Integrals (7.

1)

The original motivation for inventing differentiation was to define and calculate
the slope of tangents to a curve where as integral calculus was motivated by the
problem of defining and calculating the area of the region bounded by a curve .

Integration is the reverse process of differentiation. It is the process of finding the

function f ( x ¿ w h en its derivative f ' (x )is given.

The functions that could possibly have given function as a derivative are called
anti derivative or integral of the function .If f ( x )∧g ( x ) aretwo functions such that
d
[ f ( x) ]=g ( x ) , t h en we say t h at f ( x ) is an integral of g ( x ) and we write ∫ g ( x ) dx=f ( x )
dx

d
Let dx [ f ( x) ]=g ( x ) . T h en , by definition ∫ g ( x ) dx=f ( x ) . Also ,
d d d
[ f ( x ) +C ]= dx [ f ( x ) ] + ( C )=g ( x )+ 0=g ( x ) ∴∫ g ( x ) dx=f ( x ) +C . Thus , we arrive at
dx dx
two integrals for the same function g( x ) .But , the two integrals differ by the
constant C only. Since the constant C is arbitrary , it can assume different values
and so we get a number of functions ,all of which are integrals of g ( x ) . The
function f (x)+C is called the general integral and the constant C is called the
constant of integration . The formula that gives all the anti derivatives of a
function is called the indefinite integral of the function .

Algebra of integration :

(i) If f ( x ¿ is a function∧k is a constant ,then∫ kf ( x ) dx=k ∫ f ( x ) dx

(ii) If f (x)∧g ( x ) are two integrable functions ,then ∫ [ f (x) ± g ( x) ] dx=

∫ f ( x ) dx ±∫ g ( x ) dx
'
(iii) ∫ f ( x ) dx=f ( x ) +C

Elementary standard integrals :

To find the anti derivative of a given function , we search for a function whose

1
derivative is the given function . The search for the requisite function for finding
an anti derivative ( integral ) is known as integration by the method of inspection .

x n+1
(i) ∫ dx=∫ 1 dx=x+C (ii) ∫ x n dx = +C ; n ≠ 1
n+1

1
(iii) ∫ x dx = log |x| + C

d 1
Note: we know that dx ( logx )= x , x> 0

d 1 1
Also , dx [ log (−x ) ] = −x (−1 )= x , x <0

d 1
Combining the above two results , dx [ log|x|] = x , x ≠ 0

1
Thus , ∫ x dx = log |x| + C

x  x mx emx
(iv) ∫ e dx = e + C (v) ∫ e dx= + C
m

(vi ∫ sin x dx = – cos x + C (vii) ∫ cos x dx = sin x + C

(viii)∫ sec2x dx = tan x + C (ix)∫ cosec2x dx = −¿ cot x + C

(x)∫ sec x tan x dx = sec x + C (xi)∫ cosec x cot x dx = – cosec x + C

ax
(xii) ∫ ax dx = + C ; a > 0,  a ≠ 1
loga

dx
(xiii) ∫ 2
dx=sin−1 x +C ( ¿ ) −cos−1 x +C
√ 1−x
dx
(xiv) ∫ 2
dx=tan−1 x +C ( ¿ ) −cot −1 x +C
1+ x

dx
(xv) ∫ 2
dx =sec −1 x+ C ( ¿ )−cosec−1 x+C
x √ x −1