Electric Circuits 1st Edition Kang

Solutions Manual
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 CHAPTER 10 SOLUTIONS

Problem 10.1

ZL = jωL = j2π×60×0.065 = j24.5044 Ω

The phasor transformed circuit is shown below.

R1

35
+

R2
55
Vs = 120 /_0
Vo

L
j24.5044

Application of the voltage divider rule yields

R2 + Z L 55 + j 24.5044
Vo = Vs × = 120 × = 76.5541 + j11.8291 = 77.4626∠8.7838o V
R1 + R2 + Z L 35 + 55 + j 24.5044

vo(t) = 77.4626 cos(2π×60t + 8.7838o) V

Problem 10.2

ZL = jωL = j2π×60×0.04 = j15.0796 Ω

ZC = 1/(jωC) = 1/(j2π×60×65e-6) = -j40.809 Ω

The phasor transformed circuit is shown below.

R1 C

20 -j40.809
+

R2
30

Vs = 150/_0
Vo

L
j15.0796

703
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Application of the voltage divider rule yields

R2 + Z L 30 + j15.0796
Vo = Vs × = 150 × = 52.752 + j 723844
R1 + R2 + Z L 20 − j 40.809 + 30 + j15.0796

= 89.5671∠53.9163o V

vo(t) = 89.5671 cos(2π×60t + 53.9163o) V

Problem 10.3

ZL1 = jωL1 = j2π×60×0.057 = j21.4885 Ω

ZL2 = jωL2 = j2π×60×0.075 = j28.2743 Ω
ZC = 1/(jωC) = 1/(j2π×60×70e-6) = -j37.894 Ω

The phasor transformed circuit is shown below.

L1
R

50 j21.4885
+

Vs = 140 /_0 L2
C Vo j28.2743
-j37.894

Application of the voltage divider rule yields

( − j 37.8940 )( j 28.2743)
Z C || Z L2 − j 37.8940 + j 28.2743
Vo = Vs × = 140 ×
(
R1 + Z L1 + Z C || Z L2 ) 50 + j 21.4885 +
( − j37.8940 )( j 28.2743)
− j 37.8940 + j 28.2743

j111.3786 j111.3786
= 140 × = 140 × = 102.8 + j 38.6853
50 + j 21.4885 + j111.3786 50 + j132.8671

= 109.838∠20.62212o V

vo(t) = 109.838 cos(2π×60t + 20.62212o) V

704
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Problem 10.4

ZL1 = jωL1 = j2π×60×0.053 = j19.9805 Ω

ZL2 = jωL2 = j2π×60×0.085 = j32.0442 Ω
ZC = 1/(jωC) = 1/(j2π×60×80e-6) = -j33.1573 Ω

The phasor transformed circuit is shown below.

L1
R1

63 j19.9805
+

R2
77
Vs = 160/_0 L2
Vo j32.0442

C
-j33.1573
-

Let Zo be the equivalent impedance of the parallel connection of R2 + ZC and ZL2. Then, we have

( R2 + ZC ) × Z L ( 77 − j33.1573) × j32.0442 = 13.3327 + j 32.237

Z o = ( R2 + Z C ) || Z L2 = 2
= Ω
R2 + Z C + Z L2 77 − j 33.1573 + j 32.0442

Application of the voltage divider rule yields

Vo = Vs ×
(( R 2 + Z C ) || Z L2 ) = 160 ×
13.3327 + j 32.237
(
R1 + Z L1 + ( R2 + Z C ) || Z L2 ) 63 + j19.9805 + 13.3327 + j 32.237

13.3327 + j 32.237
= 160 × = 50.5263 + j 33.0076 V
76.3327 + j 52.2175

= 60.3524∠33.1556o V

vo(t) = 60.3524 cos(2π×60t + 33.1556o) V

clear all;format long;
R1=63;R2=77;L1=53e-3;L2=85e-3;C=80e-6;Vm=160;phi=0;f=60;
w=2*pi*f
ZL1=j*w*L1
ZL2=j*w*L2
ZC=1/(j*w*C)

705
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Vs=P2Rd(Vm,phi)
Zo=P([R2+ZC,ZL2])
Zt=R1+ZL1+Zo
Vo=Vs*Zo/Zt
Vop=R2P(Vo)

Answer:
w =
3.769911184307752e+02
ZL1 =
0.000000000000000 +19.980529276831081i
ZL2 =
0.000000000000000 +32.044245066615886i
ZC =
0.000000000000000 -33.157279810811531i
Vs =
160
Zo =
13.332716012653155 +32.236969432285711i
Zt =
76.332716012653151 +52.217498709116796i
Vo =
50.526282442499088 +33.007590356543801i
Vop =
60.352350729732102 33.155607794885171 0.578674521520643

Problem 10.5

ZL1 = jωL1 = j2π×60×0.053 = j19.9805 Ω

ZL2 = jωL2 = j2π×60×0.085 = j32.0442 Ω
ZC = 1/(jωC) = 1/(j2π×60×80e-6) = -j33.1573 Ω

The phasor transformed circuit is shown below.

L1
R1

45 j17.7186
+

R2 R3
55 75

Vs = 170 /_60 Vo

L2
j28.2743
C
-j39.5908
-

Let Zo be the equivalent impedance of the parallel connection of R2 + ZC and R3 + ZL2. Then, we
have

( R2 + ZC ) × ( R3 + Z L ) = ( 55 − j39.5908) × ( 75 + j 28.2743)
(
Z o = ( R2 + Z C ) || R3 + Z L2 = ) R2 + Z C + R3 + Z L2
2

55 − j 39.5908 + 75 + j 28.2743

706
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= 40.978 - j7.3115 Ω

Application of the voltage divider rule yields

Zo 40.978 − j 7.3115
Vo = Vs × = ( 85 + j147.2243) ×
R1 + Z L1 + Z o 45 + j17.7186 + 40.978 − j 7.3115

40.978 − j 7.3115
= ( 85 + j147.2243) × = 59.7744 + j 55.705 V
85.978 + j10.4071

= 81.707∠42.9818o V

vo(t) = 81.707 cos(2π×60t + 42.9818o) V

Problem 10.6

The phasor transformed circuit is shown below.

R C1

5 -j6
+

Vs = 30 /_0 L
C Vo j5
-j9

Let Zo be the equivalent impedance of the parallel connection of ZC and ZL. Then, we have

Z C × Z L ( − j 9 ) × ( j 5 ) 45
Z o = Z C || Z L = = = = j11.25
ZC + Z L − j9 + j5 − j4

Application of the voltage divider rule yields

Zo j11.25 j11.25
Vo = Vs × = 30 × = 30 × = 33.7099 + j 32.1046
R + Z C1 + Z o 5 − j 6 + j11.25 5 + j 5.25

= 46.5517∠43.6028o V

707
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Problem 10.7

The phasor transformed circuit is shown below.

R1

10

C +

-j7

Vs = 50 /_0 R2 L
15 Vo j8

Let Zo be the equivalent impedance of the parallel connection of R2 and ZL. Then, we have

R2 × Z L 15 × ( j8 ) j120
Z o = R2 || Z L = = = = 3.3218 + j 6.2284
R2 + Z L 15 + j8 15 + j8

Let Za be the equivalent impedance of the parallel connection of R1 and ZC. Then, we have

R1 × Z C 10 × ( − j 7 ) − j 70
Z a = R1 || Z C = = = = 3.2886 − j 4.698
R1 + Z C 10 − j 7 10 − j 7

Application of the voltage divider rule yields

Zo 3.3218 + j 6.2284 3.3218 + j 6.2284

Vo = Vs × = 50 × = 50 ×
Za + Zo 3.2886 − j 4.698 + 3.3218 + j 6.2284 6.6104 + j1.5304

= 34.1992 + j39.1929 = 52.0161∠48.8925o V

Problem 10.8

The phasor transformed circuit is shown below.

708
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 R1

12

R2 C +

R4
7 -j5
8
Vs = 60 /_0 R3
15 Vo
L
j6

Let Zo be the equivalent impedance of the parallel connection of R3 and R4 + ZL. Then, we have

R3 × ( R4 + Z L ) 15 × ( 8 + j 6 ) 120 + j 90
Z o = R3 || ( R4 + Z L ) = = = = 5.8407 + j 2.3894
R3 + R4 + Z L 15 + 8 + j 6 23 + j 6

Let Za be the equivalent impedance of the parallel connection of R1 and R2 + ZC. Then, we have

R1 × ( R2 + Z C ) 12 × ( 7 − j 5 ) 84 − j 60
Z a = R1 || ( R2 + Z C ) = = = = 4.9119 − j1.8653
R1 + R2 + Z C 12 + 7 − j 5 19 − j 5

Application of the voltage divider rule yields

Zo 5.8407 + j 2.3894 5.8407 + j 2.3894

Vo = Vs × = 60 × = 60 ×
Za + Zo 4.9119 − j1.8653 + 5.8407 + j 2.3894 10.7526 + j 0.5241

= 33.1624 + j11.7164 = 35.1713∠19.4586o V

clear all;format long;
R1=12;R2=7;R3=15;R4=8;ZC=-5j;ZL=6j;Vm=60;phi=0;
Vs=P2Rd(Vm,phi)
Zo=P([R3,R4+ZL])
Za=P([R1,R2+ZC])
Zt=Za+Zo
Vo=Vs*Zo/Zt
Vop=R2P(Vo)

Answer:
Vs =
60
Zo =
5.840707964601770 + 2.389380530973451i
Za =
4.911917098445596 - 1.865284974093264i
Zt =
10.752625063047365 + 0.524095556880187i
Vo =
33.162415074990385 +11.716446609409049i
Vop =

709
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 35.171307834043965 19.458568528926957 0.339616088554725

Problem 10.9

ZL = jωL = j2π×60×0.035 = j13.1947 Ω

The phasor transformed circuit is shown below.

