Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Unit 5: Citing Sources of Information
Lesson 1: Different Citation Styles
Contents
Engage 1
Introduction 1
Objectives 2
Explore 2
Extend 10
Activity 1 10
Activity 2 11
Evaluate 12
Wrap Up 15
Bibliography 16
Unit 5.1: Different Citation Styles
Engage
Introduction
Fig. 1. Different academic disciplines will need different citation styles
From previous lessons, you’ve learned a variety of research skills, like summarizing, quoting,
paraphrasing, and more. Most of these research techniques require you to give proper
credit to your sources and avoid plagiarism. In order to cite your sources properly, you need
to follow the rules provided by the different citation styles available. What are these
different citation styles? How do we know when to use which citation style?
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Unit 5.1: Different Citation Styles
Objectives
In this lesson, you should be able to do the following:
● Identify the different citation styles used in academic writing.
● Determine when to use which citation style.
DepEd Competency
Differentiate citation styles used in academic texts. (additional lesson for enrichment)
Explore
15 minutes
With a partner, take a look at the examples of in-text citations and bibliography entries
below, then answer the following questions about them.
In-text citations
The patient’s response to the question hinted at possible childhood trauma (Cruz, 2016).
The scene hinting at the protagonist’s short temper and tendency toward violence
showed effective foreshadowing (Doe 35).
Businesses, especially the larger ones, should be encouraged to find more
environmentally friendly modes of production (Santos 2015, 125).
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Unit 5.1: Different Citation Styles
Bibliography entries
Alibali, M. W. (1999). How children change their minds: Strategy change can be gradual
or abrupt. Developmental Psychology, 35, 127-145.
Covey, Stephen. T he 7 Habits of Highly Effective People. Free Press, 1989.
Pollan, Michael. 2006. The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals. New York:
Penguin.
Guide Questions
1. What do you think is the importance of properly acknowledging your sources?
2. Recall your previous lessons on quoting and paraphrasing. Why are in-text citations
important?
3. What do you think is the purpose of a bibliography entry?
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Unit 5.1: Different Citation Styles
4. What could the consequences of being unfamiliar with the different citation styles be?
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Unit 5.1: Different Citation Styles
● APA (American Psychological Association) is used in Education, Psychology, and the
Social Sciences.
● MLA (Modern Language Association) is normally used in the Humanities.
● Chicago/Turabian style is often used in Business, History, and Fine Arts.
This doesn’t mean that the citation styles are unusable in fields that aren’t their own. These
are just the preferred styles of these fields and disciplines and thus, it is still recommended
that you use a style that matches them.
APA Citation Style
The APA (American Psychological Association) citation style began in 1929, when a group of
psychologists, anthropologists, and business managers gathered in order to establish a
simple set of procedures, or style rules, that would classify the many different components
of scientific writing to increase the ease of reading comprehension. This style is thus most
used in psychology, education, and the social sciences.
The APA citation style consists of guidelines that a publisher follows to ensure the clear and
consistent presentation of written material. It concerns itself with a number of elements,
such as a selection of headings, tone, length, punctuation and abbreviations, citation of
references, and many more.
Example 1
A typical in-text citation in the APA citation style looks like this:
“There is no one pedagogy that will be effective for all kinds of students,” (Tan, 2013, p. 10).
In this example, the APA citation style states the last name of the author, the year of
publication, and the page number in which the code is found, all enclosed in parentheses.
Example 2
The APA citation style also requires a references list at the end of the paper. A bibliographic
entry in this style is normally written like this:
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Unit 5.1: Different Citation Styles
Villareal, J. (2015). T he Psychology of Children and Adolescents. Hammer Publishing Inc.
A simple APA bibliographic entry includes the author, year of publication, title of the work,
and the publisher.
Example 3
When using in-text citations, you must make sure that what you have cited is accurately
included in the references list at the end.
Jimenez states that cases of anxiety and depression in teenagers continue to rise, not
because more teenagers are getting these mental health illnesses, but because they are
finally being reported (2013, p. 133).
Jimenez, K. (2013). Why we should start talking about mental illness. Psychology Today, 2,
131-150.
In this example, an idea by the original author is being paraphrased, and so an in-text
citation is necessary. The bibliographic entry, which now includes an article title and the
page range it is found in, must then match the in-text citation.
MLA Citation Style
The MLA (Modern Language Association) citation style is most often used in the humanities,
particularly in academic texts about language and literature. The MLA citation style also
features brief parenthetical citations in the text that should all be tied to an alphabetical list
of works cited that is placed at the end of the text.
The MLA style has a list of core elements that should always be included in the list of works
cited. The elements, in order, are:
1. Author
2. Title of source
3. Title of c
ontainer
4. Other contributors
5. Version
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Unit 5.1: Different Citation Styles
6. Number
7. Publisher
8. Publication date
9. Location
In MLA, the concept of containers is crucial. If the source text being used is part of a larger
collection or whole, that larger collection can be thought of as the container of the source.
For example, when quoting from a short story, then the short story is the source, and the
anthology in which it was published is the container.
Example 1
In-text citation in the MLA citation style usually looks like this:
There is an argument that in El Filibusterismo, Jose Rizal meant to show that sometimes, a
violent revolution is unavoidable (Santos 87).
In the MLA citation style, the in-text citation must have the name of the author and the page
number where the quote or paraphrased information can be found.
Example 2
Much like the APA citation style, the MLA style also requires a works cited list at the end of
the paper. One of the entries in the list of works cited would look like this:
Samar, Edgar. S
i Janus Silang at ang Tiyanak ng Tabon. Adarna House Inc., 2014.
