Equations

Prerequisists

Contrast
I1 − I2
K=
I1 + I2
with I1 : X-ray intensity in region 1, I2 : X-ray intensity in region 2

Contrast to Noise Ratio

I1 − I2
CNR = (1)
σ
with I1 : X-ray intensity in region 1, I2 : X-ray intensity in region 2 and σ the noise.

Fourier Transform
The 1D Fourier transform for a spatial function f (x) is dened as
Z ∞
F{f }(u) = F (u) = f (x) exp(−i2πux)dx (2)
−∞

and backwards Z ∞
F −1 {f }(x) = f (x)) = F (u) exp(i2πux)du (3)
−∞

and in 2D Z ∞ Z ∞
F{f }(u, v) = F (u, v) = f (x, y) exp(−i2π(ux + vy))dxdy (4)
−∞ −∞

and backwards
Z ∞ Z ∞
F −1 {F }(x, y) = f (x, y) = F (u, v) exp(i2π(ux + vy))dudv (5)
−∞ −∞

Modulation Transfer Function

Z ∞
si linear & shift-invariant
f = orignal image & h=point-spread function: g(x) = f (x) ∗ h(x) = f (x0 )h(x − x0 )dx0 (6)
−∞

or, for 2D
Z ∞ Z ∞
g(x, y) = f (x, y) ∗ h(x, y) = f (x0 )h(x − x0 , y − y 0 )dx0 dy 0 (7)
−∞ −∞

Using convolution we write

F{g}(x) = G(u) = F (u) · H(u) (8)
and equivalently for 2D:
F{g}(u, v) = G(u, v) = F (u, v) · H(u, v) (9)
with h(x) (and h(x, y)) Point Spread Function, PSF, its Fourier-transform H(u) (H(u, v)) Transfer
Function. Its absolute value Modulation Transfer Function, MTF :

|H(u)|
MTF(u) = (10)
|H(0)|
|H(u, v)|
MTF(u, v) = (11)
|H(0, 0)|

1
X-ray

E = hν
with h = 6, 63 · 10−34 J s = 4, 14 · 10−15 eVs and ν : frequency
c = λν

with c ≈ 300 · 106 m/s

Highest energy of X-ray photon
probability = poisspdf
E = e · UA
with UA : anode tension (acceleration tension) and e: electron charge (1.6 · 10−19 As)

Attenuation sur la depth

pourcentage abosption = 100*(1-e^-mud) I(d) = I0 e−µd

with I: intensity, µ: attenuation coecient and d: thickness

Eciency of X-ray sources

Jges
η= = kUA Z
IA UA

X-ray power
Jges = ηIA UA = kIA UA2 Z
with Jges : X-ray power, IA : anode current, UA : anode tension, k = 10−9 V−1 et Z : atomic number zone specéfique pour observer

Dose control
D ∝ ZIA UA3 tB
with tB :exposure time

Standard deviation for Poisson distributed photons

√
σ= k (12)
√
SNR = k (13)
with k number of photons hitting the detector.

CT

2
Projection
Z
p(Θ, s) = f (x(l), y(l))dl (14)
~
e.~
r =s

where ~e is the unit vector in the direction of Θ and ~r is the radius vector to the line of integration.
Parametrized Z ∞
p(Θ, s) = f (s cos(Θ) + l sin(Θ), s sin(Θ) − l cos(Θ))dl (15)
−∞

Filtered Backprojection
Z π Z ∞ 
i2πw·s
f (x, y) = Sθ (w) |w| e dw dθ
0 −∞
R∞
with SΘ (w) = −∞
pθ (s)e−i2πws ds, w: spatial frequency, θ: projection angle.
niquist-samplet = wmax = 1/2a (a = pixel dsitance), cut freq above wmax

Reconstruction Filters
Original: H(w) = |w|
RamLak: H(w) = |w|rect(a w)
Shepp-Logan: H(w) = |w| sinπ(πwwa a) rect(a w)
with w: spatial frequency
a < Td//2 (Td = pixelsaize

Nuclear Imaging
m = (A*M)/(lambda*Na)

dN
A=− = λN
dt
where activity A: number of decays per unit time of a radioactive sample, N : number of particles in
sample, λ: decay constant lifetime = tau = 1/lambda demi-vie = tau *ln*2
t
N (t) = N0 e−λt = N0 e− τ
A(t) = A0 e−λt

Resolution of Collimator

d
R= (z + L/2)
L/2

3
Ultrasound

c = λf = λν
with λ: wavelength, c: speed of sound f = ν : frequency
1
c= √
κρ

with ρ: density, κ: compressibility

dW (t)
uz =
dt
p = ρcuz
r
p ρ
Z= = ρc =
uz κ
with Z : acoustic impedance
Reectivity for perpendicular incident angle:
pr Z2 − Z1
Rp = =
pi Z2 + Z1
 2
Ir Z2 − Z1
RI = =
Ii Z2 + Z1
attenuation layer reflection10 log R pour -dB

Transmission for perpendicular incident angle::

pt 2Z2
Tp = =
pi (Z2 + Z1 )

It 4Z2 Z1
TI = = 2
Ii (Z2 + Z1 )

De Lambert-Beer law
I(x) = I0 e−µz
with µ: attenuation coecient and z : depth

Resolution
Axial resolution
λ
∆z >
2
(For pulsed system with fractional bandwidth (FBW) and center frequency fc : ∆z >
c=1540m/s 2fc FBW )
c

Lateral resolution for a disk-transducer, non focused

1
d≈ Dmin
3
√
where Dmin = 2 λz is the minimal diameter of the transducer and z : depth

Lateral resolution, focused

Rc
d≈λ
D
with Rc : curvature radius

4
MRT

Larmor frequency
ωL = γB0
with γ = 2π · 42.58 MHz/T, B0 : magnetic eld strength

Relaxation T1 after 90◦ pulse

 t

Mz = Mz0 1 − e− T 1

with Mz : magnetization in xy-plane, Mz0 : total magnetization, T 1: relaxation time

Relaxation T2 after 90◦ pulse

t
Mxy = Mxy0 e− T 2
T 2: Relaxation time, Mxy : magnetization in xy-plane, Mxy0 : initial magnetization in xy-plane

Turning angle for magnetization vector

α = γB1 τ
with τ : duration of B1-eld on

Lamor frequency in gradient eld

ω(z) = γ(B0 + z · Gz )
with Gz : gradient eld in z-direction

Signal after frequency and phase encoding

Z Z
St (t, ∆t) = MT0 0 (x, y) exp(−jγGx x∆t − jγGy yt)dxdy
slice slice
Z Z
St (kx , ky ) = MT0 0 (x, y) exp(−j2πkx x − j2πky y)dxdy
slice slice
with MT0 0 : initial magnetization, kx = 2πγ
Gx ∆t, ky = γ
2π Gy t

Spin-Echo-Sequenz
 TR
 TE
M (T E, T R, x, y) = M0 (x, y) 1 − e− T 1 e− T 2

with TE: echo time, TR:repetition time, M0 : initial magnetization