I1 R2
25

Is = 5/_0 A
R1 vo
35
L
j13.1947

Application of the current divider rule yields

R2 + Z L 25 + j13.1947
I1 = I s × = 5× = 2.2179 + j 0.6118 A
R1 + R2 + Z L 35 + 25 + j13.1947

From Ohm's law, the voltage across R1 is given by

Vo = R1I1 = 77.6258 + j21.4237 = 80.5252∠15.422o V

vo(t) = 80.5252 cos(2π×60t + 15.422o) V

Problem 10.10

ZC = 1/(jωC) = 1/(j2π×60×95e-6) = -j27.9219 Ω

ZL = jωL = j2π×60×0.01 = j3.77 Ω

The phasor transformed circuit is shown below.

710
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 +
I1
R2
32
R1
Is = 6/_0 38
Vo

L
C j3.77
-j27.9219
-

Application of the current divider rule yields

R2 + Z L 32 + j 3.77
I1 = I s × = 6× = 2.35144 + j1.13445 A
R1 + Z C + R2 + Z L 38 − j 27.9219 + 32 + j 3.77

From Ohm's law, the voltage across R1-C is given by

Vo = (R1 + ZC)I1 = 121.0307 - j22.5476 = 123.1131∠−10.5530o V

vo(t) = 123.1131 cos(2π×60t - 10.5530o) V

Problem 10.11

ZC = 1/(jωC) = 1/(j2π×60×105e-6) = -j25.2627 Ω

ZL = jωL = j2π×60×0.01 = j3.77 Ω

The phasor transformed circuit is shown below.

I2 +

R3
R2 15
12
Is = 7/_0 A R1
25 Vo

L
C j3.77
-j25.2627

Application of the current divider rule yields

711
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 1 1
R2 + Z C 12 − j 25.2627
I2 = Is × = 7× = 1.1553 + j1.7533
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + +
R1 R2 + Z C R3 + Z L 25 12 − j 25.2627 15 + j 3.77

2.1∠56.6172o A

From Ohm's law, the voltage across R2-C is given by

Vo = (R2 + ZC)I2 = 58.1570 - j8.1472 = 58.7249∠−7.9746o V

vo(t) = 58.7249 cos(2π×60t - 7.9746o) V

Problem 10.12

Let Za be the equivalent impedance of the parallel connection of R3 and ZL. Then, we have

R3 × Z L 7 × j8 j 56
Z a = R3 || Z L = = = = 3.9646 + j 3.4690 Ω
R3 + Z L 7 + j8 7 + j8

Let Zb be the equivalent impedance of the series connection of R2 and Za. Then, we have

Zb = R2 + Za = 3 + 3.9646 + j3.4690 = 6.9646 + j3.4690 Ω

R2 I2

3
+
I3

L
Is = 6/_0 A R1 R3 Vo j8
6 7

Application of the current divider rule yields

R1 6
I2 = Is × = 6× = 2.5913 − j 0.6934 A
R1 + Z b 6 + 6.9646 + j 3.4690

Application of the current divider rule yields

ZL j8
I3 = I2 × = ( 2.5913 − j 0.6934 ) × = 1.8112 + j 0.8915 = 2.0187∠26.2058o A
R3 + Z L 7 + j8

712
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From Ohm's law, the voltage across R3 is given by

Vo = R3I3 = 12.6786 + j6.2403 = 14.1311∠26.2058o V

Problem 10.13

Let Za be the equivalent impedance of the parallel connection of R2 and ZC. Then, we have

R2 × Z C 8 × ( − j 5 ) − j 40
Z a = R2 || Z C = = = = 2.2472 − j 3.5955 Ω
R2 + Z C 8 − j5 8 − j5

Let Zb be the equivalent impedance of the series connection of ZL and Za. Then, we have

Zb = ZL + Za = j9 + 2.2472 - j3.5955 = 2.2472 - j5.4045 Ω

L1
I2

j9
+
i3

Is = 7/_0 A R1 R2 Vo C
6 8 -j5

Application of the current divider rule yields

R1 6
I2 = Is × = 7× = 3.5627 − j 2.3347 A
R1 + Z b 6 + 2.2472 − j 5.4045

Application of the current divider rule yields

ZC − j5
I3 = I2 × = ( 3.5627 − j 2.3347 ) × = −0.04854 − j 2.2570 = 2.2575∠ − 91.232o A
R2 + Z C 8 − j5

From Ohm's law, the voltage across R2 is given by

Vo = R2I3 = -0.3883 - j18.0562 = 18.06034∠-91.232o V

Problem 10.14

Let Za be the equivalent impedance of the parallel connection of ZC and ZL. Then, we have

713
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 Z C × Z L ( − j 6 ) × ( j 7 ) 42
Z a = Z C || Z L = = = = − j 42 Ω
ZC + Z L − j6 + j7 j1

Let Zb be the equivalent impedance of the series connection of R2 and Za. Then, we have

Zb = R2 + Za = 4 - j42 Ω
R2 I2

4
+
I3

L
Is = 8/_0 A R1 C Vo j7
20 -j6

Application of the current divider rule yields

R1 20
I2 = Is × = 8× = 1.6410 + j 2.8718 A
R1 + Z b 20 + 4 − j 42

Application of the current divider rule yields

ZL j7
I3 = I 2 × = (1.6410 + j 2.8718 ) × = 11.4872 + j 20.1026 = 23.1532∠60.2551o A
ZC + Z L − j6 + j7

From Ohm's law, the voltage across ZC is given by

Vo = ZCI3 = 120.6154 - j68.9231 = 138.9189∠-29.7449o V

Problem 10.15

Let Za be the equivalent impedance of the parallel connection of ZC and R3 + ZL2. Then, we have

(
Z C × R3 + Z L2 ) = ( − j 6 ) × ( 7 + j5) = 30 − j 42 = 5.04 − j5.28 Ω
(
Z a = Z C || R3 + Z L2 = ) Z C + R3 + Z L2 − j 6 + 7 + j5 7 − j1

Let Zb be the equivalent impedance of the series connection of R2 and Za. Then, we have

Zb = R2 + Za = 9.04 - j5.28 Ω

714
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 R2 I2

4
+
R1 I3 R3
15 7

Is = 9/_0 A C
L1 -j6 Vo
j8 L2
j5

Application of the current divider rule yields

R1 + Z L1 15 + j8
I2 = Is × = 9× = 5.8792 + j 2.3298 A
R1 + Z L1 + Z b 15 + j8 + 9.04 − j 5.28

Application of the current divider rule yields

R3 + Z L2 7 + j5
I3 = I2 × = ( 5.8792 + j 2.3298 ) × = 3.2167 + j 6.9888
Z C + R3 + Z L2 − j 6 + 7 + j5

= 7.6935∠65.285o A

From Ohm's law, the voltage across ZC is given by

Vo = ZCI3 = 41.9238 - j19.3002 = 46.1612∠-24.715o V

Problem 10.16

Let Za be the equivalent impedance of the parallel connection of R2 and R3 + ZL. Then, we have

R2 × ( R3 + Z L ) ( 8 ) × ( 6 + j5 ) = 48 + j 40 = 3.9457 + j1.448 Ω
Z a = R2 || ( R3 + Z L ) = =
R2 + R3 + Z L 14 + j 5 14 + j 5

Let Zb be the equivalent impedance of the series connection of ZC and Za. Then, we have

Zb = ZC + Za = 3.9457 - j4.5520 Ω

715
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 C I2

-j6
+
I3 R3
6

Is = 10/_30 A R1 R2
18 8 Vo
L
j5

Application of the current divider rule yields

R1 18 18
I2 = Is × = 10∠30o × = ( 8.660254 + j 5 ) ×
R1 + Z b 18 + 3.9457 − j 4.5520 18 + 3.9457 − j 4.5520

= 5.9946 + j5.3445 A

Application of the current divider rule yields

R3 + Z L 6 + j5
I3 = I 2 × = ( 5.9946 + j 5.3445 ) × = 1.9893 + j 3.721 = 4.219341∠61.87 o A
R2 + R3 + Z L 8 + 6 + j5

From Ohm's law, the voltage across R2 is given by

Vo = R2I3 = 15.9145 + j29.76763 = 33.7547∠61.87o V

Problem 10.17
R1

5
1 +

L
j15 R2 R3
Vs = 100 /_0 20 Vo 25

Summing the currents leaving node 1, we obtain

716
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Vo − 100 Vo Vo Vo
+ + + =0
5 j15 20 25

