Practical Research 2 (Quantitative Research) (Quantitative Research) Practical Research 2

PRACTICAL
2
(with Learning Activity Sheets)

Quantitative Research for

Senior High School

NAME: _______________________________________
STRAND/SECTION: ______________________________
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Practical Research 2 (Quantitative Research) (Quantitative Research) Practical Research 2

MODULE 1
NATURE OF INQUIRY AND
RESEARCH

NAME: _______________________________________
STRAND/SECTION: ______________________________
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Practical Research 2 (Quantitative Research) (Quantitative Research) Practical Research 2

INTRODUCTION
To the Learners
There are many things you want to know in this world. People, things,
LEARNING OBJECTIVES/ OUTCOMES
places, events – their characteristics or qualities make you wonder
continuously, frequently or intermittently. Marveling at them, you tend to
After the end of this LEARNING MODULE, you should be able to:
immerse yourself in a situation where you seem to be dealing with a problem
or a puzzle.
1. Describes characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and kinds of
Questions after questions on the many aspects of the object of your
quantitative research. (CS_RS12-Ia-c-1)
curiosity prod you to move, act or do something to find answers to your
2. Illustrates the importance of quantitative research across fields.
questions or to discover truths about your inferences or speculations on such
(CS_RS12-Ia-c-2)
object. Behaving like an investigator, asking, and seeking answers to some
3. Differentiates kinds of variables and their uses. (CS_RS12-Ia-c-3)
questions about the thing you find puzzling indicates the true nature of inquiry
or research.
As human beings, it is natural for us to observe what is happening
around us and explain why things transpire in certain ways. However, we do
these things indiscriminately or arbitrarily. Scientists, on the other hand, make
every effort as objective and systematic as possible.
Our decision points, systematic or unsystematic, are reached based on
what we know about the reasons of certain occurrences. We must admit
though that poor elucidation of why things emerge may likely result to poor
decisions and eventually, inappropriate actions.

To the Parents/Guardians
This LEARNING MODULE is created with Filipino students in mind. We
aim to help our students keep abreast with their learning, despite the global
pandemic that plagues our society today. COVID-19 puts a halt to all normal
modes of education; therefore, this Learning Module is designed to reach out
to them through alternative ways in the comfort and safety of their homes.
The learning objectives and activities of this module is aligned with
MELC (Most Essential Learning Competencies) of the Department of
Education.

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Practical Research 2 (Quantitative Research) (Quantitative Research) Practical Research 2

DIAGNOSTIC TEST IN MODULE 1 6. Which of the following is an example of CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE

