132 KVA Grid Station and Their Components of Islamabad Electric Supply Company (IESCO)

Grid station report of internship at IESCO
132 KVA Grid Station and their components

of Islamabad Electric Supply
Company (IESCO)
Submitted By: Muhammad Zahid
Grid station components and their functioning

Contents
1. Grid Station or Sub Station ..............................................................................................................4
1.1. According to the service requirement: .......................................................................................5
1.2. According to the constructional features: ..................................................................................5
1.3. TRANSFORMER SUBSTATION.....................................................................................................5
1.3.1. STEP UP SUBSTATION ............................................................................................................5
1.3.2. PRIMARY GRID SUBSTATION...................................................................................................5
1.3.3. SECONDARY SUBSTATIONS.....................................................................................................5
1. 4. DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION .....................................................................................................6
1.5. Advantage and Disadvantage of GS ...........................................................................................6
1.6. Gris station visit by us...................................................................................................................6
1.6.1. I.10 Grid Station ....................................................................................................................6
1.6.2. Satellite Grid Station ..............................................................................................................6
1.6.3. Cantt Grid Station..................................................................................................................6
1.6.4. Zero point Grid Station...........................................................................................................7
1.7. Single line Key Diagram.................................................................................................................7
2. SUBSTATION CHARACTERISTICS .......................................................................................................7
2.1. STEPS IN DESIGNING SUBSTATION.................................................................................................8
2.1.1. Earthing and Bonding.............................................................................................................8
2.1.1.1. Touch Voltage .................................................................................................................8
2.1.1.2. Step Voltage....................................................................................................................8
2.1.1.3. Mesh Voltage ..................................................................................................................8
2.2. Substation Earthing Calculation Methodology ............................................................................8
2.2.1. Earthing Materials..............................................................................................................8
2.2.1.4. Switchyard Fence Earthing...............................................................................................9
2.2.1.5. CONDUCTORS USED IN SUBSTATION DESIGN ....................................................................9
2.3. OVERHEAD LINE TERANSMINATIONS.............................................................................................9
2.3.1. SIZES OF CONDUCTOR FOR LINES OF VARIOUS VOLTAGES ......................................................... 10
2.3.1.1. 220 KV Lines ..................................................................................................................... 10
2.3.1.2. 132 KV Lines ..................................................................................................................... 10
2.4. TRANSFORMERS......................................................................................................................... 10
2.4.1. TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS .............................................................................................. 10

2.4.1.1. Power Transformer ....................................................................................................... 10

2.4.1.2. Instrument Transformers ............................................................................................... 11
2.5. POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION (PLCC).......................................................................... 12
2.5.1. PRINCIPLE OF PLCC .............................................................................................................. 13
2.5.1.1. Wave Trap or Line Trap.................................................................................................. 13
2.5.1.2. Coupling Capacitor ........................................................................................................ 13
2.5.2. APPLICATION OF PLCC.......................................................................................................... 13
2.6. BUSBARS ................................................................................................................................... 14
2.6.1. BUS COUPLER ...................................................................................................................... 15
2.7. CIRCUIT BREAKERS ..................................................................................................................... 15
2.7.1. Low-voltage circuit breakers................................................................................................. 15
2.7.2. Magnetic circuit breakers ..................................................................................................... 15
2.7.3. Thermal magnetic circuit breakers ........................................................................................ 16
2.7.4. Common trip breakers ......................................................................................................... 16
2.7.5. Air circuit breakers............................................................................................................... 16
2.7.6. Vacuum circuit breakers....................................................................................................... 16
2.7.7. Oil circuit breakers............................................................................................................... 17
2.8. ISOLATERS ................................................................................................................................. 17
2.9. INSULATORS .............................................................................................................................. 18
2.9.1. Pin type insulator................................................................................................................. 18
2.9.2. Suspension insulator............................................................................................................ 18
2.9.3. Strain insulator.................................................................................................................... 19
2.9.4. Shackle insulator ................................................................................................................. 19
2.10. RELAYS .................................................................................................................................... 19
2.10.1. RELAY USED IN CONTROLLING PANEL OF SUBSTATION......................................................... 20
2.10.1.1. Differential Relay ......................................................................................................... 20
2.10.1.2. Over Current Relay ...................................................................................................... 20
2.10.1.3. Tripping Relay ............................................................................................................. 20
2.10.1.4. Auxiliary Relay ............................................................................................................. 20
2.11. CAPACITOR BANK ..................................................................................................................... 20
2.12. Battery Room and Control Room ........................................................................................... 21
3. PROTECTION OF SUBSTATION........................................................................................................ 22

3.1. LIGHTNING ARRESTORS .......................................................................................................... 22

3.2. TRANSFORMER PROTECTION .................................................................................................. 22
3.2.1. Buchholz Relay................................................................................................................. 22
3.2.3. Conservator and Breather................................................................................................. 22
3.2.4. Marshalling box ............................................................................................................... 23
3.2.5. Transformer cooling ......................................................................................................... 23
4. CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................ 24
References ....................................................................................................................................... 25
1. Grid Station or Sub Station

