenticated, the preserved frog would be the first of its kind found in
Mexico, according to David Grimaldi, a biologist and curator at the American Museum of Natural
History, who was not involved in the find. The chunk of amber containing the frog, less than half an
inch long, was uncovered by a miner in Mexico's southern Chiapas state in 2005 and was bought by
a private collector, who loaned it to scientists for study.
A few other preserved frogs have been found in chunks of amber — a stone formed by ancient tree
sap — mostly in the Dominican Republic. Like those, the frog found in Chiapas appears to be of the
genus Craugastor, whose descendants still inhabit the region, said biologist Gerardo Carbot of the
Chiapas Natural History and Ecology Institute. Carbot announced the discovery this week.
The scientist said the frog lived about 25 million years ago, based on the geological strata where
the amber was found.
Carbot would like to extract a sample from the frog's remains in hopes of finding DNA that could
identify the particular species but doubts the owner would let him drill into the stone.
Model Answer :
A miner in Mexico found a tiny tree frog preserved in amber for 25 million years, which would be the
first of its kind found in Mexico, with a few other preserved frogs found in chunks of amber, and
Carbot would like to extract a sample from the frog's remains to find DNA that could identify the
particular species but the owner may not allow.
65 Words
CHILDREN WATCHING TV
Passage :
Why and to what extent should parents control their children's TV watching? There is certainly
nothing inherently wrong with TV. The problem is how much television a child watches and what
effect it has on his life. Research has shown that as the amount of time spent watching TV goes up,
the amount of time devoted not only to homework and study but other important aspects of life
such as social development and physical activities decreases.
Television is bound to have its tremendous impact on a child, both in terms of how many hours a
week he watches TV and of what he sees. When a parent is concerned about the effects of
watching television, he should consider a number of things: what TV offers the child in terms of
information and knowledge, how many hours a week a youngster his age should watch television,
the impact of violence and sex, and the influence of commercials.
What about the family as a whole? Is the TV set a central piece of furniture in your home! Is it flicked
on the moment someone enters the empty house? Is it on during the daytime? Is it part of the
background noise of your family life? Do you demonstrate by your own viewing that television
should be watched selectively?
Since television is clearly here to stay, it is important that parents manage their children's TV
viewing so that it can be a plus rather than a minus in the family situation.
Model Answer :
Watching too much television has negative effects on important aspects of children's lives and it is
not television but the way that parents manage their children TV watching, including the time they
spend on, the programs they watch and even how the family deal with the TV, that matters.
29 Words
THE CITY OF LONDON
Passage :
Who would have thought back in 1698, as they downed their espressos, that the little band of
stockbrokers from Jonathan's Coffee House in Change Alley EC3 would be the founder members of
what would become the world's mighty money capital?
Progress was not entirely smooth. The South Sea Bubble burst in 1720 and the coffee house
exchanges burned down in 1748. As late as Big Bang in 1986, when bowler hats were finally hung
up, you wouldn't have bet the farm on London surpassing New York, Frankfurt and Tokyo as
Mammon's international nexus.
Yet the 325,000 souls who operate in the UK capital's financial hub have now overtaken their New
York rivals in size of the funds managed (including offshore business); they hold 70% of the global
secondary bond market and the City dominates foreign exchange trading. And its institutions paid
out £9 billion in bonuses in December. The Square Mile has now spread both eastwards from EC3 to
Canary Wharf and westwards into Mayfair, where many of the private equity 'locusts' and their
hedge fund pals now hang out.
For foreigners in finance, London is the place to be. It has no Sarbanes Oxley and no euro to hold it
back, yet the fact that it still flies so high is against the odds. London is one of the most expensive
cities in the world to live in, transport systems groan and there's an ever-present threat of terrorist
attack. But, for the time being, the deals just keep on getting bigger.
Model Answer :
London is the expensive place to live in with bad transport system and the threat of terrorist attack,
and the development progress is not entirely smooth, London has become the world's mighty
money capital by market share of the global secondary bond market and foreign exchange trading,
it has now overtaken its rivals in the size of the funds managed.
60 Words
BACK TO THE COUNTRYSIDE
Passage :
I knew it was a good idea because I had been there before. Born and reared on a farm I had been
seduced for a few years by the idea of being a big shot that lived and worked in a city rather than
only going for the day to wave at the buses. True, I was familiar with some of the minor
disadvantages of country living such as an iffy private water supply sometimes infiltrated by a
range of flora and fauna (including, on one memorable occasion, a dead lamb), the absence of
central heating in farmhouses and cottages, and a single track farm road easily blocked by snow,
broken-down machinery or escaped livestock. But there were many advantages as I told Liz back in
the mid-Seventies. Town born and bred, eight months pregnant and exchanging a warm,
substantial Corstorphine terrace for a windswept farm cottage on a much lower income,
persuading her that country had it over town might have been difficult.
Model Answer :
While living in the country had some minor disadvantages including an iffy water supply and the
absence of central heating, the author still thought it was a good idea to move back because he had
been there before and had been seduced for a few years, but persuading Liz back to the country
might be hard because she wouldn't exchange a warm terrace for a windswept farm cottage on a
much lower income.
73 Words
SMALL WAR
Passage :
In such an environment, warfare is no longer purely directed against the military potential of
adversarial states. It is rather directed at infiltrating all areas of their societies and to threaten their
existences. The comparatively easy access to weapons of mass destruction, in particular relatively
and low-cost biological agents, is of key concern. Both governmental and non-governmental actors
prefer to use force in a way that can be characterized as “unconventional” or also as “small wars.”
War waged according to conventions is an interstate phenomenon. The “small war” is the
archetype of war, in which the protagonists acknowledge no rules and permanently try to violate
what conventions do exist. The protagonists of the “small war” observe neither international