(Nature of Inquiry and Research) RESEARCH?
a. Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic to the Mental Health of Senior
Name: _____________________________________ Date: ______________________ Citizens
Grade and Section: ________________________ Teacher: ___________________ b. Challenges of Grade 10 Students on COVID-19
c. The Use of Zoom as a Learning Platform for Grade 12 Learners
I. Read the following questions carefully and encircle the letter of the correct d. Effectiveness of Microsoft Teams in Tracking Students’
answer. Attendance
1. It is focused on acquiring numerical data using research instruments 7. Which of the following is NOT a strength of quantitative research?
such as surveys, polls, and experiments. a. Speedy data analysis c. Replicate
a. Action Research c. Quantitative Research b. Less expensive d. Objective
b. Social Research d. Qualitative Research 8. It is designed to give “answers to the questions of WHO, WHAT, WHEN,
2. Which of the following statements is NOT a characteristic of WHERE and HOW which are linked with a research problem.” What
quantitative research? kind of non-experimental research is this?
a. The results taken from a sample can be generalized to the a. Correlational Research c. Survey Research
population. b. Descriptive Research d. Action Research
b. It delivers an in-depth understanding of the problem or study. 9. Which of the following is an example of CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH?
c. It provides a more credible and reliable result. a. Effects of COVID-19 to the Psychological Health of Medical
d. Statistical analysis of numerical data. Front liners
3. In an experiment, which group does not receive intervention? b. The Relationship of High Grades and Having Tutors of Grade 7
a. The treatment group c. The control group Learners
b. The participant group d. The experimental group c. Effectiveness of Fruit Cocktail in Preparing Maja Blanca
d. Attitudes and Behavior of Commuters on Face Shields
4. When we think of quantitative methods, we refer to _____.
10. It encompasses any measurement procedures that involves asking
a. Words, perceptions and insights
questions of respondents. What kind of non-experimental research is
b. Numbers, values and amounts
this?
c. Experiments, opinions and analysis
a. Survey Research c. Comparative Research
d. None of the above
b. Correlational Research d. Experimental Research
5. Which statement below illustrates a weakness of quantitative
11. It tests for the relationships between two or more variables. What kind
research?
of non-experimental research is this?
a. The responses of the participants are limited to what has been
a. Quasi-Experimental Research c. Survey Research
asked and the choices given.
b. Correlational Research d. Action Research
b. The researcher's perspective can influence interpretation of
12. Juliana is a Grade 11 student and she wants to conduct a study
results.
entitled, “A Sketchbook of Memories.” Do you think her title is an
c. Data gathering takes too much time.
example of quantitative research?
d. Low degree of subjectivity a. Yes, because it is an example of a phenomena.
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Practical Research 2 (Quantitative Research) (Quantitative Research) Practical Research 2
b. No, because the said title is an example of qualitative d. Research methods are inflexible because the instruments
research. cannot be modified once the study begins.
c. Yes, because the title is an example of survey research. 18. As weather gets colder, air conditioning costs decrease. What kind of
d. None of the above correlation is this?
a. Positive Correlation c. No Correlation
13. The following are characteristics of quantitative research except b. Negative Correlation d. Positive-Negative Correlation
a. It uses numbers or figures to denote a particular thing.
b. It is described as objective research wherein it is real or factual. 19. Anna is a Grade 12 STEM student. She had an experiment regarding
c. It happens in HARD SCIENCES like physics, chemistry, biology, the use of liquid detergent soap as a medium to become a safe
and medicine. insecticide. She was able to apply this experiment because she follows
d. It uses words and expressions to explain the concept. the steps of scientific method and when she applies to insects like
14. The following are the strengths of quantitative research except cockroaches, they died. Which of the following describes his
a. Study findings can be generalized to the population about experiment?
which information is required. a. It restructures a more complex problem to a limited number of
b. Data analysis is relatively less time consuming. variables.
c. Self-reported information obtained from questionnaires may be b. It is more reliable and objective.
inaccurate or incomplete. c. It uses statistics to generalize a finding.
d. Samples of individuals, communities or organizations can be d. It tests theories and hypothesis.
selected to ensure that the results will be a representative of 20. It is a systematic and scientific approach to research in which the
the population studied. researcher manipulates one or more variables and controls and
15. A student who has incurred many absences got low grades. What measures any change in other variables. What kind of quantitative
kind of correlation is this? research is this?
a. Positive Correlation c. No Correlation a. Survey Research
b. Negative Correlation d. Zero Correlation b. Correlational Research
16. The following are the steps involved in doing quantitative research c. Causal-Comparative Research
except d. Experimental Research
a. Using Mathematics to Analyze the Data Collected 21. It tries to uncover the cause-and-effect relationship. What kind of
b. Exploration of events caused by membership in a certain quantitative research is this?
group a. Survey Research
c. Observing and explaining occurrences b. Correlational Research
d. Focus on numerical information also known as data c. Causal-Comparative Research
17. The following are the weaknesses of quantitative research except d. Experimental Research
a. Standardized approaches permit the study to be replicated in 22. Is there significant difference between the reading level and the
different areas or over time with the production of comparable reading comprehension? What type of causal-comparative research
findings. is this?
b. The researcher’s categories that are used might not reflect a. Exploration of the consequences of an intervention.
local constituencies’ understandings. b. Exploration of causes of group membership.
c. The researcher’s theories that are used might not reflect local c. Exploration of effects caused by membership in a given group.
constituencies’ understandings. d. All of the above.
23. It is called as the manipulated variable.
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a. Independent Variable c. Dependent Variable c. Perhaps, 30% consider textbook unnecessary in their studies.
b. Categorical Variable d. Extraneous Variable d. Out of 100 college students, 90 find textbooks beneficial to
24. A variable that is made up of different types or categories of a their studies.
phenomenon. 31. Some think of quantitative research as complex because of its use of
a. Categorical Variable c. Independent Variable _____
b. Numerical Variable d. Dependent Variable a. Hypotheses c. factual data
b. numerical data d. theories

