CFX Multiphase 14.5 L03 Interphase Momentum Heat Transfer

Interphase Momentum and
Heat Transfer
14. 5 Release
Multiphase Flow Modeling

in ANSYS CFX
© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. 4-1 Release 14.5
Overview
• Interphase Momentum Transfer

― Drag Force
― Non Drag Forces
• Lift Force
• Wall Lubrication Force
• Virtual Mass Force
• Turbulent Dispersion Force
• Interphase Heat Transfer

Interphase Momentum Transfer

Momentum Equation

Single Phase
t
 
(   U  )    (   U   U  )  p     U   [U  ]T 

Multiphase Phase
t
 
( r   U  )    ( r   U   U  )   r p    r  U   [U  ]T 
 U    U     M 
NP NP
 
1 1
• The Multiphase equation is weighted by volume fraction rα and contains two

extra terms.
• The term (ΓαβUβ- ΓβαUα) represents momentum transfer induced by interphase
mass transfer .
• The term Mαβ represents the total interfacial force acting on phase α due to
phase β. This may arise from several independent physical effects:
𝑀𝛼𝛽 = 𝑀𝛼𝛽 𝐷 + 𝑀𝛼𝛽 𝐿 + 𝑀𝛼𝛽 𝑊𝐿 + 𝑀𝛼𝛽 𝑉𝑀 + 𝑀𝛼𝛽 𝑇𝐷
where D : Interface drag force, L : Lift force, WL : Wall lubrication force
VM : Virtual mass, TD : Turbulence dispersion force
Interphase Drag
• Consider gas bubbles rising through a liquid such as you might see in a
bubble column or a glass of soda:
• The bubbles rise through the liquid. This

difference in velocities causes interphase
drag or transfer of momentum between
the phases:
– The bubbles are slowed by the liquid.
– The liquid is accelerated by the bubbles
• Expressions for the interphase drag are needed in order to solve the
momentum equations for the two phases.

Drag Force for Single Particle
• Drag force exerted by a single particle of phase β on the continuous phase
(α):
1
𝐷𝑃 = 𝐶𝐷 𝜌𝛼 𝐴𝑃 |𝑈𝛽 − 𝑈𝛼 |(𝑈𝛽 − 𝑈𝛼 )
2
where AP is the cross-sectional area of particle and is given by

π𝑑𝑃2
AP =
4
• Drag coefficient (CD) depends on particle Reynolds number (ReP) which is
defined based on the relative speed (Uβ – Uα) , the continuous phase
properties, and the particle diameter (dP) :
𝜌𝛼 |𝑈𝛽 − 𝑈𝛼 |𝑑𝑃
𝑅𝑒𝑃 =
𝜇𝛼

Total Drag Force per Unit Volume
• Volume of single particle
πdP 3
VP =
6
• Number of particles in unit volume
rβ 6rβ
nP = =
VP πdP3
• Total drag force per unit volume on the continuous phase (α)
3 𝐶𝐷
𝐷𝛼𝛽 = 𝑛𝑃 𝐷𝑃 = 𝑟 𝜌 |𝑈 − 𝑈𝛼 |(𝑈𝛽 − 𝑈𝛼 )
4 𝑑𝑃 𝛽 𝛼 𝛽

𝐷
Interphase Drag Modeling (𝑀𝛼𝛽 )
• The term 𝑀𝛼𝛽 𝐷 represents the drag force per unit volume exerted by dispersed
phase (β) on continuous phase (α). It is modelled as function of relative speed
(Uβ – Uα) as :
𝑀𝛼𝛽 𝐷 = 𝑐𝛼𝛽 𝑑 𝑈𝛽 −𝑈𝛼
where constant cαβ d is known as momentum transfer/exchange coefficient

• Comparing with 𝑀𝛼𝛽 𝐷 with 𝐷𝛼𝛽 :
d
3 CD
cαβ (Uβ −Uα ) = r ρ |U − Uα |(Uβ − Uα )
4 dP β α β
d
3 CD
cαβ = rβ ρα |Uβ − Uα | (Particle Model)
4 dP
CD Aαβ (interfacial area density ) is

cαβ d = Aαβ ρα |Uβ −Uα | related to volume fraction (rβ) and
8 particle diameter (dP): 𝐴𝛼𝛽 =
6𝑟𝛽
𝑑𝑃
CD for particles, bubbles and
drops is found using correlations
Drag Models for Fluid Particles
(Solid Spherical Particle & Drops)

