UNDERSTANDING

PLUMBING FIXTURES
FUNDAMENTALS OF PLUMBING

DANILO V. RAVINA 1
KEYWORDS:

• PLUMBING FIXTURE
• FIXTURE UNIT
• DRAINAGE FIXTURE UNIT (DFU)
• WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE (WSFU)
• ROUGHING-IN

DANILO V. RAVINA 2
 What are Plumbing Fixtures?

• Plumbing Fixtures are approved-type installed receptacles,

devices or appliances supplied with water or liquid-borne
wastes & discharge such wastes into the drainage system to
which they may be directly or indirectly connected. Industrial
or commercial tanks, vats & similar processing equipment are
not plumbing fixtures, but may be connected to or discharge
into approved traps or plumbing fixtures as approved for in
this Code. (Sec. 217.10 NPC 1999)

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FIXTURE UNIT

207.8
FIXTURE UNIT is an arbitrary quantity in terms of
which the load-producing effects or water
requirements on the plumbing system of different
kinds of plumbing fixtures are expressed in some
arbitrarily chosen scale. One fixture unit is
equivalent to a rate of flow at 28.3 liters per
minute (1 cubic feet per minute) or (7.5 gpm).

DRAINAGE FIXTURE UNIT (DFU) is a numerical

weighing factor to account for the probable
discharge into the plumbing drainage system by
various types of plumbing fixtures, using the single
lavatory as equivalent to 1 DFU.

WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE UNIT (WSFU) is a

numerical weighing factor to account for the water
demand of various plumbing fixtures, using the
lavatory for private use as equivalent to 1 WSFU.
DANILO V. RAVINA 4
 What are the common types of Plumbing
Fixtures?
• Plumbing Fixtures, put in simpler term, are receptacles or
receivers attached to the plumbing system other than a trap
in which water or waste may be collected or retained for
ultimate discharge into the plumbing treatment facility and
point of discharge.

• Their common types are:

1. Water Closet 2. Lavatory
3. Bathtub /Shower 4. Kitchen Sink
5. Bidet 6. Urinal

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 WATER CLOSET
DRAINAGE Refer to page 80 of the NPC WATER SUPPLY Refer to page 73 of the NPC
FIXTURE MINIMUM DRAINAGE FIXTURE WATER WATER
TRAP & FIXTURE SUPPLY SUPPLY
TRAP ARM UNIT (DFU) FIXTURE FIXTURE
SIZE (mm) UNIT UNIT
WATER 76 mm 4 DFU (WSFU): (WSFU):
CLOSET,* PRIVATE USE PUBLIC USE
PRIVATE WATER CLOSET 3 WSFU 5 WSFU
INSTALLATION (FLUSH TANK)
WATER 76 mm 6 DFU WATER CLOSET 2.5 WSFU 4 WSFU
CLOSET, (ECONOMICAL
PUBLIC FLUSH)
INSTALLATION WATER CLOSET 6 WSFU 10 WSFU
Water closets shall be computed as 6 (FLUSHOMETER
DFU when determining septic tank size. VALVE) 25 mm

*Drainage Fixture Unit (DFU) and Water Supply Fixture Unit (WSFU) – is a numerical weighing factor to
account for the sewage flow or water demand of various plumbing fixtures, using the lavatory (for private
use) as 1 DFU or 1 WSFU. It is just an index number meant to put all fixtures on a common basis.

DANILO V. RAVINA 6
 What is a Water Closet & What are its
Classifications?
• Water Closet is a plumbing fixture used
to receive human excrement & to
discharge it through a waste pipe, using
water as a conveying medium.

• Water Closets are classified according to:

1. Design
2. Make
3. Flushing Mechanism Used
4. Shape
5. Installation

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What are the types of water closet as to Design?
1. Siphon Washdown 2. Siphon Jet 3. Siphon Vortex 4. Reverse Trap

1. Siphon Washdown 2. Siphon Jet

The jet being submerged,

It is the least expensive but the
introduces water underwater so
noisiest; Only small amount of
that its operation is entirely
standing water, susceptible to
muffled. It has a large amount
fouling, staining &
of standing water to prevent
contamination
fouling
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3. Siphon Vortex Reverse Trap

This type of bowl develops its
flushing action through the
water entering the diagonal
holes around the rim which
creates a swirling action which
forms a vortex in the center.
The trap way located at the rear
eliminated the bulge at the front.
The design of the bowl plus its
large water area & quietness in
operation, makes it desirable
than the siphon washdown.