Multiplication by 75 yields

15Vo - 1500 - j5Vo + 3.75Vo + 3Vo = 0

which can be rearranged as

(21.75 - j5)Vo = 1500

Solving for Vo, we obtain

1500
Vo = = 65.5038 + j15.0584 = 67.2124∠12.9465o V
21.75 − j 5

Problem 10.18
R1

6
1 +

Vs = 110 /_0 C R2 R3
-j12 24 Vo 18

Summing the currents leaving node 1, we obtain

Vo − 110 V V V
+ o + o + o =0
6 − j12 24 18

Multiplication by 72 yields

12Vo - 1320 + j6Vo + 3Vo + 4Vo = 0

which can be rearranged as

(19 + j6)Vo = 1320

Solving for Vo, we obtain

717
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 1320
Vo = = 63.1738 − j19.9496 = 66.2489∠ − 17.5256o V
19 + j 6

Problem 10.19
R1

12
1 +

R3
9

R2
Vs = 105 /_0 24 Vo
L
j12

Summing the currents leaving node 1, we obtain

Vo − 105 Vo Vo
+ + =0
12 24 9 + j12

which can be rearranged as

1 1 1  105
 + +  Vo =
 12 24 9 + j12  12

Solving for Vo, we obtain

105
12 105 105 ( 9 + j12 ) 945 + j1260
Vo = = = =
1 1
+ +
1
1 + 0.5 +
12 1.5 ( 9 + j12 ) + 12 25.5 + j18
12 24 9 + j12 9 + j12

= 48.0139 + j15.5196 = 50.4598∠17.9125o V

718
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Problem 10.20
C

-j8

L1
R1

8 j4
1 +

R3
4
R2
Vs = 115 /_0 16 Vo
L2
j8

Summing the currents leaving node 1, we obtain

Vo − 115 Vo − 115 Vo V
+ + + o =0
− j8 8 + j 4 16 4 + j8

which can be rearranged as

 1 1 1 1  115 115
 + + +  Vo = +
 − j8 8 + j 4 16 4 + j8  − j8 8 + j 4

Solving for Vo, we obtain

Vo = 48.6689 + j46.314 = 67.1837∠43.5797o V

>> Vo=(115/(-8j)+115/(8+4j))/(1/(-8j)+1/(8+4j)+1/16+1/(4+8j))
Vo =
48.668941979522181 +46.313993174061430i
>> R2P(Vo)
ans =
67.183717351253378 43.579734453600956 0.760609853360149

Alternate Solution:
clear all;format long;
Vm=115;phi=0;R1=8;R2=16;R3=4;ZL=12j;ZL1=4j;ZL2=8j;ZC=-8j;
Vs=P2Rd(Vm,phi)
syms Vo
Vo=solve((Vo-Vs)/(R1+ZL1)+(Vo-Vs)/(ZC)+Vo/(R2+0)+Vo/(R3+ZL2),Vo)
Vop=R2P(Vo)
Vo=vpa(Vo,7)
Vop=vpa(Vop,7)

719
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Problem 10.21
R1 R2

3 6
+ 1 + 2

Vs = 81 /_0 L
V1 j9 V2 C
-j3

- -

Summing the currents leaving node 1, we obtain

V1 − 81 V1 V1 − V2
+ + =0
3 j9 6

Multiplication by 18 yields

6V1 - 486 - j2V1 + 3V1 - 3V2 = 0

which can be rearranged as

(9 - j2)V1 - 3V2 = 486 (1)

Summing the currents leaving node 2, we obtain

V2 − V1 V2
+ =0
6 − j3

Multiplication by 6 yields

V2 - V1 + j2V2 = 0

which can be rearranged as

-V1 + (1 + j2)V2 = 0 (2)

Solving equation (2) for V1, we obtain

V1 = (1 + j2)V2 (3)

Substituting equation (3) into equation (1), we get

720
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(9 - j2) (1 + j2)V2 - 3V2 = 486

Solving for V2, we obtain

486 486 486

V2 = = =
(9 − j 2)(1 + j 2) − 3 9 + 4 − j 2 + j18 − 3 10 + j16

= 13.6517 − j 21.8427 = 25.7579∠ − 57.9946o V

From equation (3), we have

V1 = (1 + j2)V2 = 57.3371 + j5.4607 = 57.5965∠5.4403o V

clear all;format long;
R1=3;R2=6;ZL=9j;ZC=-3j;Vm=81;phi=0;
Vs=P2Rd(Vm,phi)
syms V1 V2
[V1,V2]=solve((V1-Vs)/R1+V1/ZL+(V1-V2)/R2,(V2-V1)/R2+V2/ZC,V1,V2)
V1p=R2P(V1)
V2p=R2P(V2)
V1=vpa(V1,7)
V2=vpa(V2,7)
V1p=vpa(V1p,7)
V2p=vpa(V2p,7)

Problem 10.22
C1

-j5

R1 R2

5 10
+ 1 + 2

Vs = 100 /_0 L
V1 C2 V2 j10
-j10

- -

Summing the currents leaving node 1, we obtain

V1 − 100 V V −V
+ 1 + 1 2 =0
5 − j10 10

Multiplication by 10 yields

721
© 2018 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
2V1 - 200 + jV1 + V1 - V2 = 0

which can be rearranged as

(3 + j)V1 - V2 = 200 (1)

Summing the currents leaving node 2, we obtain

V2 − 100 V2 − V1 V2
+ + =0
− j5 10 j10

Multiplication by 10j yields

-2V2 + 200 + jV2 - jV1 + V2 = 0

which can be rearranged as

-jV1 + (-1 + j)V2 = -200 (2)

Solving equation (1) for V2, we obtain

V2 = (3 + j)V1 - 200 (3)

Substituting equation (3) into equation (2), we get

-jV1 + (-1 + j)[ (3 + j)V1 - 200] = -200

Solving for V1, we obtain

−200 + 200(−1 + j ) −400 + 200 j −400 + 200 j

V1 = = =
(−1 + j )(3 + j ) − j −3 − 1 + j 2 − j −4 + j

= 105.8824 - j23.5294 = 108.4652∠-12.5288o

From equation (3), we have

V2 = (3 + j)V1 - 200 = 141.1765 + j35.2941 = 145.5214∠14.0362o V

clear all;format long;
R1=5;R2=10;ZL=10j;ZC1=-5j;ZC2=-10j;Vm=100;phi=0;
Vs=P2Rd(Vm,phi)
syms V1 V2
[V1,V2]=solve((V1-Vs)/R1+V1/ZC2+(V1-V2)/R2,(V2-Vs)/ZC1+(V2-V1)/R2+V2/ZL,V1,V2)
V1p=R2P(V1)
V2p=R2P(V2)
V1=vpa(V1,7)
V2=vpa(V2,7)
V1p=vpa(V1p,7)
V2p=vpa(V2p,7)

722
© 2018 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Problem 10.23

C R1
-j16 12

R2
Vs = 90 /_0
5
+ 1 + 2

R3 L
V1 8 V2 j12

- -

Summing the currents leaving node 1, we obtain

V1 − 90 V1 V1 − V2
+ + =0
− j16 8 5

Multiplication by 80 yields

j5V1 - j450 + 10V1 + 16V1 - 16V2 = 0

which can be rearranged as

(26 + j5)V1 - 16V2 = j450 (1)

Summing the currents leaving node 2, we obtain

V2 − 90 V2 − V1 V2
+ + =0
12 5 j12

Multiplication by 60 yields

5V2 - 450 + 12V2 - 12V1 - j5V2 = 0

which can be rearranged as

-12V1 + (17 - j5)V2 = 450 (2)

723
© 2018 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Equations (1) and (2) can be solved using Cramer's rule.

j 450 −16
450 17 − j 5
V1 = = 29.0341 + j 32.5692 = 43.6318∠48.2843o V
26 + j 5 −16
−12 17 − j 5

26 + j 5
j 450
−12 450
V2 = = 37.0026 + j 33.8731 = 50.1655∠42.4718o V
26 + j 5 −16
−12 17 − j 5

>> A=[26+5j,-16;-12,17-5j];b=[450j;450]; V=A\b

V =
29.034127495170637 +32.569220862846109i
37.002575660012880 +33.873148744365750i
>> R2P(V)
ans =
43.631808431678301 48.284302641902592 0.842720058130597
50.165534097953191 42.471820258789869 0.741273102831113

Alternate Solution:
clear all;format long;
Vm=90;phi=0;R1=12;R2=5;R3=8;ZL=12j;ZC=-16j;
Vs=P2Rd(Vm,phi)
syms V1 V2
[V1,V2]=solve((V1-Vs)/ZC+V1/R3+(V1-V2)/R2,(V2-V1)/R2+(V2-Vs)/R1+V2/ZL,V1,V2)
V1p=R2P(V1)
V2p=R2P(V2)
V1=vpa(V1,7)
V2=vpa(V2,7)
V1p=vpa(V1p,7)
V2p=vpa(V2p,7)

Problem 10.24
R1 C

3 -j10
+ 1 + 2

R3
2
Vs = 10 /_0 R2 R4
V1 8 V2 6
+

- 2 V1

- -

Summing the currents leaving node 1, we obtain

724
© 2018 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
V1 − 10 V1 V1 − V2
+ + =0
3 8 − j10

Multiplication by 120 yields

40V1 - 400 + 15V1 + j12V1 - j12V2 = 0

which can be rearranged as

(55 + j12)V1 - j12V2 = 400 (1)

Summing the currents leaving node 2, we obtain

V2 − V1 V2 − 2V1 V2
+ + =0
− j10 2 6

Multiplication by 30 yields

j3V2 - j3V1 + 15V2 - 30V1 + 5V2 = 0

which can be rearranged as

-(30 + j3)V1 + (20 + j3)V2 = 0 (2)

Equations (1) and (2) can be solved using Cramer's rule.