Spherical Particle Drag Regimes
CD
Stokes Transitional Newton Supercritical

Spherical Particle Drag Regimes
• Stokes • Newton
– 0 < ReP < 0.2 – 1  103 < ReP < 1  105
– Viscous forces – Mainly inertia forces
24 – Independent of particle Reynolds
– CD = number
ReP
– CD = 0.44
• Transitional • Supercritical
– 0.2 < ReP < 1  103
– ReP > 1  105
– Viscous and inertia forces
– Transition from laminar to turbulent
24
– CD = 1 + 0.15𝑅𝑒𝑃 0.687 boundary layer
ReP
(Schiller –Naumann) – Separation on particle surface
further downstream
– Drag reduction

Drag Correlations for Particles
• CFX modifies the Schiller-Naumann drag law this to ensure the

correct limiting behavior in the inertial regime by taking:
24
CD = max 1 + 0.15𝑅𝑒𝑃 0.687 , 0.44
ReP
• Modified Schiller-Naumann drag law covers Stoke, Transitional

and Newton drag regimes only

Drag Models for Fluid Particles
(Bubbles & Drops)

Bubble Regimes
• Bubble shapes depend on size, surface tension, particle Reynolds number,
density difference, …
• Small bubbles  spherical bubble shape
• Large bubbles  ellipsoidal & spherical cap bubble shape
Bubble size variation Ellipsoidal shape Spherical Cap

Bubble Regimes
• Eotvos number:
– ratio of buoyancy force to surface
tension force
𝑔Δ𝜌𝑑 2
𝐸𝑜 =
𝜎
• Morton number:
– function of physical properties of fluid
𝜇𝑓 4 𝑔Δ𝜌
𝑀=
𝜌𝑓 2 𝜎 3
• Reynolds number:
– ratio of inertia force to viscous force
𝜌𝑓 |𝑈𝑃 − 𝑈𝑓 |𝑑 Clift, Grace, Weber: Bubbles, Drops and

𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇𝑓 Particles. Academic Press, 1978
Drag Correlations for Bubbles
Regimes Ishii Zuber Grace
Spherical 24 24
CD = 1 + 0.15𝑅𝑒𝑃 0.687 CD = 1 + 0.15𝑅𝑒𝑃 0.687
Regime ReP ReP
(Schiller-Naumann) (Schiller-Naumann)
Ellipsoidal 4 Δ𝜌 𝑑 𝑔 4 Δ𝜌 𝑑 𝑔
𝐶𝐷 = 𝐶𝐷 =
Regime 3 𝜌𝑓 𝑈∞ 2 3 𝜌𝑓 𝑈∞ 2
Drag coefficient is found by balance between buoyancy force and

drag force
Δ𝜌 𝑑 𝑔 𝜇𝑓
𝑈∞ 2
=2 𝑈∞ = 𝑀−0.149 𝐽 − 0.857
𝜌𝑓 𝐸𝑜 𝜌𝑓 𝑑
𝐽 = 𝑓(𝐸𝑜, 𝑀)
Spherical 8 8
𝐶𝐷 = 𝐶𝐷 =
Cap 3 3
Regime

Automatic Regime Detection
• CFX automatically takes into account the bubble regime change by
setting:
CD = max [CD (sphere), min ( CD (ellipse), CD (cap) ) ]
• Smaller diameter bubbles: • Larger diameter bubbles

– the viscous regime – the distorted bubble regime
CD (sphere) > min ( CD (ellipse), CD (cap) ) min ( CD (ellipse), CD (cap) ) > CD (sphere)
CD = CD (sphere) CD = min (CD (ellipse), CD (cap))

Grace Correlation for Bubbles
TERMINAL VELOCITY / cm/s
Source: Grace & Weber, 1982
EQUIVALENT DIAMETER / mm
correlation for spherical regime only