A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission and distribution system.
In Pakistan grid system must be in ring system mean transmission lines interconnected with
each other. Main purpose of GS is switching between connected lines and load centers.
Because at generation voltage is low it’s up to 11KVA so through transmission and distribution
to reduce line losses due to current, step up the 11KVA to 500,220,132,66,33 KVA for
transmission from power house to grid station. Grid station will 1 st step down to low voltage so
different components in grid station are used for different purpose like metering, measuring
and protection of equipments etc.
Grid station consists of transformer have 4 parts Line bay, Main bus bar, Transformer bay and
Power transformer. Line bay contains line insulator, breaker, line CT, isolator. After main bus
bar transformer bay located and contain isolator, CT, breakers and lighting arrester.
Single line diagram of each grid station identify the input (incoming) and output (outgoing) of
the grid, mean which is primary source and where we feed its output or consumers.
According to assign details of grids, Zero Point GS 132KVA/11KVA contains 2 source Sangjani GS
and Uni GS (Gas Insulated GS). Sangjani line have coming from Tarbela to Burhan GS to Sangjani
GS. Zero point has 2 direct lines while 2 indirect lines. Zero point have 3 circuit output line are I-
10, I-8 and Satellite town.
Most of grid stations are 132 KVA while some are 220 KVA and 500 KVA. Above 220 all
transmission line are handle by national transmission and dispatch center (NTDC).
Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform any of several other
important functions. Between the generating station and consumer, electric power may flow
through several substations at different voltage levels. Substations may be owned and operated

by an electrical utility, or may be owned by a large industrial or commercial customer. Generally

substations are unattended, relying on SCADA for remote supervision and control. A substation
may include transformers to change voltage levels between high transmission voltages and
lower distribution voltages, or at the interconnection of two different transmission voltages.
Substations are classified by two broad categories:-
1.1. According to the service requirement:

 Transformer substation
 Switch substation
 Power factor correction substation
 Frequency change substation
 Converting substation
 Industrial substation
1.2. According to the constructional features:

 Indoor substation
 Outdoor substation
 Underground substation
 Pole mounted substation
1.3. TRANSFORMER SUBSTATION

They are known as transformer substations as because transformer is the main component employed to
change voltage level, depending upon the purposed served transformer substations may be classified
into:
1.3.1. STEP UP SUBSTATION

The generation voltage is steeped up to high voltage to affect economy in transmission of electric
power. These are generally located in the power houses and are of outdoor type.
1.3.2. PRIMARY GRID SUBSTATION

Here, electric power is received by primary substation which reduces the voltage level to 132KV, 66KV,
33KV and 11KV for secondary transmission. The primary grid substation is generally of outdoor type.
1.3.3. SECONDARY SUBSTATIONS

At a secondary substation, the voltage is further steeped down to 11KV . The 11KV lines runs along the
important road of the city. The secondary substations are also of outdoor type.

1. 4. DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION
These substations are located near the consumer’s localities and step down to 440V 3-phase, 4-wire for
supplying to the consumers. The voltage between any two phases is 400V & betwee n any phase and
neutral it is 220V.
1.5. Advantage and Disadvantage of GS

 Electrical powers are available for customer at lower cost.
 Energy flow is continuous and available for emergency use.
 Better regulation of voltage wit control frequency and power factor.
 It helps to maintain the record of generation, load to manage load shading etc.
 Reduce fault timing with safety of humans and transmission networks.
While some disadvantage also cater in this situation,
 Cost of system operation and its maintenance must be increase and complex.
 It affect the environment and unsafe during war.
 Difficult to add or remove the power lines mean difficult to expand the network.
 It will be highly costly due to heavy equipment installation and their maintenance.
 Additional load cost on consumer due to theft short circuit etc.
 Due to maintenance, faults and lighting affect the continuity of supply.
1.6. Gris station visit by us

 I.10 grid station 132/11 KVA
 Satellite town grid station 132/11 KVA
 Cantt grid station 132/11KVA
 Zero point grid station 132/11KVA
1.6.1. I.10 Grid Station

I.10 GS have initial capacity of 20/26 MVA in 10 feeders cover area of Islamabad and
Rawalpindi. GS in IESCO exists in ring system mean it can give and take supply, so it contain 2
source of supply one from T/line 132kv GSS Zero point (ISD-2) and second from 132kv GSS H-11
(ISH-2). So I-10 GSS feed from 132kv GSS Zero point and H-11.
1.6.2. Satellite Grid Station

It is also in ring system it have 2 source one from I-8 GSS and other one from MES GSS. It means
GSS take supply from anyone and provide other one.
1.6.3. Cantt Grid Station

Similarly GSS contain 2 source, it feed from 132kv GSS of AGL GSS (Attcok generation limited)
and Chaklala GSS.

