PUSAT ASASI SAINS, UNIVERSITI MALAYA

FAD1002 : BIOLOGY 2
TOPIC : ANIMAL CLASSIFICATION AND DIVERSITY

KINGDOM PROTISTA , SUBKINGDOM PROTOZOA (EUKARYOTE, UNICELLULAR)

PHYLUM EXAMPLE
RHIZOPODA Amoeba sp.
EUGLENOPHYTA Euglena sp.
CILIOPHORA Paramecium sp.
APICOMPLEXA Plasmodium sp.
KINGDOM ANIMALIA (EUKARYOTE, MULTICELLULAR)
PHYLUM CLASS EXAMPLE
PORIFERA diploblastic Calcarea Leucosolenia sp. (sponges)
choanocytes
CNIDARIA diploblastic 1. Hydrozoa Hydra sp., Obelia sp.
tentacles 2. Scyphozoa Aurelia sp.
cnidocytes 4. Anthozoa Corallium sp., Actinia sp.
PLATYHELMINTHES (flatworms) 1. Turbellaria Dugesia sp.
acoelomate 2. Trematoda Fasciola sp.
3. Cestoda Taenia sp.
NEMATODA (roundworms) 1. Phasmidia Ascaris sp.
ANNELIDA (segmented worm) 1. Polychaeta (many chaetae) Nereis sp.
2. Oligochaeta (lacks chaeta) Pheretima sp.
3 Hirudinea (no chaeta) Hirudo sp.
MOLLUSCA soft body enclosed in 1. Polyplacophora Chiton sp.
shell 2. Scaphopoda Dentalium sp.
3. Gastropoda Achatina sp., Lymnaea sp.
4. Cephalopoda Loligo sp., Sepis sp., Octopus sp.
5. Bivalvia Mytilus sp., Anadara sp.
ARTHROPODA exoskeleton 1. Arachnida Centruroides sp.
cuticle 2. Crustacea Cancer sp., Macrobranchium sp.
3. Insecta Periplaneta sp. (others : bees,
moth, grasshopper, dragon fly)

4. Diplopoda Lulus sp.

5. Chilopoda Scolopendra sp.
ECHINODERMATA spiny 1. Stelleroidea Asterias sp.
tube-feet 2. Ophiuroidea Ophionereis sp.
3. Echinoidea Echinus sp.
4. Holothuroidea Holothuria sp.
CHORDATA notochord, gill-slits, hollow nerve cord
subphylum Hemichordata posses echinodermatal and chordate characteristics Balanoglossus sp.
subphylum Urochordata only larva has all chordate characteristics Ciona sp.
subphylum Cephalochordata adult have all chordate characteristics Branchiostomata sp.
subphylum Vertebrata backbone instead of 1. Ostracodermi (fish) jawless, armoured fish (extinct)
notochord 2. Agnata (fish) Sea Lamprey (jawless)
3. Placodermi (fish)(Pisces) primitive jaw (extinct)
4. Chondrichthyes (fish)(Pisces) Sharks, rays (cartiliginous fishes)
5. Osteichthyes (fish)(Pisces) Tilapia (bony fishes)
6. Amphibia (Tetrapoda) frogs, salamander
7. Reptilia (Tetrapoda) snakes, turtles, lizards
8. Aves (Tetrapoda) birds
9. Mammalia (Tetrapoda) rats, whales, humans, chimpanzee

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 Table 1 : Brief Classification of the Animal Kingdom
Fig. 1 : Different Shapes of Animals

Asmmetry -without symmetry or Radial symmetry – consist of a center point

no mirror image and numerous lines of symmetry.

Bilateral symmetry – divided through only one plane produced

roughly equivalent right and left halves that are mirror images.

Fig. 2 : Types of Coelom in Animals

Acoelom (no coelom) Pseudocoelom (false coelom) True coelom (peritoneum lining)
(Platyhelminthes) (Nemotoda) (Annelida onwards)
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 KINGDOM PROTISTA – eukaryote, unicellular
Subkingdom Protozoa

Phylum Rhizopoda Phylum Euglenophyta

Fig. 3 : Amoeba sp. Fig. 4 : Euglena sp.

nonemergent
flagellum flagellum

stigma

mitocondria
contractile
vacuole

chloroplast nucleolus

nucleus
chromatin
Phylum Ciliophora
paramylum
Fig. 5 : Paramecium sp. granule
pellicle

mioneme

Phylum Apicomplexa
Fig. 6 : Plasmodium sp.