Grace correlation
Non-Drag Forces

Non-Drag Forces

t
 
( r   U  )    ( r   U   U  )   r p    r  U   [U  ]T 
 U    U     M 
NP NP
 
 1  1
• The term Mαβ represents the total interfacial force acting on phase α
due to phase β. It is sum of drag and non drag forces :
𝑀𝛼𝛽 = 𝑀𝛼𝛽 𝐷 + 𝑴𝜶𝜷 𝑳 + 𝑴𝜶𝜷 𝑾𝑳 + 𝑴𝜶𝜷 𝑽𝑴 + 𝑴𝜶𝜷 𝑻𝑫
= 𝐹𝐷 + 𝑭𝑳 + 𝑭𝑾𝑳 + 𝑭𝑽𝑴 + 𝑭𝑻𝑫
Lift Wall Virtual Turbulent

Lubrication Mass Dispersion
• Such forces are fundamental to the physics of phase distribution in

multiphase flows. Implemented for Continuous-Dispersed Phase Pairs
Only.

Lift Force
• Transverse to flow direction
• Physical mechanism: acts on particles, droplets and bubbles in
shear flows
– due to liquid velocity gradients
– due to asymmetric wake
– due to bubble shape changes
• Significant for:
– Large continuous-dispersed phase density ratios, e.g. bubbly
flows
– Large shear e.g. flow in pipes, where pipe diameter is
comparable to bubble diameter

Formulation of Lift Force
FL   C L rd  c  U d  U c      U c 
d
• Lift coefficient CL=0.5 for inviscid flow around a sphere (Drew, Lahey,
Auton et al.).
• For viscous flow, CL varies from 0.01 to 0.15.
• In general CL is correlated as a flow-regime dependent function of other
non-dimensional variables:
C L  C L ( Re  , Eo , Re P )
Vorticity Reynolds Number Eotvos number Particle Reynolds Number
𝜌𝑐 𝛻 × Uc d2 gΔρd2 𝜌𝑐 |𝑈𝑐 − 𝑈𝑑 |𝑑
Reω = Eo = 𝑅𝑒𝑃 =
μc σ 𝜇𝑐

Lift force on small and large bubbles
large
ellipsoidal
bubble
CL
lift
force
small
spherical
bubble
lift Lift coefficient for air-water system under atmospheric pressure and room
temperature (Tomiyama, Tamai, et al)
force
• Small bubbles migrate towards the wall and large bubbles
migrate towards the core
• Change of sign of CL due to change in bubble shape as
bubble size increases
fluid vel. • For small bubbles CL is function of ReP but for intermediate
and large bubbles CL is function of Eo
Lift Force Formulations
• Tomiyama Model
– Well validated model for bubbly flow.
– Takes into account change of sign of lift force due to change in bubble shape as
bubble size increases.
min  0.288 tanh(0.121  Re P ), f ( Eod )  Eod  4


CL   f ( Eod )  0.00105Eod3  0.0159 Eod2  0.0204 Eod  0.474 4  Eod  10.0
0.27 Eod  10.0

0.3 Tomiyama C_L (u_slip=0.01 m/s)
Tomiyama C_L (u_slip=0.05 m/s)
• modified Eod number: 0.2

C_L (Tomiyama), 0<Eo_d<10
C_L (Tomiyama), 10<Eo_d
Lift Force Coeff. C_L [-]
C_L (Tomiyama, orig.), 10<Eo_D

g (  L  G )d H2
Eod 
0.1

• horizontal bubble length scale: 0
0 2 4 6 8 10
-0.1
d H  d P (1  0.163  Eo0.757 )1/ 3
-0.2
• for dB=3mm we can use -0.3

constant lift coefficient: Bubble diameter [mm]
CL0.28

Lift Force Formulations
• Saffman Mei
– Applicable to rigid spheres.
– Generalises Saffman’s anaytical model to extend
applicability to higher particle Reynolds numbers.
• Legendre Magnaudet
– Applicable to small spherical liquid droplets.
– Takes account of induced circulation inside drops.

