Section 8-2 and 8-3: Average and Complex Power

Problem 8.9 Determine the complex power, apparent power, average power
absorbed, reactive power, and power factor (including whether it is leading or
lagging) for a load circuit whose voltage and current at its input terminals are given
by:
(a) v(t) = 100 cos(377t − 30◦ ) V,
i(t) = 2.5 cos(377t − 60◦ ) A.
(b) v(t) = 25 cos(2π × 103 t + 40◦ ) V,
i(t) = 0.2 cos(2π × 103 t − 10◦ ) A.
(c) Vrms = 110∠60◦ V, Irms = 3∠45◦ A.
(d) Vrms = 440∠0◦ V, Irms = 0.5∠75◦ A.
(e) Vrms = 12∠60◦ V, Irms = 2∠−30◦ A.

Solution:
(a)
100 ◦
Vrms = √ e− j30 V,
2
2.5 − j60◦
Irms = √ e V.
2
100 ◦ 2.5 ◦ ◦
S = Vrms I∗rms = √ e− j30 × √ e j60 = 125e j30 (VA)
2 2
S = |S| = 125 VA
Pav = Re[S] = 125 cos 30◦ = 108.25 W
Q = Im[S] = 125 sin 30◦ = 62.5 VAR
φs = φv − φi = −30◦ + 60◦ = 30◦ (hence pf is lagging)
◦
pf = cos 30 = 0.866.

(b)
25 ◦
Vrms = √ e j40 V,
2
0.2 ◦
Irms = √ e− j10 A,
2
◦
S = Vrms I∗rms = 2.5e j50 (VA),
S = 2.5 VA, φs = 50◦ (lagging)
Pav = 2.5 cos 50◦ = 1.61 W,
Q = 2.5 sin 50◦ = 1.92 VAR,
pf = cos 50◦ = 0.64 lagging.

(c)
◦ ◦ ◦
S = Vrms I∗rms = 110e j60 × 3e− j45 = 330e j15 VA.
S = 330 VA,

All rights reserved. Do not reproduce or distribute. ©2009 National Technology and Science Press
 Pav = 330 cos 15◦ = 318.76 W,
Q = 330 sin 15◦ = 85.41 VAR,
pf = cos 15◦ = 0.97 (lagging).

(d)
◦ ◦
S = Vrms I∗rms = 440 × 0.5e− j75 = 220e− j75 VA.
S = 220 VA,
Pav = 220 cos(−75◦ ) = 56.94 W,
Q = 220 sin(−75◦ ) = −212.50 VAR,
pf = cos(−75◦ ) = 0.26 (leading).

(e)
◦ ◦ ◦
S = Vrms I∗rms = 12e j60 × 2e j30 = 24e j90 VA.
S = 24 VA,
Pav = 24 cos 90◦ = 0,
Q = 24 sin 90◦ = 24 VAR,
pf = cos 90◦ = 0 (purely inductive with I lagging V by 90◦ )

All rights reserved. Do not reproduce or distribute. ©2009 National Technology and Science Press
Problem 8.11 In the circuit of Fig. P8.11, is (t) = 0.2 sin 105 t A, R = 20 Ω,
L = 0.1 mH, and C = 2 µ F. Show that the sum of the complex powers for the three
passive elements is equal to the complex power of the source.

+
is(t) _ R L C

Figure P8.11: Circuit for Problem 8.11.

Solution:
V
IR IL IC
+
Is _
20 Ω j10 Ω −j5 Ω

Is = 0.2∠0◦ A
ZL = jω L = j105 × 10−4 = j10 Ω
−j −j
ZC = = 5 = − j5 Ω.
ωC 10 × 2 × 10−6
V V V
+ + = Is = 0.2
20 j10 − j5

V = 1.79e− j63.4◦ V.
◦
V 1.79e− j63.4
IR = = A.
20 20
1 (1.79)2
SR = VI∗R = = 0.08 VA.
2 2 × 20
V 1.79 − j153.4◦
IL = = e
j10 10
1 1.79 − j63.4◦ 1.79 j153.4◦ ◦
SL = VI∗L = e × e = 0.16e j90 = 0 + j0.16 VA.
2 2 10
V 1.79 j26.6◦
IC = = e A.
− j5 5
1 1 ◦ 1.79 − j26.6◦ ◦
SC = VI∗C = 1.79e− j63.4 × e = 0.32e− j90 = 0 − j0.32 VA.
2 2 5
ST = SR + SL + SC = 0.08 + j0.16 − j0.32 = 0.08 − j0.16 VA.

For the source,

1 1 ◦ ◦
Ss = VI∗s = 1.79e− j63.4 × 0.2 = 0.179e− j63.4
2 2

All rights reserved. Do not reproduce or distribute. ©2009 National Technology and Science Press
 = 0.179 cos 63.4◦ − j0.179 sin 63.4◦
= 0.08 − j0.16 VA.

Hence
ST = Ss .