25. It exists between two variables when an increase in one variable leads
to an increase in the other hand and a decrease in one lead to a 32. It absolutely uses random selection in determining who among the
decrease in the other. participants should compose the experimental group or the control
a. Positive Correlation c. No Correlation group. What kind of quantitative research is this?
b. Negative Correlation d. Zero Correlation a. True Experimental Research
26. Why is it important to measure during quantitative research? b. Quasi-Experimental Research
a. A measure provides a consistent device for making distinctions. c. Ex-post facto Research
b. A measure allows for precise estimates of the degree of d. Comparative Research
relationship between concepts. 33. The one on which the treatment or influence is applied.
c. It allows us to explain fine differences between people in terms a. Control Group c. Treatment Group
of the characteristics in question. b. Experimental Group d. None of the above
d. All of the above 34. It also called as RANKING that refers to order sequences.
27. Why has quantitative research been criticized? a. Nominal c. Interval
a. Quantitative research fails to distinguish people and social b. Ordinal d. Ratio
institutions from the natural science world. 35. What causes absenteeism among Grade 12 students? What type of
b. Quantitative research’s reliance on instruments and causal-comparative research is this?
procedures hinders the connection between research and a. Exploration of the consequences of an intervention.
everyday life. b. Exploration of causes of group membership.
c. The quantitative research measurement process possesses an c. Exploration of effects caused by membership in a given group.
artificial sense of accuracy and precision. d. All of the above
d. All of the above 36. It absolutely uses random selection in determining who among the
28. It exists when all points on the scatter plot lie on the straight line. What participants should compose the experimental group or the control
correlation is this? group.
a. Perfect Correlation c. Low Negative Correlation a. True Experimental Research
b. High Positive Correlation d. Low Positive Correlation a. Quasi-Experimental Research
29. The more you take a bath, the more kittens die of unexplained death. b. Ex-post facto Research
What kind of correlation is this? c. Comparative Research
a. Positive Correlation c. No Correlation 37. A correlation between two variables exists when an increase in one
b. Negative Correlation d. Positive-Negative Correlation variable leads to an increase in the other and a decrease in one lead
30. A quantitative research presents findings in this manner.
to a decrease in the other.
a. Many prefer to study with textbooks.
a. Positive Correlation c. No Correlation
b. Students find textbooks indispensable or necessary.
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b. Negative Correlation d. Zero Correlation What type of scale based on measurements is shown on the given
38. It is the act of comparing two or more things with a view to example?
discovering something about one or all the things being compared. a. Nominal Scale c. Interval Scale
a. True Experimental Research b. Ordinal Scale d. Ratio Scale
b. Quasi-Experimental Research 45. Continuous data is from qualities than can be ______
c. Ex-post facto Research a. Measured c. both
d. Comparative Research b. Counted d. None of the Above