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 What are the type of water closets as to Make?
1. One-Piece 2. Close Coupled 3. Pail Flush 4. Squat bowl

One-Piece Water Closet:

• The water closet fixture is

manufactured with the bowl &
the flush tank molded into a
single unit

From HCG
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 Close Coupled Water Closet:

From HCG
• A water closet wherein the flush tank
is separate but is attached to the
toilet bowl. It is a two-piece model.
From Mariwasa ToTo

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 Pail Flush Water Closet:

• A water closet comprising only of a bowl

without a flush tank. Flushing action is
obtained only through water poured from a
pail or bucket. This is used in areas where
running water system is not available.

From Royal Tern

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 Squat Bowl Water Closet:

• A water closet that

is other wise
known as “eastern
type” water closet
since the user
assumes a
squatting position
rather than a
sitting position.

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 What are the types of water closets as to Flushing
Mechanism Used?
1. Flush Tank 2. Flushometer Valve

Flush Tank- Holds a supply of water for

flushing the water closet. It flushes 3 to 6
liters.

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Flushometer Valve:

• Flushometer Valve is a
valve designed to supply a
fixed quantity of water for
flushing purposes. It is
activated by direct water
pressure without the use
of a flush tank. It requires
a flow pressure of 69 to
138 kPa (10 to 20 psi)

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What are the types of water Elongated Front
is more
closets as to Shape? comfortable but
1. Round Front
occupies a larger
2. Elongated Front
space. Water
closet bowls for
Round Front public use shall be
WC is intended the elongated type.
for installation
on a limited
space.

Section 401
Water closet bowls for
public use shall be the
elongated bowl types
equipped with
open-front seats.

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What are the types of water closet as to installation?
1. Free Standing or Floor Mounted
2. Wall Hung or Wall Mounted

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LAVATORY
What is a Lavatory? What are its types?

• A Lavatory is a fixture designed for the washing of the hands

or face. It is also known as a Wash Basin.
• The 4 types of Lavatory are:
1. Wall Hung Lavatory
2. Pedestal Lavatory
3. Counter Type Lavatory
a. Overcounter or Counter top
b. Undercounter
4. One-piece Lavatory

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Wall Hung Lavatory: Pedestal Lavatory:

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 Counter Type Lavatory:

Overcounter Lavatory Undercounter Lavatory

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One-piece Lavatory:

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What are the Minimum Clearances & Roughing-ins for
Lavatories?

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DANILO V. RAVINA, NAMPAP -
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 What is a Bathtub?

• A Bathtub is a tub for bathing, usually a

fixed plumbing installation designed for
1 person. It is available in left outlet and
right outlet

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 What is a Shower Bath?
A Shower Bath is an apparatus for spraying
water on the body, usually from above. Drain
is through the shower bath floor drain.

Shower Pan

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 SHOWER COMPARTMENT Sec. 409.4
All shower compartments,
regardless of shape, shall
have a minimum finished
interior area of 0.6 square
meter, and shall also be
capable of encompassing a
762 mm diameter circle.
The minimum area and
1.78 meters

dimension shall be
maintained from a point
above the shower drain
Min. Area = 0.6 m² outlet to a height of 1.78
meters with no protrusions
762 mm other than the fixture valve
or valves, shower head and
safety grab bars or rails.

DANILO V. RAVINA 26
What is a Kitchen Sink?

A Kitchen Sink is
a plumbing fixture
consisting of a
basin with a water
supply, connected
with a drain & used
for dishwashing.

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 What is a Bidet?

A Bidet is a plumbing fixture used for

washing the middle part of the body,
especially the genitals. It is also
known as Sitz Bath.

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Bidet is used in tandem with the one-piece water closet or in
integrated with the close coupled water closet:

WASHLET

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 What is a Urinal? What are the types of Urinal?

• A Urinal is a plumbing fixture equipped with a water

supply and drain for flushing away urine.
• The types of Urinals are:
1. Wall Hung Urinal
2. Pedestal Urinal
3. Stall Urinal
4. Trough Urinal

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Wall Hung Urinal:

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Stall Urinal

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Urinal Types, Clearances and Roughing-ins:

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 What are other types of Plumbing Fixtures?

Slop Sink – A deep sink, set low &

used by janitors for emptying pails
of dirty water & mop cleaning.

Laundry Tub – A deep wide sink

used for washing clothes.

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Scrub Sink: Drinking Fountain:

A Scrub Sink is a
plumbing fixture
usually located in the
O.R. in a hospital to
enable personnel to
scrub their hands
prior to a surgical
procedure. The Hot
& Cold water supply
is activated by a A Drinking Fountain is a
knee – action mixing plumbing fixture consisting
valve or by wrist or of a shallow basin, together
pedal control or by with a water jet, designed
automatic sensors. to provide potable water for
human consumption.