1.6.4. Zero point Grid Station

Zero point GSS contain 2 source 220kva GS Sangjani (AIS) and other 220kva Uni GS (GIS). One
source Sangjani 220kva step down 132kva in zero point and Sangjani feed from Burhan GS
which feed from Tarbela power house. While it has 3 outgoing circuit I-10, I-8 (IJP) via and
Satellite town.
1.7. Single line Key Diagram

Single line key diagram of CANTT grid station, In which we see it have 2 source of main bus bar
One is Islamabad and other one is chaklala cantt And in ring system it can take supply from one
Source to and provide supply other source in case Of emergency. At start we have line bay
which Feed into main bus bar and after it connect with Transformer bay and a power
transformer and Current transformer and isolator before incoming panel in control room. It
also indicate a capacitor bank for power factor increase. While at the end we have incoming
and outgoing feeder for distribution of power supply to the consumers for domestic and
commercial use. Similarly other grid stations have same type of diagram but every grid station
have different power source and outgoing panel. According to the capacity of grid station the
protection and other grid equipment install with respect to them.
2. SUBSTATION CHARACTERISTICS
 Each circuit is protected by its own circuit breaker and hence plant outage does not
necessarily result in loss of supply.
 A fault on the feeder or transformer circuit breaker causes loss of the transformer and
feeder circuit, one of which may be restored after isolating the faulty circuit breaker.
 A fault on the bus section circuit breaker causes complete shutdown of the substation.
All circuits may be restored after isolating the faulty circuit breaker.
 Maintenance of a feeder or transformer circuit breaker involves loss of the circuit.

Introduction of bypass isolators between bus bar and circuit isolator allows circuit breaker
maintenance facilities without loss of that circuit.
2.1. STEPS IN DESIGNING SUBSTATION

The First Step in designing a Substation is to design an Earthing and Bonding System.
2.1.1. Earthing and Bonding

The function of an earthing and bonding system is to provide an earthing system connection to
which transformer neutrals or earthing impedances may be connected in order to pass the
maximum fault current. The earthing system also ensures that no thermal or mechanical
damage occurs on the equipment within the substation, thereby resulting in safety to operation
and maintenance personnel. The earthing system also guarantees equipotent bonding such
that there are no dangerous potential gradients developed in the substation.
In designing the substation, three voltages have to be considered these are:
2.1.1.1. Touch Voltage

This is the difference in potential between the surface potential and the potential at earthed equipment
whilst a man is standing and touching the earthed structure.
2.1.1.2. Step Voltage

This is the potential difference developed when a man bridges a distance of 1m with his feet while not
touching any other earthed equipment.
2.1.1.3. Mesh Voltage

This is the maximum touch voltage that is developed in the mesh of the earthing grid.
2.2. Substation Earthing Calculation Methodology

Calculations for earth impedance touch and step potentials are based on site measurements of
ground resistivity and system fault levels. A grid layout with particular conductors is then
analyzed to determine the effective substation earthing resistance, from which the earthing
voltage is calculated. In practice, it is normal to take the highest fault level for substation earth
grid calculation purposes. Additionally, it is necessary to ensure a sufficient margin such that
expansion of the system is catered for. To determine the earth resistivity, probe tests are
carried out on the site. These tests are best performed in dry weather such that conservative
resistivity readings are obtained.
2.2.1. Earthing Materials
2.2.1.1. Conductors
Bare copper conductor is usually used for the substation earthing grid. The copper bars
themselves usually have a cross-sectional area of 95 square millimeters, and they are laid at a

shallow depth of 0.25-0.5m, in 3-7m squares. In addition to the buried potential earth grid, a
separate above ground earthing ring is usually provided, to which all metallic substation plant is
bonded.
2.2.1.2. Connections
Connections to the grid and other earthing joints should not be soldered because the heat
generate during fault conditions could cause a soldered joint to fail. Joints are usually bolted.
2.2.1.3. Earthing Rods

The earthing grid must be supplemented by earthing rods to assist in the dissipation of earth fault s
current and further reduce the overall substation earthing resistance. These rods are usually made of
solid copper, or copper clad steel.
2.2.1.4. Switchyard Fence Earthing

The switchyard fence earthing practices are possible and are used by different utilities. These
are:
 Extend the substation earth grid 0.5m-1.5m beyond the fence perimeter. The fence is
then bonded to the grid at regular intervals.
 Place the fence beyond the perimeter of the switchyard earthing grid and bond the
fence to its own earthing rod system. This earthing rod system is not coupled to the
main substation earthing grid.
2.2.1.5. CONDUCTORS USED IN SUBSTATION DESIGN

An ideal conductor should fulfill the following requirements:
 Should be capable of carrying the specified load currents and short time currents.
 Should be able to withstand forces on it due to its situation. These forces comprise self-
weight, and weight of other conductors and equipment, short circuit forces and
atmospheric forces such as wind and ice loading.
 Should be corona free at rated voltage.
 Should have the minimum number of joints.
 Should need the minimum number of supporting insulators.
 Should be economical.
The most suitable material for the conductor system is copper or aluminums. Steel may be used
but has limitations of poor conductivity and high susceptibility to corrosion.
In an effort to make the conductor ideal, three different types have been utilized, and these
include: Flat surfaced Conductors, Stranded Conductors, and Tubular Conductors .
2.3. OVERHEAD LINE TERANSMINATIONS

Two methods are used to terminate overhead lines at a substation.