standards nor arms control agreements. They make use of territories where they do not have to fear
any sanctions because there is no functioning state to assume charge of such sanctions or
because the state in question is too weak to impose such sanctions. This type of war does not
provide for any warning time. It challenges not only the external security of the nation-states and
the international community but also their internal safety.
Since warfare is directed at infiltrating all areas of society, the easy access to weapons of mass
destruction is of key concern, but both governmental and non-governmental actors prefer to use
“small wars” in which the protagonists acknowledge no rules and observe neither international
standards nor arms control agreements by making use of territories with no sanctions, which
challenges both the external security and the internal safety of the nation-states and the
international community.
Model Answer :
Easy access to weapons of mass destruction is a key concern, governmental and non-
governmental actors prefer to use force in a way which is characterised as unconventional, the war
waged by conventions is an interstate phenomenon, moreover, the protagonists in small war don't
consider standards, they make use of territories where no sanctions are imposed, hence, it not only
affects the nation but also international communities.
66 Words
TECHNOLOGY PREDICTION
Passage :
As far as prediction is concerned, remember that the chairman of IBM predicted in the fifties that
the world would need a maximum of around half a dozen computers, that the British Department for
Education seemed to think in the eighties that we would all need to be able to code in BASIC and
that in the nineties Microsoft failed to foresee the rapid growth of the Internet. Who could have
predicted that one major effect of the automobile would be to bankrupt small shops across the
nation? Could the early developers of the telephone have foreseen its development as a medium for
person to person communication, rather than as a form of the broadcasting medium? We all,
including the 'experts', seem to be peculiarly inept at predicting the likely development of our
technologies, even as far as the next year. We can, of course, try to extrapolate from the experience
of previous technologies, as I do below by comparing the technology of the Internet with the
development of other information and communication technologies and by examining the earlier
development of radio and print. But how justified I might be in doing so remains an open question.
You might conceivably find the history of the British and French videotext systems, Prestel and
Minitel, instructive. However, I am not entirely convinced that they are very relevant, nor do I know
where you can find information about them online, so, rather than take up space here, I've briefly
described them in a separate article.
Model Answer :
With the technology prediction failure of IBM, the British Department for Education, and Microsoft,
we all, including the 'experts', seem to be peculiarly inept at predicting the likely development of our
technologies because we can only try to extrapolate from experience of previous technologies, but
how justified we might be in doing so remains an open question as whether the information is
relevant, nor where to find the information is unknown.
71 Words
AGEING WORLD
Passage :
We live in an ageing world. While this has been recognized for some time in developed countries, it
is only recently that this phenomenon has been fully acknowledged. Global communication is
"shrinking" the world, and global ageing is "maturing" it. The increasing presence of older persons in
the world is making people of all ages more aware that we live in a diverse and multigenerational
society. It is no longer possible to ignore ageing, regardless of whether one views it positively or
negatively. Demographers note that if current trends in ageing continue as predicted, a
demographic revolution, wherein the proportions of the young and the old will undergo a historic
crossover, will be felt in just three generations. This portrait of change in the world's population
parallels the magnitude of the industrial revolution traditionally considered the most significant
social and economic breakthrough in the history of humankind since the Neolithic period. It
marked the beginning of a sustained movement towards modern economic growth in much the
same way that globalization is today marking an unprecedented and sustained movement toward
a "global culture". The demographic revolution, it is envisaged, will be at least as powerful. While the
future effects are not known, a likely scenario is one where both the challenges as well as the
opportunities will emerge from a vessel into which exploration and research, dialogue and debate
are poured. Challenges arise as social and economic structures try to adjust to the simultaneous
phenomenon of diminishing young cohorts with rising older ones, and opportunities present
themselves in the sheer number of older individuals and the vast resources societies stand to gain
from their contribution.f less-skilled labor, production will migrate to countries with less expensive
labor.
Model Answer :
As it is fully acknowledged that we live in an ageing world, a powerful demographic revolution will
be a possible result if current trends in ageing continue as predicted, which will not only bring
challenges of adjusting social and economic structures but also opportunities to present
themselves in older people and vast resources.
53 Words
ROMAN CITIES
Passage :
But you can see from the relatively crooked and narrow streets of the city of Rome as they look from
above today. You can see that again, the city grew in a fairly ad hoc way, as I mentioned. It wasn't
planned all at once. It just grew up over time, beginning in the eighth century B.C. Now, this is
interesting because what we know about the Romans is when they were left to own devices and
they could build the city from scratch, they didn't let it grow in an ad hoc way. The structure in a, in a
very careful, very methodical way. That was basically based on military strategy, military planning.
The Romans couldn't have conquered the world without obviously having a masterful military
enterprise and everywhere they went on their various campaigns, their various military campaigns.
They would build, build camps and those camps were always laid out in a very geometric plan along
a grid, usually square or rectangular. So, when we begin to see the Romans building their ideal
Roman city, then turn to that so call castrum or military camp design.
Model Answer :
Rome city has grown from what it was in eighteenth-century B.C, they have built the city from
scratch, they have structured it carefully, methodically, moreover, Romans were based on military
strategy, and planning and by building camps or masterful military enterprise they wouldn't have
been able to conquer the world.
50 Words
Hop M Tutoria Wil B Of Help T Yo .
Happ Practisin .
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Recently Asked Questions with Model Answer

