UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING &

TECHNOLOGY,LAHORE (NEW CAMPUS)

Open-Ended lab

Submitted By: Ahmad Hassan Khan (2020-CH-219)

Muhammad Hassan Bashir (2020-CH-243)
Muhammad Junaid (2020-CH-249)

Submitted To: Mam Azqa Khalid

Contents
Open-Ended lab: ................................................................................................................ 2
What is an Open-Ended Lab? ...................................................................................... 2
Explanation: ................................................................................................................... 2
Analysis and reporting: ................................................................................................. 2
Experiment: ........................................................................................................................ 3
Objective: ........................................................................................................................ 3
Apparatus: ...................................................................................................................... 3
Theory:............................................................................................................................ 3
Procedure: ...................................................................................................................... 4
Observations and Calculations:.................................................................................... 4
Discussion: ...................................................................................................................... 4
Conclusion: ..................................................................................................................... 4
 Open-Ended lab:

What is an Open-Ended Lab?

An open-ended lab is where students are given the freedom to

develop their own experiments, instead of merely following the already set guidelines from a lab
manual or elsewhere.
Explanation:

Open-ended laboratory projects increase student success and

retention in the sciences. However, developing organismal-based research
projects is a challenge for students with restricted laboratory access, such as those
attending courses remotely.
For example, the teacher may ask the students to test the material
properties of some household products. The students would then have to decide which
products they want to experiment on and what testing experiment they want to conduct.
The teacher here plays a supportive sort and is available to address any student queries
and aid any student on their project concept, while giving students space to tap into their
creativity.
Analysis and reporting:

Most lab experiments in the classroom end with the teacher giving
specific information on analysis and reporting, making it easier for the teacher while reducing
the learning for the students. Leaving this step open-ended would help instill confidence in the
students.
The teacher may explain the different report formats to the
students. The students may be asked to write an initial draft of their report and then discuss their
analysis with the teacher, before finalizing their report. The teacher may make suggestions and
guide the students who need direction. [1]
 Experiment:
To determine Angle of Repose of solid Particle.

Objective:

The purpose of angle of repose is to find the maximum steepest angle

up to which the materials can be piled up without slumping.

Apparatus:

1. Rotatory cylinder
2. Sugar.
Theory:

The angle of repose, or critical angle of repose of a granular material is

the steepest angle of descent or dip relative to the horizontal plane to which a material can
be piled without slumping. At this angle, the material on the slope face is on the verge of
sliding. The angle of repose can range from 0° to 90°.
Factors affecting:
The morphology of the material affects the angle of repose; smooth, rounded
sand grains cannot be piled as steeply as can rough, interlocking sands. When bulk
granular materials are poured onto a horizontal surface, a conical pile will form. The
internal angle between the surface of the pile and the horizontal surface is known as the
angle of repose and is related to the density, surface area and shapes of the particles, and
the coefficient of friction of the material. Material with a low angle of repose forms flatter
piles than material with a high angle of repose.
Range:
Angle of repose ranges between 250 to 300. [1]

Figure 1 Angle of Repose

 Angle of repose (°) Flow ability
25–30 Very free flowing
30–38 Free flowing
38–45 Fair flowing
45–55 Cohesive
>55 Very cohesive
Table 1 Comparison between Angle of Repose and Flow Ability

Procedure:

l. Take the sample of Sugar in the rotary cylinder until it is half filled and
make the sample parallel to the horizontal.
2. Then rotate the cylinder in the clockwise direction and note the angle the
sample makes with that scale on the cylinder.
3. Repeat the experiment in the anti-clockwise direction.
4. Calculate the angle of repose of sugar by taking the mean of both the
angles. [2]

Observations and Calculations:

Angle measured in clockwise direction (A) = 22°

Angle measured in anti − clockwise direction (B) = 27°
𝐴+𝐵 27° 132°
Angle of repose of rice grains (C = ) = 22° + = = 24.5°
2 2 2

Discussion:

Angle of repose experiments are a common means to characterize the

granular behavior of a material and investigate particles and material properties. In
literature, the angle of repose of sugar ranges from 250 to 300. Actual reading is
24.50.Which is almost near to literature value.
Conclusion:

From the experiment, the angle of repose for different materials

is measured to determine the flow of each material. Smaller angle indicates a good flow
property compare to large angle. Smaller particles have a large angle of repose due to
the cohesiveness. This cohesively causes a poor flow.
References

[1] https://k12teacherstaffdevelopment.com/tlb/what-is-an-open-
ended-lab/, "Professtional learning board," [Online].
[2] (. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/slippery-slopes-and-
the-angle-of-
repose/#:~:text=Based%20on%20these%20numbers%20you,
"Angle of Repose," [Online].
[3] D.Muller, E. fimbinger,, Algorithm for the determination of angle
of repose, 2021.
[4] L. M. P.Aela, "Angle of Repose in the numaerical modeling of
ballaset prticles".Particuology,vol. 65, pp. 39-50,2022.