 Tensioning conductors to substation structures or buildings

 Tensioning conductors to ground winches.
The choice is influenced by the height of towers and the proximity to the substation. The
following clearances should be observed:
2.3.1. SIZES OF CONDUCTOR FOR LINES OF VARIOUS VOLTAGES

The following sizes have now been standardized by CEA for transmission lines of different
voltages:-
2.3.1.1. 220 KV Lines

'Zebra' ACSR having 7-strand of steel of dia 3.18 mm and 54-Strands of Aluminum of dia 3.18 mm.
2.3.1.2. 132 KV Lines

'Panther' ACSR having 7-strands of steel of dia 3.00 mm and 30-Strands of Aluminum of dia 3.00 mm.
2.4. TRANSFORMERS
Transformer is a static machine, which transforms the potential of alternating current at same
frequency. It means the transformer transforms the low voltage into high voltage & high
voltage to low voltage at same frequency. It works on the principle of static induction principle.
When the energy is transformed into a higher voltage, the transformer is called step up
transformer but in case of other is known as step down transformer.
2.4.1. TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS
2.4.1.1. Power Transformer

It is used for the transmission purpose at heavy load,
high voltage greater than 33 KV & 100% efficiency.
It also having a big in size as compare to distribution
transformer, it used in generating station and Transmission substation at high insulation l evel.
They can be of two types: Single Phase Transformers and Multi Phase Transformers.

2.4.1.2. Instrument Transformers

These transformers are used for the measurement purposes at that points where standard voltmeters
and ammeters cannot be used. They are of two types:-
2.4.1.2.1. CURRENT TRANSFORMER

A current transformer (CT) is used for
measurement of alternating electric currents.
When current in a circuit is too high to apply
directly to measuring instruments, a current
transformer produces a reduced current
accurately proportional to the current in
the circuit, which can be conveniently connected to measuring and recording instruments. A
current transformer isolates the measuring instruments from what may be very high voltage in
the monitored circuit.
2.4.1.2.2. POTENTIAL OR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER

Voltage transformers (VT) (also called potential transformers (PT))
are a parallel connected type of instrument transformer, used
for metering and protection in high-voltage circuits or phasor

phase shift isolation. They are designed to present negligible load to the supply being
measured and to have an accurate voltage ratio to enable accurate metering. A potential
transformer may have several secondary windings on the same core as a primary windi ng, for
use in different metering or protection circuits.
2.4.1.2.3. Auto Transformers

An autotransformer is an electrical transformer with only
one winding. The "auto" prefix refers to the single coil
acting on itself and not to any kind of automatic mechanism. In an autotransformer, portions of
the same winding act as both the primary and secondary sides of the transformer. The winding
has at least three taps where electrical connections are made. Autotransformers have the
advantages of often being smaller, lighter, and cheaper than typical dual-winding transformers,
but the disadvantage of not providing electrical isolation.
2.4.1.2.3. On the basis of working

On the above basis, transformers are of two types: Step up Transformer and Step down Transformer.
2.4.1.2.4. Distribution Transformers

A distribution transformer is a transformer that
provides the final voltage transmission in the
electrical power distribution system, stepping
down voltage to the level used by customers.
2.5. POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION (PLCC)

Reliable & fast communication is necessary for safe efficient &economic power supply. To
reduce the power failure in extent & time, to maintain the interconnected grid system in
optimum working condition; to coordinate the operation of various generating unit
communication network is indispensable for state electricity board.
In state electricity boards, the generating & distribution stations are generally located at a far
distance from cities where P & T communication provided through long overhead lines in
neither reliable nor quick.
Power-line communication (PLC) carries data on a conductor that is also used simultaneously
for AC electric power transmission or electric power distribution to consumers.
By using the existing AC power lines as a medium to transfer the information, it becomes easy
to connect the houses with a high speed network access point without installing new wirings.
This technology has been in wide use since 1950 and was mainly used by the grid stations to
transmit information at high speed.

2.5.1. PRINCIPLE OF PLCC

Power-line communications systems operate by adding a modulated carrier signal to the wiring
system. All type of information is modulated on carried wave at frequency 50Hz to 500 KHz. The
modulated HF carrier fed into the power line conductor at the sending end and filtered out
again at the respective stations. Long earlier system double side band amplitude modulation
was more common but the present amplitude modulated system.
Since high voltage power lines are designed to carry large quantities of energy on the high
voltage and the communication system at low voltage, they cannot be directly connected to
high voltage lines. Suitably designed coupling equipments have therefore to be employed which
will permit the injection of high frequency carrier signal without undue loss and with absolute
protection of communication equipments or operating personal from high voltage hazard.
Therefore, the coupling equipment essentially comprises the following:
2.5.1.1. Wave Trap or Line Trap

Wave trap is connected in series with power line between the point of connection of coupling capacitor
and S/S. Wave trap offers negligible impedance to HF carrier. Wave trap stands electromechanically and
thermally for short circuit current in the event of fault on the line. On the basis of blocking frequency
bank, the wave trap can be following type:
 All wave
 Single Frequency
 Double Frequency’
 Broad Band
2.5.1.2. Coupling Capacitor

The modulated carrier is let into power line through coupling capacitor specially designed to with stand
line voltage under all-weather condition. The upper end of the coupling capacitor is connected directly
to the line and the lower end is connected to the ground through a carrier frequency chock coil or drain
coil. Thus coupling capacitor forms the link between the PLCC equipment and power line. The coupling
capacitor used in UPSEB is 2200pf capacitance.
The coupling capacitor are designed for outdoor use and hence to withstand normal atmospheric
phenomenon such as temperature & humidity changes, rain, snow, anticipated wind load, nominal wire
tension etc. at full rated voltage. In some case capacitive voltage transformers (CVT) used as a source of
line voltage for metering and protection as also used coupling capacitor for PLCC.
2.5.2. APPLICATION OF PLCC