400 − j12
0 20 + j 3
V1 = = 7.3051 + j 0.7921 = 7.3479∠6.1882o V
55 + j12 − j12
−30 − j 3 20 + j 3

55 + j12 400
−30 − j 3 0
V2 = = 10.9354 + j 0.6436 = 10.9543∠3.368o V
55 + j12 − j12
−30 − j 3 20 + j 3

A=[55+12j,-12j;-30-3j,20+3j];b=[400;0];V=A\b
Vp=R2P(V)

Answer:
V =
7.305129844681422 + 0.792062869990306i
10.935417998803656 + 0.643551081867124i
Vp =
7.347944313729690 6.188153603449868 0.108003654999352
10.954338172775721 3.367981131001377 0.058782359881016

725
© 2018 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Alternate Solution:
clear all;format long;
Vm=10;phi=0;R1=3;R2=8;R3=2;R4=6;ZC=-10j;
Vs=P2Rd(Vm,phi)
syms V1 V2
[V1,V2]=solve((V1-Vs)/R1+V1/R2+(V1-V2)/ZC,(V2-V1)/ZC+(V2-2*V1)/R3+V2/R4,V1,V2)
V1p=R2P(V1)
V2p=R2P(V2)
V1=vpa(V1,7)
V2=vpa(V2,7)
V1p=vpa(V1p,7)
V2p=vpa(V2p,7)

Problem 10.25
R1 C

2 -j20
+ 1 + 2

Vs = 5 /_0 R2 R3 C2
V1 5 V2 7 -j8
0.5 V1

- -

Summing the currents leaving node 1, we obtain

V1 − 5 V1 V1 − V2
+ + =0
2 5 − j 20

Multiplication by 20 yields

10V1 - 50 + 4V1 + jV1 - jV2 = 0

which can be rearranged as

(14 + j1)V1 - jV2 = 50 (1)

Summing the currents leaving node 2, we obtain

V2 − V1 V V
+ 0.5V1 + 2 + 2 = 0
− j 20 7 − j8

Multiplication by 280 yields

j14V2 - j14V1 + 140V1 + 40V2 + j35V2 = 0

726
© 2018 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
which can be rearranged as

(140 - j14)V1 + (40 + j49)V2 = 0 (2)

Equations (1) and (2) can be solved using Cramer's rule.

50 − j1
0 40 + j 49
V1 = = 3.0926 − j 0.4346 = 3.123∠ − 8o V
14 + j1 − j1
140 − j14 40 + j 49

14 + j1 50
140 − j14 0
V2 = = −2.9923 + j 6.2691 = 6.9466∠115.5151o V
14 + j1 − j1
140 − j14 40 + j 49

A=[14+1j,-1j;140-14j,40+49j];b=[50;0];V=A\b
Vp=R2P(V)

Answer:
V =
3.092588493741597 - 0.434631686819471i
-2.992255121731000 + 6.269129400798182i
Vp =
1.0e+02 *
0.031229806747418 -0.079999403821740 -0.001396252996322
0.069466232197721 1.155151405776631 0.020161195389843

Alternate Solution:
clear all;format long;
Vm=5;phi=0;R1=2;R2=5;R3=7;ZC=-20j;ZC2=-8j;
Vs=P2Rd(Vm,phi)
syms V1 V2
[V1,V2]=solve((V1-Vs)/R1+V1/R2+(V1-V2)/ZC,(V2-V1)/ZC+0.5*V1+V2/R3+V2/ZC2,V1,V2)
V1p=R2P(V1)
V2p=R2P(V2)
V1=vpa(V1,7)
V2=vpa(V2,7)
V1p=vpa(V1p,7)
V2p=vpa(V2p,7)

727
© 2018 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Problem 10.26
1 C

-j15
+ + 2
I1

R1 R2
Is = 2/_0 A V1 7 V2 5
0.5 I1

- -

Summing the currents leaving node 1, we obtain

V1 V1 − V2
−2 + + =0
7 − j15

Multiplication by 105 yields

-210 + 15V1 + j7V1 - j7V2 = 0

which can be rearranged as

(15 + j7)V1 - j7V2 = 210 (1)

Summing the currents leaving node 2, we obtain

V2 − V1 V V
+ 0.5 1 + 2 = 0
− j15 7 5

Multiplication by 105 yields

j7V2 - j7V1 + 7.5V1 + 21V2 = 0

which can be rearranged as

(7.5 - j7)V1 + (21 + j7)V2 = 0 (2)

Equations (1) and (2) can be solved using Cramer's rule.

728
© 2018 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 210 − j7
0 21 + j 7
V1 = = 9.5692 − j 4.5836 = 10.6103∠ − 25.5940o V
15 + j 7 − j7
7.5 − j 7 21 + j 7

15 + j 7 210
7.5 − j 7 0
V2 = = −0.2527 + j 4.911 = 4.9175∠92.946o V
15 + j 7 − j7
7.5 − j 7 21 + j 7

A=[15+7j,-7j;7.5-7j,21+7j];b=[210;0];V=A\b
Vp=R2P(V)

Answer:
V =
9.569213095921883 - 4.583572659391154i
-0.252728317059161 + 4.910970706490524i
Vp =
10.610324104337293 -25.594029245998829 -0.446700079194401
4.917469357530516 92.945955941961145 1.622212957600810

Alternate Solution:
clear all;format long;
Im=2;phi=0;R1=7;R2=5;ZC=-15j;
Is=P2Rd(Im,phi)
syms V1 V2
[V1,V2]=solve(-Is+V1/R1+(V1-V2)/ZC,(V2-V1)/ZC+0.5*V1/R1+V2/R2,V1,V2)
V1p=R2P(V1)
V2p=R2P(V2)
V1=vpa(V1,7)
V2=vpa(V2,7)
V1p=vpa(V1p,7)
V2p=vpa(V2p,7)

Problem 10.27
C

-j10

+ Va -

1 R1
3
+
-

3
+ + 2 +
0.5 Va

R2 R3
Is = 2/_0 A V1 V2 6 V3 4

- - -

729
© 2018 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Summing the currents leaving node 1, we obtain

V1 − V3 V1 − V2
−2 + + =0
− j10 3

Multiplication by 30 yields

-60 + j3V1 - j3V3 + 10V1 - 10V2 = 0

which can be rearranged as

(10 + j3)V1 - 10V2 - j3V3 = 60 (1)

Summing the currents leaving supernode consisting of nodes 2 and 3, we obtain

V2 − V1 V2 V3 − V1 V3
+ + + =0
3 6 − j10 4

Multiplication by 60 yields

20V2 - 20V1 + 10V2 + 6jV3 - 6jV1 + 15V3 = 0

which can be rearranged as

(-20 - j6)V1 + 30V2 + (15 + j6)V3 = 0 (2)

Notice that the voltage V3 is the sum of V2 and 0.5Va, where Va = V1 - V2. Thus, we have

V3 = V2 + 0.5(V1 - V2)

which can be rearranged as

0.5V1 + 0.5V2 - V3 = 0 (3)

Equations (1), (2), and (3) can be solved using Cramer's rule.

