SK025

Pre-Lab Module

EXPERIMENT 1
RATE OF REACTION

Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this lesson, students should be able to study the effect of concentration,
temperature and catalyst on the reaction rate.

Direction: Read over the lab manual and then answer the following question.

Introduction:

(A) The effect of concentration on the reaction rate

1. Define reaction rate.

2. What is the unit for reaction rate?

3. State the factors affecting rate of reaction. Explain.

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(B) The effect of temperature and catalyst on the reaction rate

1. What is catalyst. State the catalyst used in this experiment.

2. How is the effect of temperature on reaction rate studied in this experiment?

Procedure

List all the precautions of the experiment.

Experiment 1 : Data Analysis

(A) The effect of concentration on the reaction rate

1. Calculate the concentration of sodium thiosulphate (refer to Table 1.1 in lab

manual)

2. A group of students carried out a study of changing concentration of X with

1
reaction rate. Graph against concentration of X is shown in Figure 1.
t

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Figure 1 Pre-Lab Module

a) What is the relationship between times of reaction with rate of reaction?

1
b) What does represent?
t
c) Deduce the relationship between the concentration of reactant with rate of
reaction.

(B) The effect of temperature and catalyst on the reaction rate

1. An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of temperature on the

reaction rate. The following data were obtained.

Temperature (°C) Time (s)

30.0 6.78
40.0 4.81
50.0 3.45
60.0 2.33

1
a) Using the above data, plot a graph of against temperature.
t
b) Predict the relationship between reaction rate and temperature.

2. Which reaction will occur faster, with catalyst or without catalyst?

3. One sunny afternoon, Aunty Mariam went grocery shopping at AEON. She left
the groceries in the car and continues to shop for hours. When she reached home,
she found that the milk that she bought had gone sour. Why do we need to keep
the milk in refrigerator to maintain its freshness?
EXPERIMENT 2
DETERMINING THE HEAT OF REACTION

Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this lesson, students should be able to study the effect of concentration,
temperature and catalyst on the reaction rate.

Direction: Read over the lab manual and then answer the following question.

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Introduction

1. What is thermochemistry?

2. The unit of measurement for enthalpy is

3. Name the device used to determine the enthalpy of reaction.

4. The specific heat capacity, c of copper metal is 0.385 J g-1C-1 while the heat capacity, C
of a calorimeter is 20.0 JC-1. Explain.

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Procedure :

1. Why must the same calorimeter be used for both parts of experiment?

2. List down the precautions of the experiment:

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Experiment 2 : Data Analysis

1. Given the following data,

Temperature of 50.0 mL warmer water, T2 : 37.92 C

Temperature of 50.0mL cooler water, T1 : 20.91 C
Temperature after mixing, Tf : 29.11 C

Calculate;

a) the heat lost by the warmer water,

b) the heat lost to the cooler water,
c) the heat lost to the calorimeter,
d) the heat capacity of the calorimeter.

2. Given the following data, calculate the heat gained by the solution, the heat gained by the
calorimeter and heat of reaction:

[Assume that the density of these solutions is 1.00 g/mL]

Temperature of 50.0 mL of 1.0 M of monoprotic acid before mixing 21.02 C

Temperature of 50.0 mL of 1.0 M of monoprotic base before mixing 21.02 C
Temperature of 100.0 mL of solution after mixing 27.53 C
Intial temperature of calorimeter 25.00 oC
Heat capacity of calorimeter 15.56 J oC1

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EXPERIMENT 3
ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS

Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this lesson, students will be able to:
i. Explain how electrochemical cell is constructed.
ii. Arrange the metals in an electrochemical series.
iii. State the differences between Ered and Ecell.
iv. State the differences between Ecell and Ecell
v. Determine the factors affecting the quantity of product during electrolysis.
vi. Suggest precaution steps to improve the accuracy of the data.

Direction: Read over the lab manual and then answer the following question.

Introduction

1. What is the main difference between galvanic cell and electrolytic cell?

2. The Standard Reduction / Electrode Potential (SRP) series shows the reduction potential
of various half-cell reactions and the corresponding E reduction values listed in the order
of the most positive to the most negative values;

a) How are the Ered values determined using E0 cell measured?

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b) Draw a diagram to show the experimental set-up to obtain the Ered values.

3. What is the difference between standard electrode potential, Ered and standard cell
potential, Ecell?

4. In this experiment, we will be constructing four galvanic cells using various half cells
with Cu2+/Cu half cells and measure the cell potential of these cells.

Ecell
The potential difference between the two
half-cells measured under non-standard
conditions
E0cell
The The potential difference between the
two half-cells at standard condition
(P= 1 atm; T=25oC; concentration of the
solution used=1.0M).

a) State the conditions for the measurement of the Ecell.

b) Write an equation to show the relationship between Ecell and Ecell

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Procedure

1. What does the voltmeter reading in this experiment represent?

2. Explain how to determine anode and cathode from the set-up of the electrolytic cell.

3. What are the precautions that need to be taken in carrying out this experiment?

Part A

Part B

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Experiment 3 : Data Analysis

1. The table below shows the standard reduction potentials of several half cells.

Half cells E°(V)

Al3+ + 3e–→ Al(s) –1.66
I2(s) + 2e–→ 2I– (aq) +0.53
Sn4+(aq) + 2e–→ Sn2+(aq) +0.14
Fe3+(aq)+ e–→ Fe2+(aq) +0.77
Fe2+ + 2e–→ Fe(s) -0.44

Arrange the species in order of increasing strength of reducing agent. Explain your
answer.