Wall Lubrication Force
Surface tension prevents bubbles from approaching solid
walls very closely
• Effect is modelled by a wall force, pushing bubbles
wall lubr. away from walls
force • Results in near wall area of low gas void fraction
FWL 𝑑 = − CWL rd ρc Uc − Ud 2 nW
gas void fraction nW : unit normal pointing away from the wall
CWL : Wall Lubrication coefficient
Formulation :
• Antal model : Good for fine mesh only
• Tomiyama model : Restricted to pipe geometries.
Works well for pipes
• Frank model : Removes dependency of Tomiyama
model on pipe diameter
fluid vel.
Lift Force + Wall Lubrication Force
• For bubbly flow it important to use
both lift and wall lubrication force to
predict accurate flow field.
• For vertical cocurrent upflow in a pipe,

bubbles tend to be pushed towards the
wall. In conjunction with the wall
lubrication force, gives a void fraction
peak close to but away from the wall.
• For vertical cocurrent downflow in a

pipe, both lift and lubrication forces act
away from the wall leading to a large
flat void fraction profile in the centre
of the pipe (void coring).
Vertical Cocurrent Vertical Cocurrent
Upflow Downflow
Virtual Mass Force
• “Virtual Mass” effect occurs when dispersed phase accelerates relative to
continuous phase
• Due to viscous interaction, fluid particles have to accelerate
Maliska and Paladino etal.
some of the surrounding fluid. The inertia of this mass
exerts a opposing force on the fluid particles
 D d U d DcU c 
FVM   rd  c CVM   
d
 Dt Dt 
• CVM=0.5 for inviscid flow around an isolated sphere.
In general, CVM depends on shape and particle concentration.
• Potentially significant for:

– Large continuous-dispersed phase density ratios, e.g. bubbly flows
– Transient Flows – can affect period of oscillating bubble plume.
– Strongly Accelerating Flows e.g. bubbly flow through narrow constriction.

Turbulent Dispersion Force
• Leads to dispersion of dispersed phase from high volume
fraction to low volume fraction due to turbulent
fluctuations
• Equalizes dispersed phase volume fraction
turb.
dispersion • Formulation :
force • Favre Averaged Drag Model (Burns, et al.)
– Turbulent dispersion = action of turbulent eddies
via interphase drag
gas void fraction
– derivation via mass weighted (Favre) averaging of
the drag term:
νtc 𝛻rd 𝛻rc
FTD 𝑑 = −CTD cαβ d −
σtc rd rc
– cαβ d : momentum transfer coefficient for the interface drag force

– νtc and σtc : turbulent viscosity and turbulent Schmidt number of
continuous phase
fluid vel.
Turbulent Dispersion Force
2. Lopez de Bertodano Model
FTD  CTD  c k c rc

d
– kc : turbulent kinetic energy of continuous phase

– CTD = 0.1 to 0.5 good for medium sized bubbles in ellipsoidal flow regime.
– CTD up to 500 required for small bubbles.

Non-Drag Forces Validation
• Bubbly flow in a vertical pipe

• Forschungszentrum Dresden (FZD) MT-Loop test facility.
– Wiremesh sensor with 24x24 electrodes.
– Database to test CFD predictions.
– Length, L = 4 m, Inner Diameter, D = 51.2 mm.
• Air-Water at atmospheric pressure, and 30 C.
• Measurements carried out for stationary flows of various superficial
velocity ratios.
– 10 different cross sections located between L/ D = 0.6 and 59.2 from gas
injection.
– Select test cases in bubbly flow regime with a near-wall peak in gas volume
fraction.

Bubbly Flow in Vertical Pipe NDF Validation
Test dp Ul,sup Ug,sup

[mm] [m/s] [m/s]
017 4.8 0.405 0.0040
019 4.8 1.017 0.0040
038 4.3 0.225 0.0096
039 4.5 0.405 0.0096
040 4.6 0.641 0.0096
041 4.5 1.017 0.0096
042 3.6 1.611 0.0096
074 4.5 1.017 0.0368

Bubbly Flow in Vertical Pipe NDF Validation
• SST turbulence model for continuous phase.
• Sato model for particle induced turbulence.
• Simple algebraic turbulence model for dispersed phase turbulence:
 t   t /      1
• Grace model for drag force.
• Tomiyama models for the lift and wall lubrication force.
• FAD and Lopez de Berterdano (RPI Model) for the turbulence
dispersion force.
• Virtual Mass Force neglected.