60 −10 − j3
0 30 15 + j 6
0 0.5 −1
V1 = = 8.9076 − j 0.6161 = 8.9289∠ − 3.9568o V
10 + j 3 −10 − j3
−20 − 6 j 30 15 + j 6
0.5 0.5 −1

730
© 2018 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 10 + j 3 60 − j3
−20 − 6 j 0 15 + j 6
0.5 0 −1
V2 = = 3.0396 + j 0.2641 = 3.0511∠4.965o V
10 + j 3 −10 − j3
−20 − 6 j 30 15 + j 6
0.5 0.5 −1

10 + j 3 −10 60
−20 − 6 j 30 0
0.5 0.5 0
V3 = = 5.9736 − j 0.1760 = 5.9762∠ − 1.688o V
10 + j 3 −10 − j3
−20 − 6 j 30 15 + j 6
0.5 0.5 −1

A=[10+3j,-10,-3j;-20-6j,30,15+6j;0.5,0.5,-1];b=[60;0;0];V=A\b
Vp=R2P(V)

Answer:
V =
8.907579462102691 -
3.039608801955990 +
5.973594132029341 -
Vp =
8.928863117834046
3.051056973453089
5.976187465760833
0.616136919315403i
0.264058679706601i
0.176039119804401i
-3.956844350047271 -0.069059961897260
4.964967670847678 0.086655033111366
-1.687992197317191 -0.029461021591159

Alternate Solution:
clear all;format long;
Im=2;phi=0;R1=3;R2=6;R3=4;ZC=-10j;
Is=P2Rd(Im,phi)
syms V1 V2 V3
[V1,V2,V3]=solve(-Is+(V1-V3)/ZC+(V1-V2)/R1,...
(V2-V1)/R1+V2/R2+(V3-V1)/ZC+V3/R3,V3==V2+0.5*(V1-V2),V1,V2,V3)
V1p=R2P(V1)
V2p=R2P(V2)
V3p=R2P(V3)
V1=vpa(V1,7)
V2=vpa(V2,7)
V3=vpa(V3,7)
V1p=vpa(V1p,7)
V2p=vpa(V2p,7)
V3p=vpa(V3p,7)

731
© 2018 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Problem 10.28
L
V1 C V2

j5 -j8
I1 I2

Vs
R1 R2
11/_0 3 6

Summing the voltage drops around mesh 1 (left side), we obtain

-11 + j5 I1 + 3(I1 - I2) = 0

which can be rearranged as

(3 + j5)I1 - 3I2 = 11 (1)

Summing the voltage drops around mesh 2 (right side), we obtain

3(I2 - I1) - j8 I2 + 6 I2 = 0

which can be rearranged as

-3 I1 + (9 - j8)I2 = 0 (2)

Equations (1) and (2) can be solved using Cramer's rule.

11 −3
0 9 − j8
I1 = = 1.0234 − j1.8878 = 2.1473∠ − 61.5373o A
3 + j5 −3
−3 9−8 j

3 + j 5 11
−3 0
I2 = = 0.5030 − j 0.1821 = 0.535∠ − 19.9037 o A
3 + j5 −3
−3 9 −8 j

V1 = R1(I1 - I2) = 1.5611 - j5.117 = 5.3498∠-73.03385o V

V2 = R2I2 = 3.01813 - j1.09277 = 3.2099∠-19.9038o V

732
© 2018 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
A=[3+5j,-3;-3,9-8j];b=[11;0];I=A\b
Ip=R2P(I)
V1=R1*(I(1)-I(2))
V2=R2*I(2)
V1p=R2P(V1)
V2p=R2P(V2)

Answer:
I =
1.023390275952694 - 1.887779237844941i
0.503022339027595 - 0.182128777923784i
Ip =
2.147332789241797 -61.537288873878040 -1.074028303600045
0.534978845664765 -19.903749537307828 -0.347385962918320
V1 =
1.561103810775296 - 5.116951379763469i
V2 =
3.018134034165572 - 1.092772667542707i
V1p =
5.349788456647648 -73.033851891463826 -1.274681180919932
V2p =
3.209873073988589 -19.903749537307828 -0.347385962918320

Alternate Solution:
clear all;format long;
Vm=11;phi=0;R1=3;R2=6;ZL=5j;ZC=-8j;
Vs=P2Rd(Vm,phi)
syms I1 I2
[I1,I2]=solve(-Vs+ZL*I1+R1*(I1-I2),R1*(I2-I1)+ZC*I2+R2*I2,I1,I2)
V1=R1*(I1-I2)
V2=R2*I2
V1p=R2P(V1)
V2p=R2P(V2)
I1p=R2P(I1)
I2p=R2P(I2)
I1=vpa(I1,7)
I2=vpa(I2,7)
I1p=vpa(I1p,7)
I2p=vpa(I2p,7)
V1=vpa(V1,7)
V2=vpa(V2,7)
V1p=vpa(V1p,7)
V2p=vpa(V2p,7)

733
© 2018 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Problem 10.29
L1
R1

6 j7
I1

L2 V1 C V2

j4 -j5
I2 I3

3/_0 A
R2 R3
Is
3 5

Notice that current I2 is Is, i.e.,

I2 = Is = 3 A

Summing the voltage drops around mesh 1, we obtain

6 I1 + j7 I1 - j5(I1 - I3) + j4(I1 - Is) = 0

which can be rearranged as

(6 + j6) I1 + j5 I2 = j12 (1)

Summing the voltage drops around mesh 3, we obtain

3(I3 - I2) - j5 (I3 - I1) + 5 I3 = 0

which can be rearranged as

5j I1 + (8 - j5)I3 = 9 (2)

Equations (1) and (2) can be solved using Cramer's rule.

734
© 2018 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 j12 j5
9 8 − j5
I1 = = 0.6492 + j 0.3817 = 0.7531∠30.4518o A
6 + j6 j5
j5 8 − j5

6 + j6j12
j5 9
I3 = = 1.1629 + j 0.32105 = 1.2064∠15.4334o A
6 + j6 j5
j5 8 − j5

V1 = R2(I2 - I3) = 5.5113 - j0.9631 = 5.5948∠-9.9128o V

V2 = R3I3 = 5.8145 + j1.6052 = 6.032∠15.4334o V
A=[6+6j,5j;5j,8-5j];b=[12j;9];I=A\b
Ip=R2P(I)
V1=R2*(Is-I(2))
V2=R3*I(2)
V1p=R2P(V1)
V2p=R2P(V2)

Answer:
I =
0.649227110582640 + 0.381688466111772i
1.162901307966706 + 0.321046373365041i
Ip =
0.753114816132467 30.451785126373526 0.531483913565056
1.206403840312821 15.433424495222850 0.269364072299583
V1 =
5.511296076099881 - 0.963139120095124i
V2 =
5.814506539833531 + 1.605231866825208i
V1p =
5.594820944685500 -9.912751446723833 -0.173010150677162
V2p =
6.032019201564104 15.433424495222850 0.269364072299583

Alternate Solution:
clear all;format long;
Im=3;phi=0;R1=6;R2=3;R3=5;ZL1=7j;ZL2=4j;ZC=-5j;
Is=P2Rd(Im,phi)
syms I1 I2 I3
[I1,I2,I3]=solve(R1*I1+ZL1*I1+ZC*(I1-I3)+ZL2*(I1-I2),...
I2==3,R2*(I3-I2)+ZC*(I3-I1)+R3*I3,I1,I2,I3)
V1=R2*(I2-I3)
V2=R3*I3
I1p=R2P(I1)
I2p=R2P(I2)
I3p=R2P(I3)
V1p=R2P(V1)
V2p=R2P(V2)
I1=vpa(I1,7)
I2=vpa(I2,7)
I3=vpa(I3,7)
I1p=vpa(I1p,7)
I2p=vpa(I2p,7)
I3p=vpa(I3p,7)
V1=vpa(V1,7)

735
© 2018 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
V2=vpa(V2,7)
V1p=vpa(V1p,7)
V2p=vpa(V2p,7)

Problem 10.30

R1 C1

2 -j6
I1

L
R2 V1 V2

1 j3
I2 I3

C2 R3
Is
-j5 4
2A

Notice that current Is is I3 - I2, i.e.,

Is = 2 = I3 - I2

which can be rearranged as

- I2 + I3 = 2 (1)

Summing the voltage drops around mesh 1, we obtain

2 I1 - j6 I1 + j3(I1 - I3) + 1(I1 - I2) = 0

which can be rearranged as

(3 - j3) I1 - I2 - j3 I3 = 0 (2)

Summing the voltage drops around the supermesh consisting of mesh 2 and mesh 3, we obtain

-j5 I2 + 1 (I2 - I1) + j3 (I3 - I1) + 4 I3 = 0

which can be rearranged as

(-1 - j3) I1 + (1 - j5) I2 + (4 + j3) I3 = 0 (3)

736
© 2018 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Equations (1), (2), and (3) can be solved using Cramer's rule.

2 −1 1
0 −1 − j3
0 1 − j5 4 + j3
I1 = = 0.3674 + j 0.5835 = 0.6895∠57.8043o A
0 −1 1
3 − j3 −1 − j3
−1 − j 3 1 − j 5 4 + j 3

0 2 1
3 − j3 0 − j3
−1 − j 3 0 4 + j 3
I2 = = −1.3202 − j1.391 = 1.9178∠ − 133.5057 o A
0 −1 1
3 − j3 −1 − j3
−1 − j 3 1 − j 5 4 + j 3

2 −1 1
0 −1 − j3
0 1 − j5 4 + j3
I3 = = 0.6798 − j1.391 = 1.5482∠ − 63.9552o A
0 −1 1
3 − j3 −1 − j3
−1 − j 3 1 − j 5 4 + j 3

V2 = R3I3 = 2.7191 - j5.5639 = 6.193∠-63.9552o V

V1 = V2 + j3 (I3 - I1) = 8.6424 - j4.6267 = 9.803∠-28.1623o V
A=[0,-1,1;3-3j,-1,-3j;-1-3j,1-5j,4+3j];b=[2;0;0];I=A\b
Ip=R2P(I)
V2=R3*I(3)
V1=V2+ZL*(I(3)-I(1))
V2p=R2P(V2)
V1p=R2P(V1)