2. State the factors that affect the quantity of product formed in electrolytic cell and explain
the law/principle applied.

3. In an electrolysis of aqueous chromium salt, a current of 0.04 A is passed for 15 min

27 s. The mass of chromium deposited is 6.640 x 10 -3 g. Find the value of Faraday’s
constant

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EXPERIMENT 4
REACTION OF ALIPHATIC AND AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS

Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this lesson, students will be able to:
i. study the chemical properties of an alkane, alkene and arene.
ii. differentiate an alkane from an alkene and arene.

Introduction

1. What is hydrocarbon?

2. What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons?

3. State the distinguishing feature of aromatic hydrocarbons.

4. State the type of reaction for bromination of alkane, alkene and arene.

Procedure

List down all precautions of the experiment:

(A) Reaction with bromine in dichloromethane

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1. What is the purpose of bromine test?

2. Why must certain test tubes be fully covered with black sugar paper?

(B) Oxidation with KMnO4

What is the colour of KMnO4 solution and state its function?

Experiment 4 : Data Analysis

(A) Reaction with bromine in dichloromethane

1. Write the chemical equation for the bromination of:

i. cyclopentane in the presence of sunlight.
ii. cyclopentene.

2. State the type of reaction for 1(i) and 1(ii).

3. State the function of sunlight .

(B) Oxidation with KMnO4

1. Write the chemical equation for the oxidation of the following compound with hot
acidified KMnO4.
i. cyclopentene
ii. methylbenzene

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EXPERIMENT 5
REACTION OF HYDROXY COMPOUNDS

Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this lesson, students will be able to:
i. identify classes of alcohols.
ii. study the chemical properties of alcohols and phenol.

Introduction

1. Name the functional group of alcohol?

2. Complete the Table 1.

Table 1
Compound Structural formula Class of alcohol

1-pentanol

2-pentanol

2-methyl-2-butanol

Lucas Test

1. What is the function of Lucas test?

2. What is Lucas reagents?

3.

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3. State the expected observation for the reaction of alcohol of each following class with
Lucas reagent in Table 2.
Table 2
Class of Alcohol Observation
Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

Oxidation:

1. State the expected observation for the reaction of alcohol of each following
class with
hot, acidified sodium dichromate in Table 3.

Table 3
Class of Alcohol Observation
Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

Confirmatory test for phenol:

1. State the suitable reagent used as confirmatory test for phenol.

2. State the expected observation in the confirmatory test for phenol.

Procedure

List down 3 precautions during the experiment.

Experiment 5 : Data Analysis

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1. Write the products for the reaction in following scheme.

HCl(conc), ZnCl2
Cyclohexanol
Na2Cr2O7, H+
Δ

2. The reaction of alcohol A with Lucas reagent gives cloudy solution immediately. Alcohol
B turns the orange colour of hot acidified K 2Cr2O7 to green. The reaction of alcohol B
with Lucas reagent gives cloudy solution within 10 minutes. Alcohol C turns the colour
of hot acidified K2Cr2O7 from orange to green while no cloudiness is observed with Lucas
reagent after 10 minutes. State the class of alcohol A, B and C. Give the example for each
class of alcohol.

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EXPERIMENT 6
ALDEHYDES AND KETONES

Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this lesson, students will be able to:
i. name the functional group of aldehyde and ketone
ii. draw the structural formula of aldehyde and ketone
iii. list the suitable test and its used
iv. differentiate aldehyde and ketone.

Introduction

1. Name the functional group of aldehyde and ketone?

2. Draw the general structural formula for aldehyde and ketone.

Aldehyde Ketone

3. What is /are reagents used to differentiate aldehydes from ketones?

4. Which carbonyl compound cannot be oxidised.

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5. Complete the Table 1.

Table 1
Compound Structural formula Aldehyde/Ketone
Ethanal

Benzaldehyde

Propanone

6. What does the following test detect? Complete Table 2.

Table 2
Identification Test Reagent and condition Detect
Brady’s

Fehling

Tollen’s

Schift’s

Iodoform

7. State the expected observation for the reaction of carbonyl compound in Table 3.

Table 3

Observation
Test
Ethanal Benzaldehyde Propanone
Brady’s

Fehling

Tollen’s

Schift’s
Iodofor
m

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Procedure

List down three precautions during the experiment.

Experiment 6 : Data Analysis

Question 1

A, B and C are isomers with a molecular formula C 4H8O. When a compound A, B and C
react with 2,4-dinitrophenylhidrazine, a yellow precipitate is formed. Compound B and C
give positive result with silver nitrate in aqueous ammonia. Deduce the structures of A, B
and C.

Question 2

When compound Z with a molecular formula of C 6H12 reacts with ozone followed by
treatment with zinc in dimethyl sulfide (CH3)2S, compound D and E formed. A yellow
precipitate formed when D and E reacted with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. Upon treatment
with Fehling’s reagent, only E gives brick-red precipitate. When both D and E undergo
iodoform test, only D gives a pale yellow precipitate, which on acidification yielded ethanoic
acid. Deduce the structures of Z, D and E. Write the complete equations for all the reactions
involved.

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