Bubbly Flow in Vertical Pipe Validation Data

Bubbly Flow in Vertical Pipe Validation Data

Mixture Model
Mixture Model vs Particle Model
• In Particle Model user need to provide particle diameter (dp) which is
used in calculation of
• Interfacial Area Density
• Interphase transfer term
• Particle Model is used for
• Gas-liquid bubbly flows
• Droplet flows in gas or immiscible liquid
• Fluid-particle flows
• But for complex interfacial boundaries, gas-liquid flows with flow
regime transition, Mixture model is used:
• Plug flow
• Slug flow
• Annular flow
• Churn flow
Mixture Model
• Treats both phases symmetrically. It requires both phases to be

continuous.
• Fluid properties are calculated as volume averaged mixtures
• The term 𝑀𝛼𝛽 𝐷 represents the drag force per unit volume exerted
by phase β on phase α.
𝑀𝛼𝛽 = 𝐶𝐷 𝜌𝛼𝛽 𝐴𝛼𝛽 |𝑈𝛽 − 𝑈𝛼 |(𝑈𝛽 − 𝑈𝛼 )

𝑟𝛼 𝑟𝛽
ρα𝛽 = rα ρα + rβ ρβ 𝐴𝛼𝛽 =
𝑑𝛼𝛽
• dαβ (interfacial length scale) and CD (drag coefficient) are to be

provided by user

Free Surface Model
• Similar to Mixture Model

• Difference in the calculation of the Interfacial Area Density
ρα𝛽 = rα ρα + rβ ρβ 𝐴𝛼𝛽 = |𝛻𝑟𝛼 |

Interphase Heat Transfer

Thermal Energy Equation

Single Phase (   e )    (   U  e )  ( T )    : U 
t

Multiphase Phase (r   e )    (r   U  e )  (r  T )  r   : U 
t
 e   e    Q

NP NP
 
1  1
• eα , λα , Tα : internal energy, thermal conductivity and temperature of phase α

• The Multiphase equation is weighted by volume fraction rα and contains two
extra terms.
• The term (Γαβeβ- Γβαeα) represents heat transfer induced by interphase mass
transfer
• The term Qαβ represents interphase heat transfer to phase α across interfaces
with phase β
Interphase Heat Transfer
Q  h A (T  T )
• Q is the heat transferred per unit time per unit volume, from  to .
• A is the interfacial area per unit volume
• h is the interfacial heat transfer coefficient (also known as overall heat
transfer coefficient).
• h depends on Nusselt Number (Nu)
Nu = h dp/c
where dp = particle diameter
c = thermal conductivity of the continuous phase

Heat Transfer Rate Options
• Specified overall heat transfer coefficient

• Specified Nusselt number
• Specified interphase heat transfer flux
• Correlations for overall heat transfer coefficient
• Two Resistance Model

Correlations for Overall Heat Transfer
Coefficient
• Available for Continuous phase – Dispersed phase only (Particle Model)
• The Nusselt number depends upon the surrounding fluid Prandtl number
( Pr = cpα µα/λα ) as well as the particle Reynolds number (ReP)
–Ranz- Marshall (0 < ReP < 200, 0 < Pr < 250)
Nu  2  0.6 Re P Pr 0.3
0.5
–Hughmark (0 < Pr < 250)

Nu  2  0.6 Re P Pr 0.33 , (0  Re P  776.06)
0.5
Nu  2  0.27 Re P Pr 0.33 , ( Re P  776.06)

0.62

The Two Resistance Model
• Available for both the particle and mixture models:
– for Continuous phase – Dispersed phase
– for Continuous phase – Continuous phase
• There are special situations where the use of an overall heat

transfer coefficient is not sufficient to model the interphase
heat transfer process.
• A more general class of models considers separate heat

transfer processes either side of the phase interface.
• This is achieved by using two heat transfer coefficients defined

on each side of the phase interface.
The Two Resistance Model
• The heat flux from the interface to phase α and phase β
q  h (Ts  T ) q   h (Ts  T )
• Overall heat balance, qα + qβ = 0, this condition determines interfacial
temperature (Ts)
h T  h T
Ts 
h  h
• The overall heat transfer coefficient (h
1 1 1
q  - q   h A (T  T )  
h h h
• Fluid specific Nusselt Number