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What are Toilet and Bath Plumbing
Accessories?

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 PLUMBING FIXTURES:
CLEARANCES,ROUGHING-IN
DIMENSIONS and FIXTURE UNIT
VALUES (dfu) (wsfu)

DANILO V. RAVINA 37
WATER CLOSET

Clearances are
minimum distances 375 mm
750 mm 762 mm

of fixtures for
human safety and
comfort.

1524 mm
457 mm
457 mm
219.9
ROUGHING-IN - the
installation of all pipings
and fitting parts of the
plumbing system, which
can be completed prior to
the installation of fixtures 600 mm 600 mm
381 mm
and accessories. These 300 mm

include sanitary and storm

drainage, tap, hot and
chilled water supplies, gas
pipings, vent pipings and 457 mm

the necessary fixture

supports.
CLEARANCE DIMENSIONS
DANILO V. RAVINA 38
WATER CLOSET

Section 401
Water closet bowls for public use 750 mm 762 mm
shall be the elongated bowl types 375 mm

equipped with open-front seats.

1524 mm
457 mm
457 mm

219.9
ROUGHING-IN - the installation of 600 mm 600 mm
381 mm
all pipings and fitting parts of the 300 mm
plumbing system, which can be
completed prior to the installation
of fixtures and accessories. These
include sanitary and storm
drainage, tap, hot and chilled 457 mm
water supplies, gas pipings, vent
pipings and the necessary fixture
supports.
CLEARANCE DIMENSIONS
DANILO V. RAVINA 39
 300 mm

750 MM
375 MM

457 MM

206 mm
150 mm
300 mm

206 mm
ROUGHING-IN FOR WATER CLOSET

DANILO V. RAVINA 40
WATER CLOSET ROUGHING-IN

DANILO V. RAVINA 41
DANILO V. RAVINA 42
ANATOMY OF A WATERCLOSET

DANILO V. RAVINA 43
DANILO V. RAVINA 44
FLOOR DRAINS SHOWER RECEPTORS
409.1 409.2
Floor drains shall be considered Shower receptors are plumbing fixtures.
plumbing fixtures.

409.3
Each shower receptor shall be an approved type and be
constructed to have a finish dam, curb or threshold which is
at least 25.4 mm lower than the outside floor at the sides
and back of such receptor. In no case shall any dam or
threshold be less than 51 mm nor more than 228 mm in
depth when measured from the top of the dam or threshold
to the drain. The finished floor of the receptor shall slope
uniformly from the sides towards the drain not less than 2%
or 20mm/m or more than 4% or 40mm/m. Thresholds shall
be of sufficient width to accommodate a minimum 559mm
wide door.
DANILO V. RAVINA 45
 SHOWER / BATH TUB

DANILO V. RAVINA 46
PLUMBING ACCESSORIES

DANILO V. RAVINA 47
TOILET FOR THE DISABLED

DANILO V. RAVINA 48
SHOWER FOR THE DISABLED

DANILO V. RAVINA 49
TOILET / POWDER ROOM PLAN

TWO FIXTURE PLAN: PARALLEL

TWO FIXTURE PLAN: ACROSS

DANILO V. RAVINA 50
TOILET AND BATH PLAN

THREE FIXTURE PLAN: OPEN TYPE

THREE FIXTURE PLAN:

COMPARTMENT TYPE
DANILO V. RAVINA 51
FIXTURE UNIT

207.8
FIXTURE UNIT is an arbitrary quantity in terms of
which the load-producing effects or water
requirements on the plumbing system of different
kinds of plumbing fixtures are expressed in some
arbitrarily chosen scale. One fixture unit is
equivalent to a rate of flow at 28.3 liters per
minute (1 cubic feet per minute) or (7.5 gpm).

DRAINAGE FIXTURE UNIT (DFU) is a numerical

weighing factor to account for the probable
discharge into the plumbing drainage system by
various types of plumbing fixtures, using the single
lavatory as equivalent to 1 DFU.

WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE UNIT (WSFU) is a

numerical weighing factor to account for the water
demand of various plumbing fixtures, using the
lavatory for private use as equivalent to 1 WSFU.
DANILO V. RAVINA 52
DRAINAGE FIXTURE UNIT VALUES FOR VARIOUS TYPES
OF PLUMBING FIXTURES

(Single)
NOTE: For more details,
refer to Table 7-2 of the
NPC. Page 80
(Private installation )

DANILO V. RAVINA 53
 *MAXIMUM FIXTURE UNIT LOADING AND MAXIMUM LENGTH OF
EXCRETA DRAINAGE AND VENT PIPING

*THESE
FIGURES ARE
FOUND IN
TABLE 7-5 OF
THE NPC ON
PAGE 88.