All rights reserved. Do not reproduce or distribute. ©2009 National Technology and Science Press
Problem 8.14 Determine S for the RL load in the circuit of Fig. P8.14, given that
Is = 4∠0◦ A, R1 = 10 Ω, R2 = 5 Ω, ZC = − j20 Ω, R = 10 Ω, and ZL = j20 Ω.

R2 a

R
ZC R1 Is
ZL
b
Load

Figure P8.14: Circuit for Problem 8.14.

Solution:
V I R2 a

R
ZC R1 Is
ZL
b

 
1 1 1
V + + = Is
ZC R1 R2 + R + ZL
 
1 1 1
V + + =4
− j20 10 5 + 10 + j20

Solution gives
◦
V = 31.6 − j4.6 = 31.93e− j8.28 V.
For RL load:
1
S= Vab I∗
2
 ∗
1 (10 + j20) V
= V×
2 15 + j20 15 + j20
|V|2 j63.4◦ (31.93)2 ◦
= (5 + j10) 2
= 11.18e × = 18.24e j63.4 VA.
|15 + j20| 625

All rights reserved. Do not reproduce or distribute. ©2009 National Technology and Science Press
Problem 8.20 The apparent power entering a certain load Z is 250 VA at a power
factor of 0.8 leading. If the rms phasor voltage of the source is 125 V at 1 MHz:
(a) Determine Irms going into the load
(b) Determine S into the load
(c) Determine Z
(d) The equivalent impedance of the load circuit should be of the form
Z = R + jω L or Z = R − j/ωC. Determine the value of L or C, whichever
is applicable.

Solution:
(a) From

S = Vrms Irms ,
S 250
Irms = = = 2 A.
Vrms 125
(b) pf = 0.8 leading means φz is negative. Hence,

φz = − cos−1 0.8 = −36.87◦ .

S = S cos φz + jS sin φz
= 250[cos(−36.87◦ ) + j sin(−36.87◦ )] = (200 − j150) VA.

(c)
2
Pav = Irms R
Pav 200
R= 2
= = 50 Ω.
Irms 4

Also,
2
Q = Irms X
Q −150
X= 2
= = −37.5 Ω.
Irms 4

Hence,
Z = R + jX = (50 − j37.5) Ω.
−j
(d) = − j37.5, or
ωC
1 1
C= = = 4.24 nF.
37.5ω 37.5 × 2π × 106

All rights reserved. Do not reproduce or distribute. ©2009 National Technology and Science Press
Section 8-4: Power Factor
Problem 8.22 The RL load in Fig. P8.22 is compensated by adding the shunt
capacitance C so that the power factor of the combined (compensated) circuit is
exactly unity. How is C related to R, L, and ω in that case?

R
C
L

Figure P8.22: Circuit for Problem 8.22.

Solution: For the combined load, the impedance is

 
1
Z = (R + jω L) k
jω C
 
(R + jω L) ω−Cj
=
R + j ω L − ω1C

ω L − jR
=
ω RC − j(1 − ω 2 LC)
(ω L − jR)[ω RC + j(1 − ω 2 LC)]
=
[ω RC − j(1 − ω 2 LC)][ω RC + j(1 − ω 2 LC)]
[ω 2 RLC + R(1 − ω 2LC)] j[ω L(1 − ω 2 LC) − ω R2C]
= +
ω 2 R2C2 + (1 − ω 2 LC)2 ω 2 R2C2 + (1 − ω 2 LC)2
For the pf to be unity, the imaginary component of Z has to be zero, which is realized
if
ω L(1 − ω 2 LC) − ω R2C = 0.
or
L
C= .
R2 + ω 2 L2

All rights reserved. Do not reproduce or distribute. ©2009 National Technology and Science Press
Problem 8.23 The generator circuit shown in Fig. P8.23 is connected to a distant
load via a long coaxial transmission line. The overall circuit can be modeled as
in Fig. P8.23(b), in which the transmission line is represented by an equivalent
impedance Zline = (5 + j2) Ω.

10 Ω a c

+
Vs _ ZL = (50 + j40) Ω

Transmission line
b d

(a) Transmission-line circuit

10 Ω a 5Ω j2 Ω c

Transmission line
+
Vs _ C ZL = (50 + j40) Ω

b d
(b) Equivalent circuit

Figure P8.23: Circuit for Problem 8.23.

(a) Determine the power factor of voltage source Vs .

(b) Specify the capacitance of a shunt capacitor C that would raise the power factor
of the source to unity when connected between terminals (a, b). The source
frequency is 1.5 kHz.

Solution:
(a) The power factor of the source is the same as the phase of the impedance
representing the entire circuit connected to Vs . Thus,

ZT = 10 + (5 + j2) + (50 + j40) = (65 + j42) Ω,

42
φZ = tan−1 = 32.87◦ ,
65
pf = cos φZ = 0.84, lagging.