39. A type of quasi-experimental research wherein giving them series of 46. Examine this example below:
pre-test and post-tests. EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
a. Matched Comparison () Primary
b. Single Subject Quasi-Experimental Research () Elementary
c. Time Series Quasi-Experimental Research () Junior High School
d. True Experimental Research () Senior High School
40. It is a quantitative research that treats or deals with the object or () College
subject of the research in a definite or exact manner.
a. Survey Research What type of scale based on measurements is shown on the given
b. Correlational Research example?
c. Causal-Comparative Research a. Nominal Scale
d. Experimental Research b. Ordinal Scale
41. These refers to measurements with fractional values. c. Interval Scale
a. Discrete Variables d. Ratio Scale
b. Continuous Variable 47. This refers to changing qualities or characteristics of persons or things
c. Discontinuous Variable that are involved in your research study.
d. None of the above a. Condition
42. Discrete data is from qualities that can be _______________ b. Variables
a. measured c. both c. Attribute
b. counted d. None of the above d. Problem
43. It authorizes researchers to control the situation which allows them to
answer the question, “What causes something to occur?” 48. Which of these is not discrete data?
a. Experimental Research c. Action Research a. height of sunflower as measured each day
b. Survey Research d. Comparative Research b. how many student are absent from school each day
c. The number of people who drive through a red light each hour
44. Examine this example below:
during rush hour.
How do you feel right now?
d. None of the above
() 1 – VERY UNHAPPY
49. It is also known as “ex post facto” research.
() 2 – UNHAPPY
a. Causal-Comparative Research
() 3 – OK
b. Comparative Research
() 4 – HAPPY
c. Correlational Research
() 5 – VERY HAPPY
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d. Quasi-Experimental Research are analyzed using mathematically-based methods (in particular
50. Daily rainfall is an example of what sort of data? STATISTICS).”
a. discrete  The first part of definition is PHENOMENA.
b. continuous o PHENOMENON – in scientific usage, it is any event that is
c. both observable, however common it might be, even if it requires the
d. None of the above use of instrumentation to observe, record or compile data
concerning it.
 In natural science, it can be question like, “WHY THE SKY IS
BLUE?” or in social sciences, it can be, “WHAT IS THE EFFECT
LESSON PROPER (LESSON 1) OF TELEVISION VIEWING TO THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
OF A CHILD?”
 The second part of the definition is the heart of quantitative research.
o It is essentially about collecting numerical data to explain a
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH particular phenomenon.
o It is more logical and data-led approach which provides a
WHAT IS QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH? measure of what people think from a statistical and numerical
point of view.
 Expressions like numerical forms, objective thinking, statistical methods,
o The data gathered are not based on intuition or gut feelings but
and measurement signal the existence of quantitative research.
rather on actual observation based on measurable facts.
 One word that reflects the true nature of this type of research is numerical.
o It can gather a large amount of data that can be easily organized,
This term is a descriptive word pertaining to or denoting several symbols to
express HOW MANY, HOW MUCH or WHAT RANK things and or HAVE in this analyzed, and interpreted.
world.
 Expressing meaning through numerals or a set of symbols indicates QUANTITATIVE PARADIGM
specificity, particularity, or exactness of something. It makes you focus
your mind on specific things by means of STATISTICS that involve collection QUESTION ANSWER
and study of numerical data. You use mathematical operations of What is the nature of Reality is objective, singular, and separate from
addition, subtraction, division and multiplication to study and express reality? the researcher.
relationships between quantities or magnitudes shown by numbers or What is the relationship of Researcher is independent from the subject of
symbols. the researcher to the research.
 When you think of quantitative methods, you will probably have specific subject of research?
things in mind. You might be thinking about numbers, statistics, values, What is the role of values? Research is value-free and unbiased.
and amount. What is the language of Formal, based on set definitions, impersonal
 Some might have a little apprehension with regards to this method since it research? voice and uses accepted quantitative words.
will deal with numbers. Yes, it is true that numbers are involved in this What is the process of  Deductive process
method, but this will also give you a better understanding of the research?  Cause and effect
phenomena being studies.  STATIC DESIGN – categories isolated
 According to Aliga and Gunderson (2000), they describe QUANTITATIVE before study.
RESEARCH as “explaining phenomena by collecting numerical data that  Generalizations leading to prediction,
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explanation and understanding.
 Accurate and reliable through validity
and reliability.
DESCRIPTIONS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
1. It is either DESCRIPTIVE wherein subjects are measured once, or
EXPERIMENTAL, wherein subjects are measured before and after.
2. Data is gathered using STRUCTURED INSTRUMENTS. The results are based on
large sample sizes that are representative of the population and can be
replicated.
3. It has clearly defined research questions to which objective answers are
sought.
4. It aims to classify features, count them, and construct statistical models to
explain what is observed.
FEATURES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
1. MEASUREMENT AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
 The quantitative research approach is best for addressing research
problems or questions that require quantification of measurement.
It is most suitable for investigating human, social, behavioral, or
organizational aspects or characteristics that can be measured.
 For example, you are interested in studying DEMOGRAPHIC
GROUPS. Certain traits can be empirically (characteristics)
observed, measured, and represented using a number – A GROUP
OF 18 YEAR OLDS; PUPILS IN GRADE 11; SELF-EMPLOYED PEOPLE
WHO EARN PHP 20,000/MONTH.
 However, not all aspects or characteristics of people can be easily
quantified. For example, PERSON’S EXPERIENCES, DREAMS,
INSIGHTS, FEELINGS or THOUGHTS cannot easily be measured.
2. EMPIRICISM AND POSITIVISM: The Philosophies of Quantitative Research
 POSITIVISM – authoritative (confident) knowledge is believed to
come from empirical (experiential) observation and the use of
logic. The job of quantitative researcher is to discover the patterns,
frameworks and laws that govern social phenomena through
objective, careful and systematic observation, and verification.
 EMPIRICISM – what cannot be observed using the five senses
cannot reasonably studied. Thus, such researchers promote
(Quantitative Research) Practical Research 2
objective investigation as it provides a common reference for
evaluating data or evidence.
3. SCIENTIFIC METHOD IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES
 Quantitative researchers believe that social science phenomena
can be studied similarly to natural science phenomena. They
adopt research procedures, measurements, analytical techniques,
and rigorous testing that approximate those used by scientists in
disciplines like physics, chemistry and biology.
 Social scientists emphasize the need to adopt a standardized set
of procedures for collecting and analyzing data. They may also
demand that social science projects should meet the STANDARD
OF REPLICABILITY. This means that other researchers should be able
to conduct a similar study on the same subject following the same
steps and expect to get similar results.
EXAMPLES OF QUANTITATIVE SITUATIONS
 If you wish to make the society to be run effectively, hunches or trials and
errors have no place in it.
 So, in business, to know if certain products are acceptable in the market,
it must depend on correct analysis of data collected. Basically, this data is
in numerical form because of the survey done.
 Even in the field of medicine, the effectivity of antibiotics depends so
much on the number of bacteria it can kill.
 Applying mathematical investigation in your studies will have a wider
benefit than helping you towards a qualification. Once you have
mastered the language and some of the techniques in order to make
sense of your investigation, you will have supplied yourself with knowledge
and understanding that will enable you to cope with the information you
will encounter in your everyday life.
 Statistical thinking permeates all social interaction. For example, if you
wanted to know how many of the population supports a proposed
change in the educational system and how strongly (on a scale), they
support it, a statistical analysis of the people’s response will help arrive at
the right decision. Even a national survey is being done to determine
possible candidates for elected position in the country.
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
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1. It uses numbers or figures to denote a particular thing. d. Out of 100 college students, 90 find textbooks beneficial to
2. It is described as objective research wherein it is real or factual. their studies.
3. It is analogous to scientific or experimental thinking because you just do
not identify problems but theorize, hypothesize, analyze, infer, and create
as well.
4. It happens in HARD SCIENCES like physics, chemistry, biology, and
medicine.