NOTES:
1. Excluding trap arm
2. Except sinks, urinals and dishwashers.
3. Except 6 fixture unit traps or water closets.
4. Only four (4) water closet or 6 fixture unit traps are allowed on any vertical pipe or stack, and not
to exceed three (3) water closets or six (6) fixture unit traps on any horizontal branch or drain.
5. Based on 2% or 20.9 mm/m slope. For one (1) percent or 10.4mm/m slope, multiply horizontal
fixture units by a factor of 0.80.
DANILO V. RAVINA 54
WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE UNITS (WSFU)
EQUIVALENT *WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE UNITS (WSFU)
Number of Water Supply Fixture Units
(WSFU)
Type of Fixture Private Use Public Use
Bar Sink 1 2

Bathtub (with or without Shower over) 2 4

Bidet 2 4
Drinking Fountain (each faucet) 1 2
Hose Bibb 3 5
Laundry Tub or Clothes Washer 2 4
Lavatory 1 2
Shower (each head) 2 4
Sink (kitchen) or dishwasher 2 4
Urinal (wall or stall type) - 5
Water Closet – Flush Tank 3 5
Water Closet – Flush Valve: 19mm 3 6
Water Closet – Flush Valve: 25mm 6 10
*Water Supply Fixture Unit (WSFU) – is a numerical weighing factor to account for the water demand of various
plumbing fixtures, using the lavatory (for private use) as 1 WSFU. It is just an index number meant to put all fixtures
on a common basis. DANILO V. RAVINA 55
ESTIMATING WATER DEMAND

SUPPLY SYSTEMS PREDOMINANTLY FOR FLUSH TANKS

LOAD IN WATER WATER DEMAND LOAD IN WATER WATER DEMAND

SUPPLY FIXTURE SUPPLY FIXTURE
UNITS (WSFU) Gallon per minute Liter per second UNITS (WSFU) Gallon per minute Liter per second

1 3.0 0.19 60 32.0 2.02

2 5.0 0.32 70 35.0 2.21
3 6.5 0.41 80 38.0 2.40
4 8.0 0.51 90 41.0 2.59
5 9.4 0.59 100 43.5 2.74
6 10.7 0.68 120 48.0 3.03
7 11.8 0.74 140 52.5 3.31
8 12.8 0.81 160 57.0 3.60
9 13.7 0.86 180 61.0 3.85
10 14.6 0.92 200 65.0 4.10
12 16.0 1.01 250 75.0 4.73
14 17.0 1.07 300 85.0 5.36
16 18.0 1.14 400 105.0 6.62
18 18.8 1.19 500 124.0 7.82
20 19.6 1.24 750 170.0 10.73
25 21.5 1.36 1000 208.0 13.12
30 23.3 1.47 1250 239.0 15.08
35 24.9 1.57 1500 269.0 16.97
40 26.3 1.66 2000 325.0 20.50
45 27.7 1.76 2500 380.0 23.97
50 29.1 1.84DANILO V. RAVINA3000 433.0 27.32 56
TABLE 2B. ESTIMATING WATER DEMAND

SUPPLY SYSTEMS PREDOMINANTLY FOR FLUSH VALVES

LOAD IN WATER WATER DEMAND LOAD IN WATER WATER DEMAND

SUPPLY FIXTURE SUPPLY FIXTURE
UNITS (WSFU) Gallon per minute Liter per second UNITS (WSFU) Gallon per minute Liter per second

1 - - 60 54.0 3.41
2 - - 70 58.0 3.66
3 - - 80 61.2 3.86
4 - - 90 64.3 4.06
5 15.0 0.95 100 67.5 4.26
6 17.4 1.10 120 73.0 4.61
7 19.8 1.25 140 77.0 4.86
8 22.2 1.40 160 81.0 5.11
9 24.6 1.55 180 85.5 5.39
10 27.0 1.70 200 90.0 5.68
12 28.6 1.80 250 101.0 6.37

14 30.2 1.91 300 108.0 6.81

16 31.8 2.01 400 127.0 8.01
18 33.4 2.11 500 143.0 9.02
20 35.0 2.21 750 177.0 11.17
25 38.0 2.40 1000 208.0 13.12
30 42.0 2.65 1250 239.0 15.08
35 44.0 2.78 1500 269.0 16.97
40 46.0 2.90 2000 325.0 20.50
45 48.0 3.03 2500 380.0 23.97
50 50.0 3.15DANILO V. RAVINA3000 433.0 27.32 57
END OF PRESENTATION

DANILO V. RAVINA 58