(b) For the circuit to the right of terminals (a, b), the impedance—with a shunt
capacitance C—is:
 
−j
Zab = k (55 + j42)
ωC
− jXC (55 + j42)
=
55 + j(42 − XC )

All rights reserved. Do not reproduce or distribute. ©2009 National Technology and Science Press
where XC = ω1C .
Simplifying,

42XC − j55XC
Zab = · [55 − j(42 − XC)]
552 + (42 − XC)2
[42 × 55XC − 55XC(42 − XC )] − j[552 XC + 42XC(42 − XC )]
=
3025 + (42 − XC )2

For a pf of 1, the imaginary part of Zab should be zero,

552 XC + 42XC (42 − XC ) = 0.

Solution gives
XC = 114.02,
or
1 1
C= = = 930.5 nF.
ω XC 2π × 1.5 × 103 × 114.02

All rights reserved. Do not reproduce or distribute. ©2009 National Technology and Science Press
Problem 8.25 Use the power information given for the circuit in Fig. P8.25 to
determine:
(a) Z1 and Z2
(b) the rms value of Vs .

0.6 Ω 1.2 Ω j0.4 Ω

+
+
_ Vs Z1 Z2 Vrms = 440 0o V
_

Load Z1 : 24 kW @ pf = 0.66 leading

Load Z2 : 18 kW @ pf = 0.82 lagging

Figure P8.25: Circuit for Problem 8.25.

Solution:
0.6 Ω V1 1.2 Ω j0.4 Ω

Is I1 I2 +
+
Vs _ Vrms = 440 0o V
Z1 Z2
_

(a) For load Z2 :

φZ2 = cos−1 0.82 = 34.9◦ .
Since φZ2 = φv2 − φi2 , and φv2 = 0, =⇒ φi2 = −34.9◦ .

Pav2 = Vrms I2rms cos φZ2

18 × 103 = 440I2rms cos 34.9◦ ,

or
I2rms = 49.88 A,
and
S2 = Vrms I2rms = 440 × 49.88 = 21.95 kVA.
Also, I2rms = 49.88∠−34.9◦ A.

If Z2 = R2 + jX2 ,

18 × 103
Pav2 = I22rms R2 =⇒ R2 = = 7.23 Ω
(49.88)2
Q2 = S2 sin φZ2 = 21.95 × 103 sin 34.9◦ = 12.56 kVAR

But
12.56 × 103
Q2 = I22rms X2 =⇒ X2 = = 5.05 Ω.
(49.88)2
Hence,
Z2 = (7.23 + j5.05) Ω.
To determine Z1 , we first determine the voltage across it, V1rms :

V1rms = (1.2 + j0.4 + Z2 )I2rms

◦
= (1.2 + j0.4 + 7.23 + j5.05)49.88e− j34.9
= 500.8∠−2◦ V.

For load Z1 :

φZ1 = − cos−1 0.66 = −48.7◦

Pav1 24
S1 = = = 36.36 kVA
cos φZ1 0.66
S1 36.36 × 103
I1rms = = = 72.6 A
V1rms 500.8
φZ1 = φv1 − φi1
−48.7◦ = −2 − φi1 =⇒ φi1 = 46.7◦ .
I1rms = 72.6∠46.7◦ A.
24 × 103
Pav1 = I21rms R1 =⇒ R1 = = 4.55 Ω
(72.6)2
Q1 = S1 sin φZ1 = 36.36 × 103 sin(−48.7◦ ) = −27.32 kVAR
Q1 −27.32 × 103
X1 = = = −5.18 Ω
I12rms (72.6)2

Hence,
Z1 = (4.55 − j5.18) Ω.
(b) Given I1 and I2 , we can now determine Is :

Isrms = I1rms + I2rms

◦ ◦
= 72.6e j46.7 + 49.88e− j34.9
= (90.7 + j24.3) A
Vsrms = V1rms + 0.6Isrms
◦
= 500.8e− j2 + 0.6(90.7 + j24.3) = (554.9 − j2.9) V.
Problem 8.27 For the circuit in Fig. P8.27, choose the load impedance ZL so that
the power dissipated in it is a maximum. How much power will that be?

−j2 Ω

1Ω V1 j2 Ω
V2
a
+
6 0o
V _ ZL 2Ω
b

Figure P8.27: Circuit for Problem 8.27.

Solution: To determine Vs of the equivalent source circuit, we remove ZL and

calculate Voc at terminals (a, b).
−j2 Ω

1Ω I 1 V1 j2 Ω
V2

+ +
6 0o V _ Voc 2Ω
_

At node V2 :
V2 − 6 V2 V2 − 6
+ + =0 =⇒ V2 = 0.6(3 + j) V.
− j2 2 1 + j2
V2 − 6 V1 − 6
I1 = =
1 + j2 1
Hence,
V2 − 6 0.6(3 + j) − 6
Vs = V1 = +6 = + 6 = 5.7∠18.4◦ V.
1 + j2 1 + j2
To determine ZTh at terminals (a, b), we suppress the 6-V source and simplify the
circuit. The process leads to:

Zs = ZTh = (0.6 + j0.2) Ω

For maximum power transfer:

ZL = Z∗s = (0.6 − j0.2) Ω,

and
1 |Vs |2 1 (4.9)2
Pav (max) = = × = 6.78 W.
8 RL 8 0.6

All rights reserved. Do not reproduce or distribute. ©2009 National Technology and Science Press