PLCC technology can be deployed into different types of applications in order to provide
economic networking solutions. Hence merging with other technologies it proves useful in

different areas. These are few key areas where PLC communications are utilized:
 Transmission & Distribution Network: PLCC was first adopted in the electrical
transmission
 and distribution system to transmit information at a fast rate.
 Home control and Automation: PLCC technology is used in home control and
automation. This technology can reduce the resources as well as efforts for activities like
power management, energy conservation, etc.
 Entertainment: PLCC is used to distribute the multimedia content throughout the home.
 Telecommunication: Data transmission for different types of communications like
telephonic communication, audio, video communication can be made with the use of
PLCC technology.
 Security Systems: In monitoring houses or businesses through surveillance cameras,
PLCC technology is far useful.
 Automatic Meter Reading – Automatic Meter reading applications use the PLCC
technology to send the data from home meters to Host Central Station.
2.6. BUSBARS
When numbers of generators or feeders operating at the same voltage have to be directly
connected electrically, bus bar is used as the common electrical component. Bus bars are made
up of copper rods operate at constant voltage. The following are the important bus bars
arrangements used at substations:
 Single bus bar system
 Single bus bar system with section allocation.
 Duplicate bus bar system
In large stations it is important that break downs
and maintenance should interfere as little as
possible with continuity of supply to achieve
this, duplicate bus bar system is used. Such a
system consists of two bus bars, a main bus bar
and a spare bus bar with the help of bus
coupler, which consist of the circuit breaker and
isolator. In substations, it is often desired to
disconnect a part of the system for general maintenance Bus Bars
and repairs. An isolating switch or isolator accomplishes this.
Isolator operates under no load condition. It does not have any specified current breaking
capacity or current making capacity. In some cases isolators are used to breaking charging

currents or transmission lines.

While opening a circuit, the circuit breaker is
opened first then isolator while closing a circuit
the isolator is closed first, then circuit breakers.
Isolators are necessary on supply side of circuit
breakers, in order to ensure isolation of the circuit breaker from live parts for the purpose of
maintenance.
A transfer isolator is used to transfer main supply from main bus to transfer bus by using bus
coupler (combination of a circuit breaker with two isolators), if repairing or maintenance of any
section is required.
2.6.1. BUS COUPLER

The bus coupler consists of circuit breaker and isolator.
Each generator and feeder may be connected to either
main bus bar or spar bus bar with the help of bus coupler.
Repairing, maintenance and testing of feeder circuit or other section can be done by putting them on
spar bus bar, thus keeping the main bus bar undisturbed.
2.7. CIRCUIT BREAKERS

A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical
circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to detect a fault condition
and interrupt current flow. Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then must be replaced, a circuit
breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically) to resume normal operation. Circuit breakers
are made in varying sizes, from small devices that protect an individual household appliance up to
large switchgear designed to protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city. There are different
types of circuit breakers which are:-
2.7.1. Low-voltage circuit breakers

Low-voltage (less than 1,000 V AC) types are common in domestic,
commercial and industrial application, and include Miniature
Circuit Breaker (MCB) and Molded Case Circuit Breaker (MCCB).
2.7.2. Magnetic circuit breakers

Magnetic circuit breakers use a solenoid (electromagnet)

whose pulling force increases with the current. Certain designs
utilize electromagnetic forces in addition to those of the solenoid.
2.7.3. Thermal magnetic circuit breakers

Thermal magnetic circuit breakers, which are the type found
in most distribution boards, incorporate both techniques with
the electromagnet responding instantaneously to large surges in current (short circuits) and the
bimetallic strip responding to less extreme but longer-term over-current conditions. The thermal portion
of the circuit breaker provides an "inverse time" response feature, which trips the circuit breaker sooner
for larger over currents.
2.7.4. Common trip breakers

Three-pole common trip breaker for supplying a three-phase device. This breaker has a 2A rating. When
supplying a branch circuit with more than one live conductor, each live conductor must be protected by
a breaker pole. To ensure that all live
conductors are interrupted when any pole trips, a "common trip"
breaker must be used. These may either contain two or three
tripping mechanisms within one case, or for small breakers,
may externally tie the poles together via their operating handles.
2.7.5. Air circuit breakers

Rated current up to 6,300 A and higher for generator circuit breakers.
Trip characteristics are often fully adjustable including configurable
trip thresholds and delays. Usually electronically controlled, though
some models are microprocessor controlled via an integral electronic
trip unit. Often used for main power distribution in large industrial
plant, where the breakers are arranged in draw-out enclosures for
ease of maintenance.
2.7.6. Vacuum circuit breakers