Nuα = h d/
where d is the interfacial length scale for the mixture model (the
mean particle diameter for the Particle Model )

Heat Transfer Coefficient Options
Continuous side (α)
• Zero resistance T
h   T  Ts
• Specified heat transfer coefficient Continuous
• Specified Nusselt number T , h
• Correlations :
(available only for Particle Model)
T
– Ranz-Marshall
T
– Hughmark

Heat Transfer Coefficient Options
Dispersed side (β)
• Zero resistance
T , h
h   T  Ts
• Specified heat transfer coefficient Continuous
T
• Specified Nusselt number

T , h
T , h

Distributing Boundary Heat Transfer
• At wall and fluid-solid
interface boundaries, the heat
transfer must be distributed
between the individual phases
– The default behavior is for
the partitioning to be based
on the phasic volume
fraction
– It is possible to over-ride
this default and directly set
the contact area fraction for
the individual phase

Appendix

Mixture Model
• Gas-liquid flows with flow regime transition like plug flow, slug
flow, annular flow, churn flow
• Treats both phases symmetrically. It requires both phases to
be continuous.
• The term 𝑀𝛼𝛽 𝐷 represents the drag force per unit volume
exerted by phase β on phase α.

𝑟𝛼 𝑟𝛽
ρα𝛽 = rα ρα + rβ ρβ 𝐴𝛼𝛽 =
𝑑𝛼𝛽
• dαβ (interfacial length scale) and CD (drag coefficient) are to be
provided by user
Terminal Rise Velocity for Bubbles
Terminal
bubble
rise
velocity

Lift Force - Saffman Formulation
• Applicable to dilute concentrations of spherical particles

3 
FL  rd  c C L
c
U r   U c
'
2 d  U c
P
C L  6.46
'
• Saffman (0<ReP<ReS<1) :
• correction by Mei & Klausner (1994) for higher ReP :
6.46  f (Re P , Re S ) for : Re P  40

CL  
'
   for : 40  Re P  100
1/ 2
6.46 0.0524 ( Re P
)
0.1Re P
f (Re P , Re S )  (1  0.3314  )e  0.3314 
1/ 2 1/ 2

Lift Force - Tomiyama Formulation
 min  0.288 tanh(0.121  Re P ), f ( Eod )  Eod  4


CL   f ( Eod )  0.00105 Eod  0.0159 Eod  0.0204 Eod  0.474 4  Eod  10.0
3 2
 0.27 Eod  10.0


• modified Eod number:

g (  L  G ) d H
2 0.3 Tomiyama C_L (u_slip=0.01 m/s)
Eod 
Tomiyama C_L (u_slip=0.05 m/s)
C_L (Tomiyama), 0<Eo_d<10
 0.2 C_L (Tomiyama), 10<Eo_d
Lift Force Coeff. C_L [-]
C_L (Tomiyama, orig.), 10<Eo_D
• horizontal bubble length scale: 0.1
dB=3mm
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
d H  d P (1  0.163  Eo
0.757 1/ 3
) -0.1
-0.2
 for dB=3mm we can use
-0.3
constant lift coefficient: Bubble diameter [mm]
CL0.28
Wall Lubrication Force
• Tomiyama Modification
– Like Tomiyama lift force, depends on Eotvos number, hence accounts for
dependence of wall lubrication force on bubble shape.
– In conjunction with Tomiyama lift force, produces excellent results for bubble
flow in vertical pipes.
– However, requires pipe diameter (D) as input parameter, hence geometry
dependent.
• Frank Modification
– Generalises Tomiyama’s model to be geometry independent.

– Model constants calibrated and validated for bubbly flow in vertical pipes
CWC = 10, CWD = 6.8, p = 1.7

Virtual Mass Force Numerics
• Virtual Mass Force
– Proportional to difference in phasic accelerations.
• Implementation in ANSYS CFX
– Upwind linearisation of acceleration terms
– May choose first order upwind, or upwind scheme compatible with chosen
advection discretisation (expert parameter)
– Coupled implicit treatment of upwind acceleration terms.
– Consistent account of VMF terms in Rhie-Chow interpolation.
– Inclusion of VMF often improves convergence compared to no VMF
– However, rarely alters converged results

Virtual Mass Force Validation
• Flow in the converging part of a converging diverging nozzle to evaluate the
effect of flow curvature.
• Drag is set to zero, there is no buoyancy.
• As the flow accelerates a transverse pressure gradient is set up by the
continuum, water, which accelerates the dilute disperse phase, air, towards
the axis.

