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Experiment 25 Prelaboratory Assignment

Calorimetry
Date __________ Lab Sec. ______ Name ____________________________________________ Desk No. __________
1. Experimental Procedure, Part A.1. What is the procedure for heating a metal to an exact but measured temperature?
10-30g of a dry metal should be transfered into a test tube. the test tube should be placed in a beaker filled with
water. The water should be heated to a boil and left at this temperature for 10 minutes until it reaches a thermal
equilibrium.

2. Experimental Procedure, Parts A.4, 5.

a. When a metal at a higher temperature is transferred to water at a lower temperature, heat is inevitably lost to the
calorimeter (Figure 25.4). Will this unmeasured heat loss increase or decrease the calculated value of the specific
heat of the metal? Explain. See equation 25.5.

because heat will be lost to the calorimeter, not all of the energy calculated in the transfer of heat will be
measured. For this reason the calculated specific heat will decrease.

b. Explain why the extrapolated temperature is used to determine the maximum temperature of the mixture rather than
the highest recorded temperature in the experiment. See Figure 25.5.

The extrapolated temperature is used because heat is constantly being lost to the system and by the time the
maximum temperature is recorded, heat has already been lost. Using extrapolated temperature accounts for the
loss in heat.

3. Experimental Procedure, Part B. Three student chemists measured 50.0 mL of 1.00 M NaOH in separate Styrofoam
coffee cup calorimeters (Part B). Brett added 50.0 mL of 1.10 M HCl to his solution of NaOH; Dale added 45.5 mL of
1.10 M HCl (equal moles) to his NaOH solution. Lyndsay added 50.0 mL of 1.00 M HCl to her NaOH solution. Each
student recorded the temperature change and calculated the enthalpy of neutralization.
Identify the student who observes a temperature change that will be different from that observed by the other two
chemists. Explain why and how (higher or lower) the temperature will be different.

Dale observes a different change in temperature. This is because he added 45.5 mL of HCL to his solution
while Lyndsay and Brett added 50 mL. This because the volume of Dale's solution is smaller, the change in
temperature will be higher.

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4. The specific heat of the metal was determined following Part A of the Experimental Procedure in this experiment.
Complete the following table for Trial 1 (See Report Sheet.) for determining the specific heat of the metal. Record the
calculated values with the correct number of significant figures.

Calculation Zone
1. Mass of metal (g) _________
20.94 Part 2
2. Temperature of metal (°C) _________
99.4
5. Mass of water (g) _________
100.0
6. Temperature of water (°C) _________
22.0
7. Maximum temperature of water (°C) _________
24.6

Calculations for Specific Heat of a Metal

Part 4
1. Temperature change of water, ∆T (°C) __________
2. Heat gained by water (J)
Show calculation. __________
3. Temperature change of metal, ∆T (°C) __________
4. Specific heat of metal (J/g°C)
Equation 25.5.
Show calculation. __________

5. The enthalpy of solution for the dissolving of a KBr sample was determined following Part C of the Experimental Pro-
cedure in this experiment. Complete the following table for Trial 1 (See Report Sheet.) for determining the enthalpy of
solution of KBr.

Calculation Zone

1. Mass of salt (g) _______

5.00 Part 2
2. Moles of salt (mol) _______
5. Mass of water (g) _______
25.0
6. Initial temperature of water (°C) _______
25.0
7. Final temperature of mixture (°C) _______
18.1
Part 4
Calculations for Enthalpy (heat) of
Solution for the Dissolution of a Salt

1. Temperature change of solution, (°C) _______

2. Heat change of water (J) _______
Show calculation. _______
Part 5
3. Heat change of salt (J); sp. ht. of
KBr = 0.439 J/g•°C _______
4. Total enthalpy change, equation 25.11 (J)
Show calculation. _______
5. ∆Hs (J/mol salt)
Equation 25.12
Show calculation. _______

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Experiment 25 Report Sheet

Calorimetry
Date __________ Lab Sec. ______ Name ____________________________________________ Desk No. __________

A. Specific Heat of a Metal

Unknown No. _______________ Trial 1 Trial 2

1. Mass of metal (g) _______________ _______________

2. Temperature of metal (boiling water) (°C) _______________ _______________

3. Mass of calorimeter (g) _______________ _______________

4. Mass of calorimeter + water (g) _______________ _______________

5. Mass of water (g) _______________ _______________

6. Temperature of water in calorimeter (°C) _______________ _______________

7. Maximum temperature of metal and water from graph (°C) _______________ _______________

8. Instructor’s approval of graph _______________ _______________

Calculations for Specific Heat of a Metal

1. Temperature change of water, ∆T (°C) _______________ _______________

2. Heat gained by water (J) _______________ _______________

3. Temperature change of metal, ∆T (°C) _______________ _______________

4. Specific heat of metal, equation 25.5 (J/g •°C) _______________* _______________

5. Average specific heat of metal (J/g •°C) _______________ Data Analysis, B

*Show calculations for Trial 1 using the correct number of significant figures.