Answer:
I =
0.367387033398821 + 0.583497053045187i
-1.320235756385069 - 1.390962671905697i
0.679764243614931 - 1.390962671905698i
Ip =
1.0e+02 *
0.006895230548879 0.578042660652867 0.010088747645381
0.019177590065159 -1.335056664087335 -0.023301134489016
0.015481784721189 -0.639552140195260 -0.011162290584584
V2 =
2.719056974459725 - 5.563850687622790i
V1 =
8.642436149312378 - 4.626719056974460i
V2p =

737
© 2018 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 6.192713888475607 -63.955214019526046 -1.116229058458367
V1p =
9.802970561371282 -28.162322861943057 -0.491525258950579

Alternate Solution:
clear all;format long;
Im=2;phi=0;R1=2;R2=1;R3=4;ZL=3j;ZC1=-6j;ZC2=-5j;
Is=P2Rd(Im,phi)
syms I1 I2 I3
[I1,I2,I3]=solve(R1*I1+ZC1*I1+ZL*(I1-I3)+R2*(I1-I2),...
Is==I3-I2,ZC2*I2+R2*(I2-I1)+ZL*(I3-I1)+R3*I3,I1,I2,I3)
V2=R3*I3
V1=V2+ZL*(I3-I1)
V1p=R2P(V1)
V2p=R2P(V2)
I1p=R2P(I1)
I2p=R2P(I2)
I3p=R2P(I3)
I1=vpa(I1,7)
I2=vpa(I2,7)
I3=vpa(I3,7)
I1p=vpa(I1p,7)
I2p=vpa(I2p,7)
I3p=vpa(I3p,7)
V1=vpa(V1,7)
V2=vpa(V2,7)
V1p=vpa(V1p,7)
V2p=vpa(V2p,7)

Problem 10.31
+ Va - V1 C V2

-j9
I1 R1 2 I2
R2 R3
3
Vs 4

10/_0 V
+

0.5 Va
L
-

j5

Summing the voltage drops around mesh 1 (left side), we obtain

-10 + 2 I1 + 3(I1 - I2) + j5(I1 - I2) = 0

which can be rearranged as

(5 + j5)I1 + (-3 - j5)I2 = 10 (1)

Summing the voltage drops around mesh 2 (right side), we obtain

j5(I2 - I1) + 3(I2 - I1) - j9 I2 + 4 I2 + 0.5 (2I1)= 0

738
© 2018 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
which can be rearranged as

(-2 - j5) I1 + (7 - j4)I2 = 0 (2)

Equations (1) and (2) can be solved using Cramer's rule.

10 −3 − j 5
0 7 − j4
I1 = = 1.0007174 − j 0.4053 = 1.07968∠ − 22.04883o A
5 + j 5 −3 − j 5
−2 − j 5 7 − j4

5 + j5 10
−2 − j 5 0
I2 = = 1.1758 + j 0.6994 = 0.7212∠75.8946o A
5 + j 5 −3 − j 5
−2 − j 5 7 − j4

V1 = (R2 + ZL)(I1 - I2) = 7.9986 + j0.8106 = 8.0395∠5.7869o V

V2 = R3I2 + 0.5(2I1) = 1.7037 + j2.3924 = 2.937∠54.5437o V
A=[5+5j,-3-5j;-2-5j,7-4j];b=[10;0];I=A\b
Ip=R2P(I)
V1=(R2+ZL)*(I(1)-I(2))
V2=R3*I(2)+0.5*(R1*I(1))
V1p=R2P(V1)
V2p=R2P(V2)

Answer:
I =
1.000717360114778 - 0.405308464849355i
0.175753228120517 + 0.699426111908178i
Ip =
1.079680594673087 -22.048829574925659 -0.384824672293555
0.721169940592211 75.894642235664762 1.324611391635500
V1 =
7.998565279770444 + 0.810616929698709i
V2 =
1.703730272596844 + 2.392395982783357i
V1p =
8.039536450658297 5.786899289020194 0.101000446074721
V2p =
2.937048753459986 54.543661988011166 0.951966487785671

Alternate Solution:
clear all;format long;
Vm=10;phi=0;R1=2;R2=3;R3=4;ZL=5j;ZC=-9j;
Vs=P2Rd(Vm,phi)
syms I1 I2
[I1,I2]=solve(-Vs+R1*I1+(R2+ZL)*(I1-I2),...
(R2+ZL)*(I2-I1)+ZC*I2+R3*I2+0.5*(R1*I1),I1,I2)
V1=(R2+ZL)*(I1-I2)
V2=R3*I2+0.5*(R1*I1)
V1p=R2P(V1)
V2p=R2P(V2)
I1p=R2P(I1)

739
© 2018 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
I2p=R2P(I2)
I1=vpa(I1,7)
I2=vpa(I2,7)
I1p=vpa(I1p,7)
I2p=vpa(I2p,7)
V1=vpa(V1,7)
V2=vpa(V2,7)
V1p=vpa(V1p,7)
V2p=vpa(V2p,7)

Problem 10.32
+ Va -

R1 C1

2 -j5
I1

+ Va - V1 R3 V2

6
I2 R2 3 I3

Vs

10/_0 V C2
-j4
0.3Va

Notice that current on the VCCS is I2 - I3, i.e.,

0.3 Va = 0.3R2(I2 - I1) = 0.9I2 - 0.9I1 = I2 - I3

which can be rearranged as

0.9I1 + 0.1I2 - I3 = 0 (1)

Summing the voltage drops around mesh 1, we obtain

2 I1 - j5 I1 + 6(I1 - I3) + 3(I1 - I2) = 0

which can be rearranged as

(11 - j5) I1 - 3I2 - 6 I3 = 0 (2)

Summing the voltage drops around the supermesh consisting of mesh 2 and mesh 3, we obtain

-10 + 3 (I2 - I1) + 6 (I3 - I1) - j4 I3 = 0

740
© 2018 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
which can be rearranged as

-9 I1 + 3 I2 + (6 - j4) I3 = 10 (3)

Equations (1), (2), and (3) can be solved using Cramer's rule.

0 0.1 −1
0 −3 −6
10 3 6 − j4
I1 = = 0.1658 + j1.05837 = 1.0713∠81.0983o A
0.9 0.1 −1
11 − j 5 −3 −6
−9 3 6 − j4

0.9 0 −1
11 − j 5 0 −6
−9 10 6 − j 4
I2 = = 1.7278 + j1.4161 = 2.234∠39.338o A
0.9 0.1 −1
11 − j 5 −3 −6
−9 3 6 − j4

0.9 0.1 0
11 − j 5 −3 0
−9 3 10
I3 = = 0.322 + j1.0941 = 1.1405∠73.6024o A
0.9 0.1 −1
11 − j 5 −3 −6
−9 3 6 − j4

V2 = (-j4)I3 = 4.3766 - j1.2879 = 4.5622∠-16.3976o V

V1 = V2 + 6 (I3 - I1) = 5.3138 - j1.0733 = 5.4211∠-11.4186o V
A=[0.9,0.1,-1;11-5j,-3,-6;-9,3,6-4j];b=[0;0;10];I=A\b
Ip=R2P(I)
V2=ZC2*I(3)
V1=V2+R3*(I(3)-I(1))
V2p=R2P(V2)
V1p=R2P(V1)

Answer:
I =
0.165769339756305 +
1.727826579767639 +
0.321975063757438 +
Ip =
1.071276757248365
2.234007742205867
1.140538840504251
1.058373476905639i
1.416123547747236i
1.094148483989799i
81.098283967108003 1.415432072943363
39.337984263210117 0.686577346490732
73.602426327378154 1.284604676869307

741
© 2018 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
V2 =
4.376593935959196 - 1.287900255029754i
V1 =
5.313828279965998 - 1.073250212524792i
V2p =
4.562155362017005 -16.397573672621856 -0.286191649925590
V1p =
5.421128757708205 -11.418591689831485 -0.199292020928423

Alternate Solution:
clear all;format long;
Vm=10;phi=0;R1=2;R2=3;R3=6;ZC1=-5j;ZC2=-4j;
Vs=P2Rd(Vm,phi)
syms I1 I2 I3
[I1,I2,I3]=solve(R1*I1+ZC1*I1+R3*(I1-I3)+R2*(I1-I2),...
0.3*R2*(I2-I1)==I2-I3,-Vs+R2*(I2-I1)+R3*(I3-I1)+ZC2*I3,I1,I2,I3)
V2=ZC2*I3
V1=V2+R3*(I3-I1)
V1p=R2P(V1)
V2p=R2P(V2)
I1p=R2P(I1)
I2p=R2P(I2)
I3p=R2P(I3)
I1=vpa(I1,7)
I2=vpa(I2,7)
I3=vpa(I3,7)
I1p=vpa(I1p,7)
I2p=vpa(I2p,7)
I3p=vpa(I3p,7)
V1=vpa(V1,7)
V2=vpa(V2,7)
V1p=vpa(V1p,7)
V2p=vpa(V2p,7)

Problem 10.33

When Is2 is deactivated by open-circuiting it, we obtain the circuit shown below.
V11 C V21

-j5
I11 I21

R L
10 j8
Is1
2A

From the current divider rule, the current through C and L is given by

R 10 20 20(10 − j 3) 200 60
I 21 = I s1 × = 2× = = = −j A
R + ZC + Z L 10 − j 5 + j8 10 + j 3 109 109 109