Total Word Count : 0 Timer : 10:00

Latest updated: 1st March, 2020 | Version 3.0 www.ptetutorials.online 01

As the name of the task is Summarize ‘Written’

Multiple Skills and Subskills are tested by this task,

Communicative skills tested: Reading and Writing

Subskills tested: Reading a passage under timed

Writing a summary; writing under timed conditions;

Communicative skills tested: Reading and Writing

Content + Form (Number of words in a single sentence) + Grammar + Vocabulary

So as you can understand, take care of the basics like:

How Shoul Yo Manag Your 10 Minut For T ?

How much time should you take to read?

Immediately after reading, start writing the summary of a single sentence.

WHAT to write HOW to write

One very popular way to do this in the actual test is:

So ﬁrst, let’s talk about WHAT to write.

So always be on the look out for such words in the passage.

So this explains WHAT we should write in the summary.

So which are the connectors which we should use?

All these connectors used are conjunctive adverbs.

For example: Rome is a beautiful country; moreover, it has wonderful

2. Copy + Pasting full sentences from the passage

LET’S ASSUME THERE IS PASSAGE ABOUT THE ECONOMIC GROWTH IN CHINA

1. moreover 2. furthermore 3. However

Always remember a simple thumb rule while using these 3 connectors.

Before these connectors, you always use a semi-colon (;).

After these connectors, you always use a comma (,).

Never copy+paste full sentences/phrases from the passage.

a ’ i . Yo ’r don wit nea an cr p summar of 40-45 word - singl sentenc .

Now Le ’ star b pract in wit th sampl qu tion an ge crysta clear

While a moment is remembered as embodying a fundamental shift in Australia's strategic alliance

While a moment is remembered as embodying a fundamental shift in Australia's strategic alliance

Latest updated: 1st March, 2020 | Version 3.0

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