RESEARCH WORKSHEET 2
(Review Questions)
ACTIVITIES/ EXERCISES I. Answer the following questions:
1. In your own words, how do you define research?
RESEARCH WORKSHEET 1 _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
(Concept Explanation) _________________________________________________________________
I. Circle the letter of the correct word to complete the sentence. _________________________________________________________________
1. You tend to inflate something in a quantitative research because _________________________________________________________________
of your ___________. 2. In what ways can a student like you engage in research?
a. Objective Views c. Personal Traits _________________________________________________________________
b. Teacher’s Influence d. Mathematical Skills _________________________________________________________________
2. This line, “The truth is out there” is true for __________. _________________________________________________________________
a. Qualitative Research c. All Research Designs _________________________________________________________________
b. Quantitative Research d. Any Research Type _________________________________________________________________
3. People inclined to do a quantitative research wants to discover 3. What is quantitative research?
truth in __________. _________________________________________________________________
a. An exact manner c. An indirect way _________________________________________________________________
b. A careful way d. A personal way _________________________________________________________________
4. Some think of quantitative research as complex because of its use _________________________________________________________________
of __________. 4. What are the characteristics of quantitative research?
a. Hypotheses c. Factual Data _________________________________________________________________
b. Numerical Data d. Theories _________________________________________________________________
5. A quantitative research presents research findings in this manner. _________________________________________________________________
a. Many prefer to study with textbooks. _________________________________________________________________
b. Students find textbooks indispensable or necessary. _________________________________________________________________
c. Perhaps, 30% consider textbook unnecessary in their studies. 5. What are the features of quantitative research?
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Practical Research 2 (Quantitative Research)
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
(Quantitative Research) Practical Research 2
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

6. What are the advantages of studying quantitative research?

_________________________________________________________________ RESEARCH WORKSHEET 3
_________________________________________________________________ (Help Me To Decide)
_________________________________________________________________ I. Analyze the following research titles. State your reason why you will use or
_________________________________________________________________ will not use quantitative type of research
_________________________________________________________________ RESEARCH TITLE REASON
7. What are the disadvantages of studying quantitative research? 1. A Cultural-Psychological
_________________________________________________________________ Approach to Analyze Intercultural
_________________________________________________________________ Learning: Potential and Limits of
_________________________________________________________________ the Structure Formation
_________________________________________________________________ Technique
_________________________________________________________________
8. In what ways is research important in engineering, agriculture,
medicine and social sciences like psychology or education?
_________________________________________________________________ 2. A Geography of Connections:
_________________________________________________________________ Networks of Humans and
_________________________________________________________________ Materials in Mathematics
_________________________________________________________________ Classrooms Using Handheld
_________________________________________________________________ Technology
9. Is research confined to a school setting? Why or why not?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
3. A Historical and Comparative
_________________________________________________________________
Note on the Relationship Between
_________________________________________________________________
Analytic Induction and Grounded
10. Give some other examples of your own quantitative situations.
Theorizing

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Practical Research 2 (Quantitative Research) (Quantitative Research) Practical Research 2
Garciniamangosteen Linn
Pericarp
4. A Narrative-Developmental
Approach to Early Emotions

9. Production of Trash-Based
Charcoal for Community
5. A Sketchbook of Memories Development

10. Trichoderma viride as

Biofungicidefor the Control of
Postharvest Banana Anthracnose
6. Design and Analysis of the
Student Strength Index (Ssi) for
Non-traditional Graduate Student

II. Based from the decisions that you have made, when do you use
quantitative research?
7. The Effectiveness of Home Visits
by Specialist Nurses in Preventing
Infections for Patients Undergoing
Home Immunoglobulin Therapy
As Opposed to Those Not
Receiving Such Home Visits