With rated current up to 6,300 A, and higher for generator circuit breakers.
These breakers interrupt the current by creating and extinguishing the

arc in a vacuum container.
2.7.7. Oil circuit breakers

A high-voltage circuit breaker in which the arc is drawn in oil
to dissipate the heat and extinguish the arc; the intense heat
of the arc decomposes the oil, generating a gas whose high
pressure produces a flow of fresh fluid through the arc that furnishes
the necessary insulation to prevent a re strike of the arc.The arc is
then extinguished, both because of its elongation upon
parting of contacts and because of intensive cooling by the gases and oil vapor. They are further of two
types: Bulk Oil Circuit Breaker (BOCB) and Minimum Oil Circuit Breaker (MOCB).
2.7.8. Sulfur hexafluoride (Sf6) high-voltage circuit breakers
A sulfur hexafluoride circuit breaker uses contacts
surrounded by sulfur hexafluoride gas to quench the
arc. They are most often used for transmission-level
voltages and may be incorporated into compact
gas-insulated switchgear.
2.8. ISOLATERS
In electrical engineering, a disconnector, disconnect switch or isolator switch is used to ensure
that an electrical circuit is completely de-energized for service or maintenance. Such switches
are often found in electrical distribution and industrial applications, where machinery must
have its source of driving power removed for adjustment or repair. High-voltage isolation
switches are used in electrical substations to allow isolation of apparatus such as circuit
breakers, transformers, and transmission lines, for maintenance. The disconnector is usually
not intended for normal control of the circuit, but only for safety isolation. Disconnector can be
operated either manually or automatically (motorized disconnector).
Unlike load break switches and circuit breakers,
disconnectors lack a mechanism for suppression
of electric arc, which occurs when conductors

carrying high currents are electrically interrupted. Thus, they are off-load devices, intended to
be opened only after current has been interrupted by some other control device. Safety
regulations of the utility must prevent any attempt to open the disconnector while it supplies a
circuit. Standards in some countries for safety may require either local motor isolators or
lockable overloads (which can be padlocked).
Disconnectors have provisions for a padlock so that inadvertent operation is not possible
(lockout-tag out). In high-voltage or complex systems, these padlocks may be part of a trapped-
key interlock system to ensure proper sequence of operation. In some designs, the isolator
switch has the additional ability to earth the isolated circuit thereby providing additional safety.
Such an arrangement would apply to circuits which inter-connect power distribution systems
where both ends of the circuit need to be isolated.
2.9. INSULATORS
An electrical insulator is a material whose internal electric charges do not flow freely, and
therefore make it very hard to conduct an electric current under the influence of an electric
field. The insulator serves two purposes. They support the conductors (bus bar) and confine the
current to the conductors. The most common used material for the manufacture of insulator is
porcelain. There are several types of insulators (e.g. pin type, suspension type, post insulator
etc.) and their use in substation will depend upon the service requirement.
Different types of insulator are:-
2.9.1. Pin type insulator

As the name suggests, the pin type insulator is mounted on a pin
on the cross-arm on the pole. There is a groove on the upper end
of the insulator. The conductor passes through this groove and is
tied to the insulator with annealed wire of the same material as
the conductor. Pin type insulators are used for transmission and distribution of electric power at
voltages up to 33 kV. Beyond operating voltage of 33 kV, the pin type insulators become too bulky and
hence uneconomical.
2.9.2. Suspension insulator

For voltages greater than 33 kV, it is a usual practice to use
suspension type insulators shown in Figure. Consist of a
number of porcelain discs connected in series by metal links

in the form of a string. The conductor is suspended at the bottom end of this string while the other end
of the string is secured to the cross-arm of the tower. The number of disc units used depends on the
voltage.
2.9.3. Strain insulator

A dead end or anchor pole or tower is used where a straight section
of line ends, or angles off in another direction. These poles must
withstand the lateral (horizontal) tension of the long straight section of wire. In order to support this
lateral load, strain insulators are used. For low voltage lines (less than 11 kV), shackle insulators are used
as strain insulators. However, for high voltage transmission lines, strings of cap-and-pin (disc) insulators
are used, attached to the cross arm in a horizontal direction. When the tension load in lines is
exceedingly high, such as at long river spans, two or more strings are used in parallel.
2.9.4. Shackle insulator

In early days, the shackle insulators were used as strain insulators.
But now a day, they are frequently used for low voltage distribution lines.
Such insulators can be used either in a horizontal position or in a vertical position.
They can be directly fixed to the pole with a bolt or to the cross arm.
2.10. RELAYS
In a power system it is inevitable that immediately or later some failure does occur somewhere
in the system. When a failure occurs on any part of the system, it must be quickly detected and
disconnected from the system. Rapid disconnection of faulted apparatus limits the amount of
damage to it and prevents the effects of fault from spreading into the system. For high voltage
circuits relays are employed to serve the desired function of automatic protective gear. The
relays detect the fault and supply the information to the circuit breaker.
The electrical quantities which may change under fault condition are voltage, frequency,
current, phase angle. When a short circuit occurs at any point on the transmission line the
current flowing in the line increases to the enormous value. This result in a heavy current flow
through the relay coil, causing the relay to operate by closing its contacts. This in turn closes the
trip circuit of the breaker making the circuit breaker open and isolating the faulty section from
the rest of the system. In this way, the relay ensures the safety of the circuit equipment from
the damage and normal working of the healthy portion of the system.
Relay works on two main operating principles:-
 Electromagnetic Attraction

 Electromagnetic Induction
2.10.1. RELAY USED IN CONTROLLING PANEL OF SUBSTATION
2.10.1.1. Differential Relay

A differential relay is one that operates when vector difference
of the two or more electrical quantities exceeds a predetermined value.
If this differential quantity is equal or greater than the pickup value,
the relay will operate and open the circuit breaker to isolate the faulty section.
2.10.1.2. Over Current Relay

This type of relay works when current in the circuit exceeds the
predetermined value. The actuating source is the current in the
circuit supplied to the relay from a current transformer.
These relay are used on A.C. circuit only and can operate for fault flow in the either direction. This relay
operates when phase to phase fault occurs.
2.10.1.3. Tripping Relay