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Life cycle of Plasmodium sp.
KINGDOM ANIMALIA – eukaryote, multicellular

Phylum Porifera
Fig. 7 : Sponges

epidermal cell

porocyte

spicule

Phylum Cnidaria
Class Hydrozoa
Fig. 8 : Hydra sp.

Fig. 8a : Polyp and medusa forms of Cnidarians

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 i) Whole animal

hypostome

ii) Cross section

Pedal disc

Fig. 8b : Hydra sp. (whole animal and cross section)

Fig. 8c : Nematocysts or stinging cells Fig. 8d : Longitudinal section

found in large numbers in the tentacles of body wall.

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 Class Hydrozoa
Fig. 9 : Obelia sp.

Class Scyphozoa Class Anthozoa

Fig. 10 : Aurelia sp. Fig. 11 : Corallium sp.

epidermis tentacles

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Phylum Platyhelminthes
Class Turbellaria Class Trematoda
Fig. 12 : Dugesia sp. (planaria) Fig. 13 : Fasciola sp. (fluke)

Fig. 13a : Morphology of Fasciola sp.

Fig. 13c : Egg and larvae

of Fasciola sp.

Fig. 13b : Life cycle of Fasciola sp. 7

Class Cestoda
Fig. 14 : Taenia sp. (tapeworm)

Fig. 14b : Egg and larvae of Taenia sp.

Fig. 14a : Scolex and proglotid of Taenia sp.

Fig. 14c : Strobila of

Taenia sp.

2. Magnified view of muscle

containing encysted larvae.
3. When a human eats
1. Cattle ingest zygotes with poorly cooked and infected
grass. Larvae hatch and beef, digestive juice dissolve
encyst in the muscle of a the cysts, freeing the larvae.
cow or streer.

Fig. 14d : Life cycle of

Taenia sp.

4. After attaching itself

to the lining of the
human small intestine,
the larva matures into
an adult tapeworm.
Zygotes are produced
within proglotids.
6. Magnified view of
zygotes on grass.

5. Mature proglottids leave the body with

the feces and burst open, releasing
zygotes.
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Phylum Nematoda (roundworms)
Fig. 15 : Ascaris sp.

Dorsal nerve

Muscle of pharynx wall

Excretory canal
Cuticle
Ventral nerve

Phylum Annelida (segmented worms)

Fig. 16 : Classes in Phylum Annelida

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Class Polychaetae
Fig. 17 : Neries sp.

antenna

Peristomial cirri

peristomium

Fig. 17b : Prostomium and parapodia

Fig. 17a : External features of Neries sp.

Class Oligochaetae
Fig. 18 : Pheretima sp.

Fig. 18a : External features of Pheretima sp.

Fig. 18c : Reproduction of Pheretima sp.

Fig. 18b : Cross section of Pheretima sp.

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Phylum Mollusca
Fig. 19 : Body Plan of Mollusca

Class Polyplacophora Class Gastropoda

Fig. 20 : Chiton sp. (chitons) Fig. 21 : Achatina fulica (garden snail)

tentacles

mouth

Class Bivalvia Class Cephalopoda

Fig. 22 : Mytilus sp. (mussels) Fig. 23 : Loligo sp. (squid)

dorsal

ventral

suckers

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Phylum Arthropoda
Class Crustacea Class Merostomata
Fig. 24 : Macrobrachium sp. (prawn) Fig. 25 : Limulus sp. (horseshoe crab)

Class Arachnida Class Insecta

Fig. 26 : Centruroides sp. (scorpion) Fig. 27 : Periplaneta sp. (cockroach)

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Class Diplopoda Class Chilopoda
Fig. 28 : Lulus sp. (millipedes) Fig. 29 : Scolopendra sp.
(centipede)

antenna

Phylum Echinodermata
Fig. 30 : Animals in Phylum Echinodermata

Class Stelleroidea Class Holothuroidea

Fig. 31 : Asterias sp. (starfish) Fig. 32 : Holothuria sp. (sea cucumber)

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Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Urochordata
Fig. 33 : Ciona sp. (sea squirt)

Subphylum Cephalochordata
Fig. 34 : Branchiostomata sp. (lancelet/amphioxus)

Subphylum Vertebrata
Class Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes)
Fig. 35 : Sharks

Gill slits

clasper

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