Virtual Mass Force Validation
VMF
Particle Tracking Model solution Eulerian Fluid Model Solution with

(no Virtual Mass force) Virtual Mass Force
Virtual Mass Force Robustness
No VMF VMF, High Res diff. VMF, UDS diff.

GGI Conjugate Heat Transfer
• Conjugate heat transfer with GGI fluid-solid interfaces has been available since
the 12.0 release
– Previously a feature matrix gap as 1:1 GGI connections were required for multiphase
flows with conjugate heat transfer to solids
– Gives more flexibility in meshing as meshes in fluid and solid regions
are no longer required matched at interfaces
– Conjugate Additional Variable transfer also supported
• GGI numerics are often more robust and give better answers than 1:1 numerics
for CHT problems, and are often preferred
– ‘Automatic’ mesh connections now use GGI numerics at fluid-solid interfaces and
solid-solid domain interfaces (connecting separate domains)
e

CFX Multiphase 14.5 L03 Interphase Momentum Heat Transfer

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CFX Multiphase 14.5 L03 Interphase Momentum Heat Transfer

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Interphase Momentum and

Multiphase Flow Modeling

• Interphase Momentum Transfer

• Interphase Heat Transfer

© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. 4-2 Release 14.5

© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. 4-3 Release 14.5

• The Multiphase equation is weighted by volume fraction rα and contains two

• The bubbles rise through the liquid. This

© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. 4-5 Release 14.5

where AP is the cross-sectional area of particle and is given by

© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. 4-6 Release 14.5

© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. 4-7 Release 14.5

where constant cαβ d is known as momentum transfer/exchange coefficient

CD Aαβ (interfacial area density ) is

© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. 4-9 Release 14.5

Stokes Transitional Newton Supercritical

© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. 4-11 Release 14.5

• CFX modifies the Schiller-Naumann drag law this to ensure the

• Modified Schiller-Naumann drag law covers Stoke, Transitional

© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. 4-12 Release 14.5

© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. 4-13 Release 14.5

Bubble size variation Ellipsoidal shape Spherical Cap

© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. 4-14 Release 14.5

𝜌𝑓 |𝑈𝑃 − 𝑈𝑓 |𝑑 Clift, Grace, Weber: Bubbles, Drops and

Drag coefficient is found by balance between buoyancy force and

© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. 4-16 Release 14.5

• Smaller diameter bubbles: • Larger diameter bubbles

CD = CD (sphere) CD = min (CD (ellipse), CD (cap))

© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. 4-17 Release 14.5

TERMINAL VELOCITY / cm/s

Source: Grace & Weber, 1982

correlation for spherical regime only

© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. 4-19 Release 14.5

Lift Wall Virtual Turbulent

• Such forces are fundamental to the physics of phase distribution in

© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. 4-20 Release 14.5

© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. 4-21 Release 14.5

© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. 4-22 Release 14.5

min  0.288 tanh(0.121  Re P ), f ( Eod )  Eod  4

• modified Eod number: 0.2

C_L (Tomiyama, orig.), 10<Eo_D

• for dB=3mm we can use -0.3

© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. 4-24 Release 14.5

© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. 4-25 Release 14.5

• For vertical cocurrent upflow in a pipe,

• For vertical cocurrent downflow in a

• Potentially significant for:

© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. 4-28 Release 14.5

– cαβ d : momentum transfer coefficient for the interface drag force

2. Lopez de Bertodano Model

FTD  CTD  c k c rc

– kc : turbulent kinetic energy of continuous phase

© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. 4-30 Release 14.5

• Bubbly flow in a vertical pipe

© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. 4-31 Release 14.5

Test dp Ul,sup Ug,sup

019 4.8 1.017 0.0040

038 4.3 0.225 0.0096

039 4.5 0.405 0.0096

040 4.6 0.641 0.0096

041 4.5 1.017 0.0096

042 3.6 1.611 0.0096

074 4.5 1.017 0.0368

© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. 4-32 Release 14.5