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B. Enthalpy (Heat) of Neutralization for an Acid–Base Reaction

*Show calculations for Trial 1 using the correct number of significant figures.

Comment on your two values of ∆Hn.

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C. Enthalpy (Heat) of Solution for the Dissolution of a Salt

Name of salt ______________________________________ Trial 1 Trial 2

1. Mass of salt (g) ___________________ ___________________

2. Moles of salt (mol) ___________________ ___________________

3. Mass of calorimeter (g) ___________________ ___________________

4. Mass of calorimeter + water (g) ___________________ ___________________

5. Mass of water (g) ___________________ ___________________

6. Initial temperature of water (°C) ___________________ ___________________

7. Final temperature of mixture from graph (°C) ___________________ ___________________

8. Instructor’s approval of graph ___________________ ___________________

Calculations for Enthalpy (Heat) of Solution for the Dissolution of a Salt

1. Temperature change of solution, ∆T (°C) ___________________ ___________________

2. Heat change of water (J) ___________________ ___________________

3. Heat change of salt (J) (Obtain its specific heat from Table 25.1.)* ___________________ ___________________

4. Total enthalpy change (J) ___________________ ___________________

5. ∆Hs (J/mol salt), equation 25.12 ___________________ ** ___________________

6. Average ∆Hs (J/mol salt) ___________________

*Optional. See instructor.

**Show calculations for Trial 1. Report the result with the correct number of significant figures.

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Enthalpy (Heat)
Specific Heat Enthalpy (Heat) of Neutralization of Solution for the
of a Metal for an Acid–Base Reaction Dissolution of a Salt
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 1 Trial 2
Time Temp Time Temp Time Temp Time Temp Time Temp Time Temp Time Temp Time Temp

1. Because there is more water the mass of the water will be greater. this however will not change the change in heat
2. if the highest measured temperature is used instead of the extrapolated temperature the specific heat value would be smaller.
using a smaller value of the change in temperature when calculating specific heat will result in a smaller specific heat value
3. it would depend on the type of weak acid as some weak acids are ionize more than others, meaning the enthalpy of
neutralization will not be the same for the weak acid strong base reactions.
4. (6.22ºC)(2.35g)(1.34J/g•ºC) = 19.6J
5. because the mole ratio id about 1 to 1 there will be a portion of NaOH that will not react as the HCl and become the limiting
reactant.
6. it will cause no change because you acre calculating the change in temperature and not necessarily how high the temperature
is.

Laboratory Questions
Circle the questions that have been assigned.
1. Part A.1. The 200-mm test tube also contained some water (besides the metal) that was subsequently added to the
calorimeter (in Part A.4). Considering a higher specific heat for water, will the temperature change in the calorimeter
be higher, lower, or unaffected by this technique error? Explain.
2. Part A.5. In measuring the specific heat of a metal, Josh used the highest measured temperature for calculating the
metal’s specific heat rather then the extrapolated temperature. Will this decision result in a higher or lower specific
heat value for the metal? Explain.
3. Part B. The enthalpy of neutralization for all strong acid–strong base reactions should be the same within experimental
error. Explain. Will that also be the case for all weak acid–strong base reactions? Explain.
4. Part B. Heat is lost to the Styrofoam calorimeter. Assuming a 6.22ºC temperature change for the reaction of HCl(aq)
with NaOH(aq), calculate the heat loss to the inner 2.35-g Styrofoam cup. The specific heat of Styrofoam is 1.34 J/g•ºC.
5. Part B.3. Jacob carelessly added only 40.0 mL (instead of the recommended 50.0 mL) of 1.1 M HCl to the 50.0 mL of
1.0 M NaOH. Explain the consequence of the error.
6. Part B.3. The chemist used a thermometer that was miscalibrated by a plus 2ºC over the entire thermometer scale. Will
this factory error cause the reported energy of neutralization, ∆Hn, to be higher, lower, or unaffected? Explain.
7. Part C.3. If some of the salt remains adhered to the weighing paper (and therefore is not transferred to the calorimeter),
will the enthalpy of solution for the salt be reported too high or too low? Explain.
8. Part C. The dissolution of ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3, in water is an endothermic process. Since the calorimeter is
not a perfect insulator, will the enthalpy of solution, ∆Hs, for ammonium nitrate be reported as too high or too low if
this heat change is ignored? Explain.

304 Calorimetry