This type of relay is in the conjunction with main relay. When main
relay sense any fault in the system, it immediately operates the trip
relay to disconnect the faulty section from the section.
2.10.1.4. Auxiliary Relay

An auxiliary relay is used to indicate the fault
by glowing bulb or showing various flags.
2.11. CAPACITOR BANK

The load on the power system is varying being high during morning and evening which
increases the magnetization current. This result in the decreased power factor. The low power
factor is mainly due to the fact most of the power loads are inductive and therefore take
lagging currents. The low power factor is highly undesirable as it causes increases in current,
resulting in additional losses. So in order to ensure most favorable conditions for a supply
system from engineering and economic stand point it is important to have power factor as
close to unity as possible.

In order to improve the power factor come device taking
leading power should be connected in parallel with
the load. One of such device can be capacitor bank.
The capacitors draw a leading current and partly
or completely neutralize the lagging reactive component of load current.
Main functions of Capacitor Bank are:-

 Supply Reactive Power
 Improve Terminal Voltage
 Improve Power Factor
2.12. Battery Room and Control Room

At last but not least every grid station contains a
battery room for DC power supply, because every
protection component in grid station operated at DC.
If this equipment doesn’t work properly the whole
system must be shut down or serious damage must
occur. Transformer is most costly components install
in grid station and all other equipment must be install
for protection of man power and equipments especially
transformer. So it is alos know or call “Heart of Grid station”.
For switching and metering purpose a control room must exists in grid station to maintained
record and balance for load shading and load shifting purpose. Because in every grid station a
smart meter install with every feeder to note down the record of power consumption and
generation. Also indicate fault and provide this measured data to higher authority and regional
control center (RCC) for load shading management. Most of grid station control room have
smart meter with sim install in it to provide the total record to RCC, SO and XEN for their
calculation. This project is funded by USAID to enhance the power sector generation and
reduce their losses because it’s provide the whole record of received units from generation
source and sold units to consumers and calculate and minimize the losses and improve
distribution powers.

3. PROTECTION OF SUBSTATION
Following components are used for the protection purpose on grid station.
3.1. LIGHTNING ARRESTORS

A lightning arrestor is a device used in power systems and telecommunications systems to
protect the insulation and conductors of the system from the damaging effects of lightning. The
typ.ical lightning arrester has a high-voltage terminal and a ground terminal. When a lightning
surge (or switching surge, which is very similar) travels along the power line to the arrester, the
current from the surge is diverted through the arrestor, in most cases to earth.
3.2. TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

Transformers are totally enclosed static devices and generally oil immersed. Therefore chances
of fault occurring on them are very easy rare, however the consequences of even a rare fault
may be very serious unless the transformer is quickly disconnected from the system. This
provides adequate automatic protection for transformers against possible faul ts. Various
protection methods used for transformers are:-
3.2.1. Buchholz Relay

Buchholz relay is a safety device mounted on some
oil-filled power transformers and reactors, equipped
with an external overhead oil reservoir called a
conservator. The Buchholz Relay is used as a
protective device sensitive to the effects of
dielectric failure inside the equipment.
Depending on the model, the relay has multiple
methods to detect a failing transformer. On a slow accumulation of gas, due perhaps to slight
overload, gas produced by decomposition of insulating oil accumulates in the top of the relay
and forces the oil level down. A float switch in the relay is used to initiate an alarm signal.
Depending on design, a second float may also serve to detect slow oil leaks.If an arc forms, gas
accumulation is rapid, and oil flows rapidly into the conservator. This flow of oil operates a
switch attached to a vane located in the path of the moving oil. This switch normally will
operate a circuit breaker to isolate the apparatus before the fault causes additional damage.
3.2.3. Conservator and Breather

When the oil expands or contacts by the change in the temperature, the oil level goes either up
or down in main tank. A conservator is used to maintain the oil level up to predetermined value

in the transformer main tank by placing it above

the level of the top of the tank. Breather is
connected to conservator tank for the purpose
of extracting moisture as it spoils the insulating
properties of the oil. During the contraction and
expansion of oil air is drawn in or out through
breather silica gel crystals impregnated with cobalt
chloride. Silica gel is checked regularly and dried
and replaced when necessary.
3.2.4. Marshalling box

It has two meter which indicate the temperature of
the oil and winding of main tank. If temperature of
oil or winding exceeds than specified value, relay
operates to sound an alarm. If there is further
increase in temperature then relay completes the
trip circuit to open the circuit breaker controlling the transformer.
3.2.5. Transformer cooling

When the transformer is in operation heat is generated due to iron losses the removal of heat is
called cooling.
There are several types of cooling methods, they are as follows:
3.2.5.1. Air natural cooling

In a dry type of self-cooled transformers, the natural circulation of surrounding air is used for its cooling.
This type of cooling is satisfactory for low voltage small transformers.
3..2.5.2. Air blast cooling

It is similar to that of dry type self-cooled transformers with to addition that continuous blast of filtered
cool air is forced through the core and winding for better cooling. A fan produces the blast.
3.2.5.3. Oil natural cooling

Medium and large rating transformers have their winding and core immersed in oil, which act both as a
cooling medium and an insulating medium. The heat produce in the cores and winding is passed to the
oil becomes lighter and rises to the top and place is taken by cool oil from the bottom of the cooling
tank.
3.2.5.4. Oil blast cooling

In this type of cooling, forced air is directed over cooling elements of transformers immersed in oil.
3.2.5.5. Forced oil and forced air flow (OFB) cooling

Oil is circulated from the top of the transformers tank to a cooling tank to a cooling plant. Oil is then
returned to the bottom of the tank.