8. Anti- Lipidemic Activity of

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Practical Research 2 (Quantitative Research) (Quantitative Research) Practical Research 2
 Even in questions, where the respondent will have to agree or
disagree, numerical value on the strength of agree or disagree
is given.
 For example, when you want to know if people’s perception
regarding male students is better in mathematics subject than
female students, a survey to this effect can be conducted. To
carry out this study, you will just get the frequency of people
CLASSIFICATION OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH believing that male students perform better in mathematics
than female students.
1. EXPERIMENTAL 3. USING MATHEMATICS TO ANALYZE THE DATA COLLECTED - the last step of
a. TRUE EXPERIMENTAL
the research wherein it is done with statistics. This is where you subject the
b. QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL
data collected into statistical analysis.
i. MATCHED COMPARATIVE
 Here, you can clearly see if one variable is highly significant over
ii. TIME SERIES
the other. For example, you cannot claim that students who got
iii. COUNTER BALANCED
90% in the examination are better than those students who got 88%
iv. SINGLE-SUBJECT
not unless you analyzed their scores and see if there is significant
c. PRE-EXPERIMENTAL
difference between the two.
2. NON-EXPERIMENTAL
a. SURVEY RESEARCH
STRENGTHS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
b. CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
 Study findings can be generalized to the population about which
c. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
information is required.
d. COMPARATIVE RESEARCH
 Samples of individuals, communities or organizations can be selected to
e. CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE RESEARCH
ensure that the results will be a representative of the population studied.
 Structural factors that determine how inequalities (such as GENDER
STEPS IN DOING QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH INEQUALITIES) are produced can be analyzed.
1. OBSERVING AND EXPLAINING OCCURRENCES – this is where you will apply  Estimates of the magnitude (size) and distribution of impacts can be
the four W’s (Who, What, Where, Why). The answer for these Ws can be obtained.
presented in the form of a question.  Estimates of the costs and benefits of interventions can be obtained.
 It can also be expressed as a hypothesis. In the case of a  Standardized approaches permit the study to be replicated (fake) in
hypothesis, the search for an explanation is made as a statement different areas or over time with the production of comparable findings.
to be proven or disproven – depending on the goals of your  Clear documentation can be provided regarding the content and
research. application of the survey instruments so that other researchers can assess
2. THE COLLECTION OF INFORMATION IN QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH – is what the validity of the findings.
makes it different from qualitative research. Quantitative research is  It is possible to control for the effects of extraneous (unimportant) variables
focused specifically on numerical information, also known as “data”. that might result in misleading interpretations of causality (connection)
Because the research requires its researcher to use mathematical analysis (although this can be challenging in the natural settings of evaluations).
to investigate what is being observed, the information collected must be  Data analysis is relatively less time consuming (using statistical software).
in numbers.

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Practical Research 2 (Quantitative Research)
 The research results are relatively independent of the researcher (e.g.
statistical)
WEAKNESSES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
 The researcher’s categories that are used might not reflect local
constituencies’ understandings.
 The researcher’s theories that are used might not reflect local
constituencies’ understandings.
 The researcher might miss out on phenomena occurring because of the
focus on theory or hypothesis testing rather than on theory or hypothesis
generation (called the confirmation bias)
 Many kinds of information are difficult to obtain through structured data
collection instruments, particularly on sensitive topics such as domestic
violence or income but the problems are often greater for quantitative
data collection methods.
 Many groups such as sex workers, drug users, illegal immigrants, squatters,
and ethnic minorities are always difficult to reach,
 Self-reported information obtained from questionnaires may be
inaccurate or incomplete.
 There is often no information on contextual factors to help interpret results
or to explain variations in behavior between households with similar
economic and demographic characteristics.
 The administration of a structured questionnaire creates an unnatural
situation that may alienate respondents.
 Studies are expensive and time-consuming, and even preliminary results
are usually not available for a long period of time.
 Errors in the selection of procedures for determining statistical significance
can result in erroneous findings regarding impact.
 Research methods are inflexible because the instruments cannot be
modified once the study begins.
 Reduction of data to numbers results in lost information.
 The correlations produced (e.g., between costs and benefits, gender and
access to services or benefits) may mask or ignore underlying causes or
realities.
 Untested variables may account from program impacts.
 Errors in the hypotheses tested may yield misimpressions of program
quality or influential factors.
(Quantitative Research) Practical Research 2
LIMITATIONS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
 It employs inflexible research design because of the rigidity (difficulty) and
robustness (toughness) of the instrumentation.
 Participants have limited participation on the design and structure of the
questionnaire.
 Numerical data do not provide detailed accounts of the phenomenon
and do not capture accounts of human perception.
 Research is carried out in a laboratory setting and not in a real-world
setting.
 Preselected options in a questionnaire do not necessarily reflect how
participants truly feel about the question being asked.
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH vs. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
• It seeks to understand or make sense of the world based on how
individuals experience and perceive it.
• The end goal of the inquiry is to seek meaning and a deeper
understanding of a phenomenon as seen from the perspective of the
participants.
• An inquiry process of understanding a social or human problem based on
a building a complex, holistic picture formed with words, reporting
detailed views of informants and conducted in a natural setting.
• Data collection techniques involve OBSERVATIONS, INTERVIEWS, OPEN-
ENDED QUESTIONNAIRES and FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSIONS.
• QUALITATIVE STUDY – it is defined as an inquiry process of understanding a
social or human problem based on building a complex, holistic picture,
formed with words, reporting detailed views of informants and conducted
in a natural setting.
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
• It seeks generalizability through controlled, value-free (or value-neutral
processes).
• It is focused on acquiring numerical data through the use of research
instruments. Usually, these research instruments are in the form of surveys
and close-ended questionnaires.
• An inquiry into a social or human problem based on testing a theory
composed of variables, measured with numbers and analyzed with
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Practical Research 2 (Quantitative Research) (Quantitative Research) Practical Research 2
statistical procedures in order to determine whether the predictive competence-based methods
generalizations of the theory hold true. Style of expression Personal, lacks formality Impersonal, scientific or
• Numerical data are usually obtained from a large sample of the systematic
population and are analyzed using statistical techniques. Sampling Technique More inclined to Random sampling as the
• QUANTITATIVE STUDY – it is an inquiry into a social or human problem, purposive sampling or most preferred.
based on testing a theory composed of variables, measured with use of chosen samples
numbers, and analyzed with statistical procedures, in order to determine based on some criteria
whether the predictive generalizations of the theory hold true.