This should provide as many of the core elements required by MLA as possible, if they are
applicable. Remember also that the second and succeeding lines should be indented,
similar to the APA style.
Example 3
Any and all in-text citations in the MLA format should also be tied to an entry in the works
cited list.
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Unit 5.1: Different Citation Styles
“A story coming out of another country is not our story; it is theirs. We have our own story to
tell.” (Cruz-Lucero 8).
Cruz-Lucero, Rosario. “The Music on Pestle-on-Mortar.” Ang Bayan Sa Labas Ng Maynila. 1-10.
Again, provide the core elements required for the MLA citation style whenever available. In
this case, there is also an example of the source, which is “The Music on the
Pestle-on-Mortar” and the container, which is A ng Bayan Sa Labas Ng Maynila.
Example 1
In-text citation in the Chicago/Turabian author-date style looks like this:
There is a need to review what we thought we knew about our oceans (Atienza 2018, 45).
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Unit 5.1: Different Citation Styles
Similar to the APA style, the Chicago/Turabian author-date style also requires the year of
publication in the in-text citation alongside the author’s last name and the page number
where the information can be found.
Example 2
The works cited through in-text citation in the author-date style should also be listed in the
list of references:
“Basic knowledge of physics is more useful in our daily lives than you think” (Jacobs 2012,
111).
Jacobs, Jacob M. 2012. Physics for the Everyday. All About the Sciences 20:111-18.
In the Chicago/Turabian style, the page numbers can be simplified if the leftmost number/s
are unchanged. Meaning, 111-18 means pages 111 to 118.
Example 3
The notes and bibliography style normally features footnotes or endnotes and then a
bibliography entry at the end. How the works are cited varies depending on whether they
are a note or the bibliography entry.
Note Style: 1. Joshua I. Weinstein, "The Market in Plato’s Republic," Classical Philology 104
(2009): 440.
Bibliography: Weinstein, Joshua I. "The Market in Plato’s Republic." Classical Philology 104
(2009): 439–58.
The first note style is when the source cited is first used. The duplicate note is used if the
same source is cited again later on in the paper. These take the place of in-text citations. The
bibliography entry is then added to a compilation of bibliographies, usually at the end of the
paper.
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Unit 5.1: Different Citation Styles
Extend
Activity 1
Read the following sample topics and identify which citation style is most appropriate for
each one.
1. A formalist analysis of Neil Gaiman’s Graveyard Book
2. A scientific experiment comparing artificial and natural fertilizers
3. A paper analyzing the different teaching methods and choosing which one is most
appropriate for kindergarten
4. A paper discussing the influences of the Roman Empire that can still be felt today
5. A paper about the effects of how children are talked to at home on their self-esteem
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Unit 5.1: Different Citation Styles
uide
G
● Remember that the different disciplines have their preferred citation styles. More
often than not, scholars will continue to use the citation style that matches their
field.
● APA (American Psychological Association) is used in education, psychology, and the
social sciences.
● MLA (Modern Language Association) is normally used in the humanities.
● Chicago/Turabian author-date style is preferred by the humanities, including those
in literature, history, and the arts.
● Chicago/Turabian notes and bibliography style is usually used by the physical,
natural, and social sciences.
Activity 2
Go back to an activity you’ve done where you had to write a paragraph with paraphrasing
and quoting. Review your in-text citations and rewrite them in the citation style they are
suited for. Then, write a simple bibliography entry for the works you cited.
Write your rewritten paragraph and the bibliography entry in the space provided below.
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Unit 5.1: Different Citation Styles
uide
G
Refer once more to the preferred citation styles of the different disciplines and choose
the most appropriate one for the paragraph you had written before.
Evaluate
1. What does APA stand for?
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Unit 5.1: Different Citation Styles
2. When is it most appropriate to use the APA citation style?
3. What does MLA stand for?
4. When is it most appropriate to use the MLA citation style?
5. When is it most appropriate to use the Chicago/Turabian style?
1. What is the purpose of being more knowledgeable in the different citation styles?
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Unit 5.1: Different Citation Styles
2. What do the citation styles all have in common? Why do you think these elements
stayed the same?
3. What are the major differences of the three citation styles? Why do you think they differ
in these elements?
4. Read the paragraph below and choose a citation style you would use for the whole
paper containing it. Defend your answer.
Literature can be found in nearly the entire world, and numerous works in many different
countries have also contributed and continue to contribute to the evolution of literature as a
whole. In fact, even if a great many eyes are constantly fixed upon the Western Canon, it has
become increasingly difficult and even downright foolish to ignore the works of literature
coming from third world countries. Many significant works have begun emerging over the
years in third world countries, and the Philippines is no exception.
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Unit 5.1: Different Citation Styles
5. Read the paragraph below and choose a citation style you would use for the whole
paper containing it. Defend your answer.
During the Marcos Administration, the Church praised the government’s use of
“macro-measures” to address high population growth, such as increasing food production
and improving access to education. However, the bishops had objections with regard to the
government’s “micro-measures,” like encouraging the use of contraceptives and sterilization
as means for family planning. During this time, the bishops stressed instead the importance
of parenthood education as a way of assisting married couples in family planning.
Wrap Up
___________________________________________________________________________________________
● A citation style tells us what information should be included in a citation and how
that information should be organized.
● APA (American Psychological Association) is used in education, psychology, and the
social sciences.
● MLA (Modern Language Association) is normally used in the humanities.
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Unit 5.1: Different Citation Styles
● Chicago/Turabian author-date style is preferred by the humanities, including those
in literature, history, and the arts.
● Chicago/Turabian notes and bibliography style is usually used by the physical,
natural, and social sciences.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Bibliography
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