= 1.8349 - j0.5505 A

The voltages V11 and V21 are given respectively by

742
© 2018 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
V11 = (ZC + ZL) I21 = j3×(1.8349 - j0.5505) = 1.6514 + j5.5046 V

V21 = (ZL) I21 = j8×(1.8349 - j0.5505) = 4.4037 + j14.6789 V

When Is1 is deactivated by open-circuiting it, we obtain the circuit shown below.
V12 C V22

-j5
I12 I22

R L
10 j8
Is2
3A

From the current divider rule, the current through C and R is given by

R + ZC 10 − j 5 30 − j15
I12 = I s 2 × = 3× = A
R + ZC + Z L 10 − j 5 + j8 10 + j 3

= 0.66055 + j2.201835 A

The voltages V12 and V22 are given respectively by

V12 = (ZC + R) I12 = (10 - j5)×( 0.66055 + j2.201835) = 6.6055 + j22.01835 V

V22 = (R) I12 = 10×(0.66055 + j2.201835) = 17.6147 + j18.7156 V

Adding the contribution from the two current sources, we obtain

V1 = V11 + V12 = 8.2569 + j27.5229 = 28.7348∠73.3008o V

V2 = V21 + V22 = 22.01835 + j33.3945 = 40∠56.6015o V

clear all;format long;
R=10;ZL=8j;ZC=-5j;Im1=2;Im2=3;phi=0;
Is1=P2Rd(Im1,phi)
Is2=P2Rd(Im2,phi)
I21=Is1*R/(R+ZC+ZL)
V11=(ZC+ZL)*I21
V21=(ZL)*I21
I12=Is2*ZL/(ZL+ZC+R)
V12=R*I12
V22=(ZC+R)*I12
V1=V11+V12
V2=V21+V22
V1p=R2P(V1)
V2p=R2P(V2)

743
© 2018 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Problem 10.34

When Vs is deactivated by short-circuiting it, we obtain the circuit shown below.

V11 C

-j7

R L
12 j5
Is
2/_0 A

The equivalent impedance of the parallel connection of R, ZL, ZC is given by

1 1
Z eq = R || Z L || Z C = = = 8.1621 + j5.5969 Ω
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + +
R Z L Z C 12 5 j −7 j

The voltage V11 is given by

V11 = Zeq×Is = 16.3243 + j11.1938 V

When Is is deactivated by open-circuiting it, we obtain the circuit shown below.

V12 C

-j7

R L Vs
12 j5
10/_0 V

Let Za be the equivalent impedance of the parallel connection of R and ZL. Then, we have

R × Z L 12 × ( j 5)
Z a = R || Z L = = = 1.1775 + j4.2604 Ω
R + Z L 12 + j 5

Application of the voltage divider rule yields

744
© 2018 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Za 1.1775 + j 4.2604
V12 = Vs × = 10 × = −7.9956 + j11.6602 V
ZC + Z a − j 7 + 1.1775 + j 4.2604

The voltage V1 is the sum of V11 and V12.

V1 = V11 + V12 = 8.3287 + j22.854 = 24.3243∠69.9767o V

clear all;format long;
R=12;ZL=5j;ZC=-7j;Im=2;Vm=10;phi=0;
Is=P2Rd(Im,phi)
Vs=P2Rd(Vm,phi)
Zeq=P([R,ZL,ZC])
V11=Zeq*Is
Za=P([R,ZL])
V12=Vs*Za/(ZC+Za)
V1=V11+V12
V1p=R2P(V1)

Problem 10.35

When Vs is deactivated by short-circuiting it, we obtain the circuit shown below.

V11 C V21 R2

-j6 9

L R1
j8 12
Is
3/_0 A

Let Za be the equivalent impedance of the parallel connection of R1 and R2. Then, we have

R1 × R2 108
Z a = R1 || R2 = = = 5.1429 Ω
R1 + R2 21

Let Zb the equivalent impedance of the series connection of ZC and Za. Then, we have

Zb = ZC + Za = 5.1429 - j6

Let Zc the equivalent impedance of the parallel connection of ZL and Zb. Then, we have

Z L × Zb
Z c = Z L || Z b = = 10.80965 + j3.79625 Ω
Z L + Zb

The voltage V11 is given by

745
© 2018 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
V11 = Zc×Is = 32.429 + j11.3887 V

From the voltage divider rule, we have

Za
V21 = V11 × = 8.10724 + j20.8472 V
Zb

When Is is deactivated by open-circuiting it, we obtain the circuit shown below.

V12 C V22 R2

-j6 9

Vs
L R1
j8 12 15/_0 V

Let Zd be the equivalent impedance of the parallel connection of R1 and ZC + ZL. Then, we have

R1 × ( Z C + Z L )
Z d = R1 || ( Z C + Z L ) = = 0.3243 + j1.9459 Ω
R 1 + ZC + Z L

Application of the voltage divider rule yields

Zd
V22 = Vs × = 1.126 + j2.8954 V
R2 + Z d

Application of the voltage divider rule yields

ZL
V12 = V22 × = 4.504 + j11.5818 V
ZC + Z L

The voltage V1 is the sum of V11 and V12, and voltage V2 is the sum of V21 and V22.

V1 = V11 + V12 = 36.933 + j22.971 = 43.4936∠31.8796o V

V2 = V21 + V22 = 9.2332 + j23.7426 = 25.4748∠68.7495o V

clear all;format long;
R1=12;R2=9;ZL=8j;ZC=-6j;Im=3;Vm=15;phi=0;
Is=P2Rd(Im,phi)
Vs=P2Rd(Vm,phi)
Za=P([R1,R2])

746
© 2018 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Zb=ZC+Za
Zc=P([ZL,Zb])
V11=Zc*Is
V21=V11*Za/Zb
Zd=P([R1,ZC+ZL])
V22=Vs*Zd/(R2+Zd)
V12=V22*ZL/(ZC+ZL)
V1=V11+V12
V2=V21+V22
V1p=R2P(V1)
V2p=R2P(V2)

Problem 10.36

When Vs2 is deactivated by short-circuiting it, we obtain the circuit shown below.
R1 V11 L V21 C2

6 j4 -j7

Vs1
C1 R2
20/_0 V -j5 11

Let Za be the equivalent impedance of the parallel connection of R1 and R2. Then, we have

R2 × Z C 2
Z a = R2 || Z C 2 = = 3.1706 - j4.9824 Ω
R2 + Z C 2

Let Zb the equivalent impedance of the series connection of ZL and Za. Then, we have

Zb = ZL + Za = 3.1706 - j0.9824 Ω

Let Zc the equivalent impedance of the parallel connection of ZC1 and Zb. Then, we have

Zc = ZC1 || Zb = 1.7291 - j1.7375 Ω

From the voltage divider rule, we have

Zc
V11 = Vs1 × = 5.2211 - j3.3222 V
R1 + Z c

From the voltage divider rule, we have

Za
V21 = V11 × = 3.259 - j10.517 V
Zb

747
© 2018 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
When Vs1 is deactivated by short-circuiting it, we obtain the circuit shown below.
R1 V12 L V22 C2

6 j4 -j7

Vs2
C1 R2
-j5 11 30/_0 V

Let Zd be the equivalent impedance of the parallel connection of R1 and ZC1. Then, we have

Zd = R1 || ZC1 = 2.459 - j2.9508 Ω

Let Ze be the equivalent impedance of the series connection of ZL and Zd. Then, we have

Ze = ZL + Zd = 2.459 + j1.04918 Ω

Let Zf the equivalent impedance of the parallel connection of R2 and Ze. Then, we have

Zf = Ze || R2 = 2.064 + j0.6966 Ω

Application of the voltage divider rule yields

Zf
V22 = Vs 2 × = -0.0890665 + j9.8526 V
RC 2 + Z f

Application of the voltage divider rule yields

Zd
V12 = V22 × = 13.5219 + j4.1902 V
Ze

The voltage V1 is the sum of V11 and V12, and voltage V2 is the sum of V21 and V22.