COMPARISON BETWEEN QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH AND ACTIVITIES/ EXERCISES

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
RESEARCH WORKSHEET 4
STANDARDS QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE (The “Ws” of Research)
Mental survey of reality Results from social Exists in the physical I. Read the research abstracts. Then answer the “W” questions that follow.
interactions world 1. The study was conducted to determine the oil-degrading ability of
Cause-effect Explained by people’s Revealed by automatic bacteria under the genus bacillus. Soil samples were collected
relationships objective desires descriptions of from the different locations in Los Baños, Laguna from which
circumstances or bacteria were isolated using the enrichment technique. Of the 23
conditions bacteria isolated, eight (8) were able to degrade diesel oil with or
Researcher’s Subjective; sometimes Objective; least without complete fertilizer supplement and with or without
involvement with the personally engaged involvement by the aeration/agitation. All diesel oil degrading isolates were identified
object or subject of the researcher as Bacillus subtilis. The laboratory assay results indicate that B.
study subtilis has the potency for use in degrading petroleum pollution in
Expression of data, data Verbal language (words, Numerals, statistics the environment.
analysis and findings visuals, objects)
Research plan Takes place as the Plans all research A. What was the study all about?
research proceeds aspects before _________________________________________________________________
gradually collecting data ________________________________________________________________________
Behavior toward Desires to preserve the Control or manipulation ________________________________________________________________________
research aspects/ natural setting of of research conditions ________________________________________________________________________
conditions research features by the researcher ________________________________________________________________________
Obtaining knowledge Multiple methods Scientific method B. Where was the study conducted?
_________________________________________________________________
Purpose Make social intentions Evaluates objectives
________________________________________________________________________
understandable and examines cause-
________________________________________________________________________
effect relationships
________________________________________________________________________
Data-analysis technique Thematic codal ways, Mathematically based
________________________________________________________________________
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Practical Research 2 (Quantitative Research)
C. Why did the researcher conduct the study?
_________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
D. Who will benefit from the study?
_________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. Antimicrobial peptides had been demonstrated to kill gram
positive and gram-negative bacteria including strains that are
resistant to conventional antibiotics. In this study, the antimicrobial
property of Pomacea canaliculata mucus was tested against
Bacillus cereus. Microbial suspension was prepared from 24-hour
culture of the test organism. The suspending medium was used was
0.1 % peptone water. Free-poured nutrient agar plates about 3mm
thick were inoculated with the bacterial suspension by swabbing
technique. Two hundred (200) µl of the sample were placed in
each well. The NA plates were incubated at 35’ C and observed
after 24hours. Zone of inhibition was measured after the incubation
I.
period. Based from the result of the study, it was concluded that
mucus of Pomacea canaliculata can inhibit the growth of
B.cereus.
A. What is the research all about?
_________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
B. Where did the researcher conduct his study?
_________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
(Quantitative Research) Practical Research 2
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
C. Why did the researcher conduct the study?
_________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
D. Who will benefit from this study?
_________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
E. What method was used by the researcher to prove his study?
_________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
RESEARCH WORKSHEET 5
(QUALITATIVE or QUANTITATIVE)
Identify whether the following research situations are QUALITATIVE or
QUANTITATIVE.
1. A teacher conducts a survey on the food preferences of students
for the new school canteen. ____________________
2. A researcher interviews a principal to find out the joys, challenges
and triumphs in running a rural school. ____________________
3. The researcher believes that the world is complex and that no
single variable or number can accurately describe it.
____________________
4. An engineer wanted to test his idea on a new bridge model and
test the scale model of the bridge to detect flaws in his design.
____________________
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Practical Research 2 (Quantitative Research) (Quantitative Research) Practical Research 2
5. The researcher believes that the world is an objective reality who experience it.
governed by the laws of nature that can be understood and
measured. ____________________
6. A student wants to find out the effects of different colored lights on 2. Interested not only in
plant growth by conducting an experiment. He measures the examining the
growth of plants by the height of the stem and the number of phenomenon but also
leaves at one-week intervals. ____________________ its causes.
7. A researcher administers a pretest on Math skills to all Grade 11
students prior to implementing a Math program intervention. After
the implementation of the intervention, he will administer the same
test to the same set of students. ____________________ 3. Immerses oneself and
8. A researcher asks consumers regarding their product preferences views meaning as more
and their opinions about the quality of service that a given context and time
supermarket is providing. He also classifies the consumers specific, and in most
according to a useful scheme like housewives, married people, cases, not
single people and young consumers. ____________________ generalizable.
9. A researcher interviews a group of people regarding their opinions
about the newly made RUSSIAN VACCINE named “SPUTNIK V.” 4. Attempts to remain
____________________ independent or
10. Medical professionals all over the world explore different COVID-19 detached from the
vaccine by doing some clinical trials if its effective or not. phenomena that one
____________________ studies.