3.2.5.6. Forced oil and water (OWF) cooling

In this type of cooling oil flow with water cooling of the oil in external water heat exchanger takes place.
The water is circulated in cooling tubes in the heat exchanger.
4. CONCLUSION
Now from this report one can conclude that electricity plays an important role in our life. At the
end of the training, I came to know about the various parts of substations and how they are
operated. Also I learnt about how transmission is done in various parts of Pakistan especially in
Islamabad.
As evident from the report, a substation plays a very important role in the transmission system.
That’s why various protective measures are taken to protect the substations from various faults
and its smooth functioning. Power Transmission Corporation of IESCO takes such steps so that
a uniform and stable supply of electricity can reach in every part of this state.
Awareness of the causes and their effects through management of grid station itself would
reduce the system irregularities to some extent. All these difficulties ultimately lead to a low
voltage profile in the system.
The poor voltage profile causes loss of equipments and energy. Thus, maintenance of the
voltage profile to keep the consumer voltage at the declared level allowing the deviation wi thin
the permissible limits would keep the losses at control. The consumer voltage may be kept at
the desired level by controlling one or more of the following variable on which it is dependent.
Adequate Size of Conductors is required for Distribution lines and installation of Distribution
transformers nearer to load centers. High Power Factor of Primary and secondary distribution
system are started in different area of country. Feeder phase current and load balancing while
load factor should be increased to control low power and energy losses by transformer Sizing
(based on load) and Selection (core material). Switching off transformers in period of low
demands and maximum demand indication (MDI) time. Due to more consumption we should
need more power generation to full fill our demand. So by using different economical and
reliable method to generate power for different type of customer like power generation
through:
 Hydel Generation
 Thermal Generation
 Nuclear Power Generation
 Wind Energy
 Coal Reserves
 Biomass Energy and Solar energy

References
1. www.slidshare.com
2. www.google.com/wikipedia/energy/gridstation
3. www.enerysources.com
4. www.iesco.com
5. www.ntdc.com
6. www.usaid.com

132 KVA Grid Station and Their Components of Islamabad Electric Supply Company (IESCO)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

132 KVA Grid Station and Their Components of Islamabad Electric Supply Company (IESCO)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Grid station report of internship at IESCO

132 KVA Grid Station and their components

Submitted By: Muhammad Zahid

Grid station components and their functioning

Grid station components and their functioning

2.4.1.1. Power Transformer ....................................................................................................... 10

Grid station components and their functioning

3.1. LIGHTNING ARRESTORS .......................................................................................................... 22

1. Grid Station or Sub Station

Grid station components and their functioning

by an electrical utility, or may be owned by a large industrial or commercial customer. Generally

1.1. According to the service requirement:

1.2. According to the constructional features:

1.3. TRANSFORMER SUBSTATION

1.3.1. STEP UP SUBSTATION

1.3.2. PRIMARY GRID SUBSTATION

1.3.3. SECONDARY SUBSTATIONS

Grid station components and their functioning

1.5. Advantage and Disadvantage of GS

While some disadvantage also cater in this situation,

1.6. Gris station visit by us

1.6.1. I.10 Grid Station

1.6.2. Satellite Grid Station

1.6.3. Cantt Grid Station

Grid station components and their functioning

1.6.4. Zero point Grid Station

1.7. Single line Key Diagram

Grid station components and their functioning

2.1. STEPS IN DESIGNING SUBSTATION

2.1.1. Earthing and Bonding

2.1.1.1. Touch Voltage

2.1.1.2. Step Voltage

2.1.1.3. Mesh Voltage

2.2. Substation Earthing Calculation Methodology

2.2.1. Earthing Materials

Grid station components and their functioning

2.2.1.3. Earthing Rods

2.2.1.4. Switchyard Fence Earthing

2.2.1.5. CONDUCTORS USED IN SUBSTATION DESIGN

2.3. OVERHEAD LINE TERANSMINATIONS

Grid station components and their functioning

 Tensioning conductors to substation structures or buildings

2.3.1. SIZES OF CONDUCTOR FOR LINES OF VARIOUS VOLTAGES

2.3.1.1. 220 KV Lines

2.3.1.2. 132 KV Lines

2.4.1. TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS

2.4.1.1. Power Transformer

high voltage greater than 33 KV & 100% efficiency.

It also having a big in size as compare to distribution

Grid station components and their functioning

2.4.1.2. Instrument Transformers

2.4.1.2.1. CURRENT TRANSFORMER

measurement of alternating electric currents.

When current in a circuit is too high to apply

directly to measuring instruments, a current

transformer produces a reduced current

accurately proportional to the current in

2.4.1.2.2. POTENTIAL OR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER

are a parallel connected type of instrument transformer, used

for metering and protection in high-voltage circuits or phasor

Grid station components and their functioning

2.4.1.2.3. Auto Transformers

2.4.1.2.3. On the basis of working