RESEARCH WORKSHEET 6 5. Uses interpretative

frameworks.
(Knowing the Difference)

I. Each of the statements below describes either quantitative or qualitative

research. On the first column, write a check mark ( / ) if you think the item
is describing quantitative research and a cross mark ( X ) if you think it 6. Concerned about
does not. Then explain your choices or answers on the third column. findings that can be
generalized.
/ or X STATEMENTS EXPLANATIONS
1. Places more emphasis
on the study of
phenomena from the 7. Applies the deductive
perspective of those method.
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Practical Research 2 (Quantitative Research) (Quantitative Research) Practical Research 2

14. Accurate and reliable

8. Applies the inductive through verification.
method.

15. Accurate and reliable

9. Concerned about in- through validity and
depth understanding of reliability.
the situation.

10. Concerned about

numerical data. RESEARCH WORKSHEET 7
(Finding Clues)
I. Group the following word clues if they are characteristics of Quantitative
Research (Box A) or Qualitative Research (Box B). Write the answers on the
11. Reality is subjective and table provided below.
multiple as seen by the
participants in a study. 1. Measurable 6. Text-based 11. Subjective
2. Behavior 7. Intervention 12. Small sample
3. Statistical 8. Experimental group 13. Tables and charts
4. Narrative 9. Unstructured observation 14. Deductive
12. Researcher is 5. Objective 10. Inductive 15. Generalizable
independent from the
subject of the research.

A. Quantitative Research B. Qualitative Research

13. Researcher interacts
with the subject of the
research.
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Practical Research 2 (Quantitative Research)
RESEARCH WORKSHEET 8
(When it is better to do Qualitative or Quantitative)
To some extent, all questions must be approached either quantitatively or
qualitatively. It all depends on what is your chief goal. Are you interested in a
systematic approach, in order to produce comparable, generalizable data, or
do you want to produce a “thick” description of a particular
case/group/situation/context? Each option involves different kinds of planning,
which may best be followed by a particular research design.
Give an example of a research study or a case where quantitative
research is more applicable. Justify your answer in terms of explaining it.
________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
(Quantitative Research) Practical Research 2
RESEARCH WORKSHEET 9
(Quantitative or NOT)
I. Put a check (/) if it describes the characteristics of a Quantitative Research
and (X) if it’s not before the number.
1. Data is in the form of words, pictures or objects.
2. The data is usually gathered using structured research instruments.
3. It is not based upon numerical measurements and does not use
numbers and statistical methods as key research indicators and tools.
4. It tends to be associated with small-scale studies and a holistic
perspective, often studying a single occurrence or small number of
occurrences/case studies in great depth.
5. The research study can usually be replicated or repeated, given its
high reliability.
6. Data are in the form of numbers and statistics, often arranged in
tables, charts, figures, or other non-textual forms.
7. Emphasis is on discovery rather than proof.
8. The results are based on larger sample sizes that are representative of
the population.
9. It tends to be associated with emergent research design, using a wide
range of approaches
10. Researcher has a clearly defined research question to which objective
answers are sought.
RESEARCH WORKSHEET 10
(Categorize Me)
I. Identify the following and write on the blank as STRENGTH or WEAKNESS of
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH.
1. Quantitative research can be replicated or repeated. _______________
2. Findings are generalizable to the population. _______________
3. Conclusive establishment of cause and effect. _______________
4. Numerical and quantifiable data can be used to predict outcomes.
_______________
5. Fast and easy data analysis using statistical software. _______________
6. Fast and easy data gathering. _______________
7. Very objective. _______________
8. Validity and reliability can be established. _______________
9. It lacks the necessary data to explore a problem or concept in depth.
_______________
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Practical Research 2 (Quantitative Research) (Quantitative Research) Practical Research 2
10. It does not provide comprehensive explanation of human experiences.
_______________
11. Some information cannot be described by numerical data such as
feelings, and beliefs. _______________
12. The research design is rigid and not very flexible. _______________
13. The participants are limited to choose only from the given responses.
_______________
14. The respondents may tend to provide inaccurate responses.
_______________
15. A Large sample size makes data collection more costly. _______________

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