V1 = V11 + V12 = 18.743 + j0.868 = 18.7631∠2.6514o V

V2 = V21 + V22 = 3.17 - j0.6644 = 3.2388∠-11.8374o V

clear all;format long;
R1=6;R2=11;ZL=4j;ZC1=-5j;ZC2=-7j;Vm1=20;Vm2=30;phi=0;
Vs1=P2Rd(Vm1,phi)
Vs2=P2Rd(Vm2,phi)
Za=P([R2,ZC2])
Zb=ZL+Za

748
© 2018 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Zc=P([ZC1,Zb])
V11=Vs1*Zc/(R1+Zc)
V21=V11*Za/Zb
Zd=P([R1,ZC1])
Ze=ZL+Zd
Zf=P([R2,Ze])
V22=Vs2*Zf/(ZC2+Zf)
V12=V22*Zd/Ze
V1=V11+V12
V2=V21+V22
V1p=R2P(V1)
V2p=R2P(V2)

Problem 10.37

When Vs2 is deactivated by short-circuiting it, we obtain the circuit shown below.
C1

-j7

R1 V11 R2 V21 R3

8 10 11

Vs1 L
C2 j12
40/_0 V -j8

Let Za be the equivalent impedance of the parallel connection of R3 and ZL. Then, we have

Za = R3 || ZL = 5.9774 + j5.4792 Ω

Let Zb the equivalent impedance of the series connection of R2 and Za. Then, we have

Zb = R2 + Za = 15.9774 + j5.4792 Ω

Let Zc the equivalent impedance of the parallel connection of ZC1, ZC2 and Zb. Then, we have

Zc = ZC1 || ZC2 || Zb = 0.8621 - j3.8275 Ω

From the voltage divider rule, we have

Zc
V11 = Vs1 × = 9.5678 - j13.1437 V
R1 + Z c

From the voltage divider rule, we have

749
© 2018 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Za
V21 = V11 × = 6.7339 - j3.9454 V
Zb

When Vs1 is deactivated by short-circuiting it, we obtain the circuit shown below.
C1

-j7

R1 V12 R2 V22 R3

8 10 11
1 2

L Vs2
C2 j12
-j8 50/_0 V

Summing the currents leaving node 1, we obtain

V12 V12 − 50 V12 − V22 V12

+ + + =0
8 − j7 10 − j8

which can be rearranged as

1 1 1 1  V22 50
 + + +  V12 − = (1)
 8 − j 7 10 − j8  10 − j 7

Summing the currents leaving node 2, we obtain

V22 − V12 V22 − 50 V22

+ + =0
10 11 j12

which can be rearranged as

1 1 1 1  50
− V12 +  + +  V22 = (2)
10  10 11 j12  11

Equations (1) and (2) can be solved using MATLAB.

A=[1/8-1/7j+1/10-1/8j,-1/10;-1/10,1/10+1/11+1/12j];b=[-50/7j;50/11];V=A\b

V =
24.898468927478724 +10.081513800199694i

750
© 2018 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 29.017500264863674 +17.947162106195886i

Thus,

V12 = 24.8985 + j10.0815 V

V22 = 29.0175 + j17.9472 V

The voltage V1 is the sum of V11 and V12, and voltage V2 is the sum of V21 and V22.

V1 = V11 + V12 = 34.4662 - j3.0622 = 34.602∠-5.0772o V

V2 = V21 + V22 = 35.7514 + j14.00175 = 38.3955∠21.3874o V

clear all;format long;
R1=8;R2=10;R3=11;ZL=12j;ZC1=-7j;ZC2=-8j;Vm1=40;Vm2=50;phi=0;
Vs1=P2Rd(Vm1,phi)
Vs2=P2Rd(Vm2,phi)
Za=P([R3,ZL])
Zb=R2+Za
Zc=P([ZC1,ZC2,Zb])
V11=Vs1*Zc/(R1+Zc)
V21=V11*Za/Zb
syms V12 V22
[V12,V22]=solve(V12/R1+(V12-Vs2)/ZC1+V12/ZC2+(V12-V22)/R2,...
(V22-V12)/R2+V22/ZL+(V22-Vs2)/R3,V12,V22)
V12p=R2P(V12)
V22p=R2P(V22)
V12=vpa(V12,7)
V22=vpa(V22,7)
V12p=vpa(V12p,7)
V22p=vpa(V22p,7)
V1=V11+V12
V2=V21+V22
V1p=R2P(V1)
V2p=R2P(V2)
V1=vpa(V1,7)
V2=vpa(V2,7)
V1p=vpa(V1p,7)
V2p=vpa(V2p,7)

Problem 10.38

The voltage source Vs and the capacitor C with impedance -j5 Ω can be changed to a current
source Is1 with current 10/(-j5) = j2 A and a parallel capacitor with impedance -j5 Ω as shown
below.

+
R2
3
Is1
R1
C 2 Vo
j2 A Is
-j5
2/_0 A L
j6

751
© 2018 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
The current sources Is and Is1 can be combined into a single current source Is2 = 2 + j2 A as
shown below. Also, ZC and R1 can be combined into a single impedance of

Za = ZC || R1 = 1.7241 - j0.6897 Ω

+
Ra R2
1.7241 3

Vo
Is4
2/_0 A Ca L
-j0.6897 j6

Is2 and Za can be transformed to a voltage source with voltage

Vs1 = Za × Is2 = 4.8276 + j2.069 V

and a series impedance Za as shown below.

Ra Ca

1.7241 -j0.6897
+
R2
3
Vs1

Vo
4.8271+j2.069
L
j6

Application of the voltage divider rule yields

R2 + Z L
Vo = Vs1 × = 3.8908 + j 3.07167 = 4.9572∠38.2902o V
Z a + R2 + Z L

Problem 10.39

The current source Is and impedance R1 + ZL1 can be changed to a voltage source Vs with voltage
3×(2 + j3) = 6 + j9 V and a series impedance 2 + j3 Ω as shown below.

752
© 2018 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 R1 L1 C

2 j3 -j5
+
R2
3
Vs

6 + j9 Vo

L2
j8

Application of the voltage divider rule yields

R2 + Z L2
Vo = Vs × = 2.9508 + j11.459 = 11.8329∠75.5595o V
R1 + Z L1 + Z C + R2 + Z L2

Problem 10.40

The voltage source Vs and the capacitor C1 with impedance -j6 Ω can be changed to a current
source Is1 with current 12/(-j6) = j2 A and a parallel capacitor with impedance -j6 Ω as shown
below.
R1 C2

3 -j2
+
R2
5

L1 C1 Vo
Is j4 Is1
-j6
3/_0 A j2 A L2
j7

The current sources Is and Is1 can be combined into a single current source Is2 = 3 + j2 A as
shown below. Also, ZL1 and ZC1 can be combined into a single impedance of

Za = ZL1 || ZC1 = j12 Ω

R1 C2

3 -j2
+
R2
5

Za Vo
Is2 j12
3+j2 A L2
j7

753
© 2018 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Is2 and Za can be transformed to a voltage source with voltage

Vs1 = Za × Is2 = -24 + j36 V

and a series impedance Za as shown below.

Za R1 C2

j12 3 -j2
+
R2
5
Vs1

-24+j36 Vo

L2
j7

Application of the voltage divider rule yields

R2 + Z L2
Vo = Vs1 × = −7.8527 + j18.1870 = 19.8099∠113.3535o V
Z a + R1 + Z C2 + R2 + Z L2

clear all;format long;

R1=3;R2=5;ZL1=4j;ZL2=7j;ZC1=-6j;ZC2=-2j;Im=3;Vm=12;phi=0;
Is=P2Rd(Im,phi)
Vs=P2Rd(Vm,phi)
Is1=Vs/ZC1
Is2=Is1+Is
Za=P([ZL1,ZC1])
Vs1=Is2*Za
Vo=Vs1*(R2+ZL2)/(Za+R1+ZC2+R2+ZL2)
Vop=R2P(Vo)

Problem 10.41

The voltage source Vs and the series resistor R1 with resistance 2 Ω can be changed to a current
source Is1 with current 5/2 = 2.5 A and a parallel resistor with resistance 2 Ω as shown below.
Also, the VCCS and a parallel resistor R2 can be transformed to a VCVS with voltage 2.5 V1 in
series with the resistor R2 as shown below.
V1 C2

-j10
+
R2
5

R1
2 C1 Vo
Is
-j5 -
2.5 A
+
2.5 V1
-

754
© 2018 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Let Za be the equivalent impedance of the parallel connection of R1 and ZC1. Then, we have

Za = R1 || ZC1 = 1.7241 - j0.6897 Ω

Is and Za can be transformed to a voltage source with voltage

Vs1 = Za × Is = 4.310345 - j1.7241 V

and a series impedance Za as shown below.

I Ra Ca V1 C2

1.7241 -j0.6897 -j10

+

R2
Vs1 5
Vo
4.0310 - j1.7241 V -

+
2.5 V1
-

Let I be the mesh current. Summing the voltage drops around the mesh, we obtain

- Vs1 + ZaI + ZC2I + R2I - 2.5(Vs1 - ZaI) = 0

Solving for I, we obtain

I = 0.875 + j0.4375 A

The voltage Vo is given by

Vo = Vs1 - ZaI - ZC2I = -1.875 + j6.875 = 7.1261∠105.2551o V

clear all;format long;
R1=2;R2=5;ZC1=-5j;ZC2=-10j;Vm=5;phi=0;
Vs=P2Rd(Vm,phi)
Is=Vs/R1
Za=P([R1,ZC1])
Vs1=Is*Za
syms I
I=solve(-Vs1+Za*I+ZC2*I+R2*I-2.5*(Vs1-Za*I),I)
Vo=Vs1-Za*I-ZC2*I
Ip=R2P(I)
Vop=R2P(Vo)
I=vpa(I,8)
Vo=vpa(Vo,8)
Ip=vpa(Ip,8)
Vop=vpa(Vop,8)

755
© 2018 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Problem 10.42

The Thévenin equivalent voltage is the voltage across the inductor. Application of the voltage
divider rule yields

ZL j8 j8
Vth = × Vs = × 10∠30o = × ( 8.6603 + j 5 ) = 3.9804 + j 7.4878
R + ZL 5 + j8 5 + j8

= 8.48∠62.0054o V

To find the Thévenin equivalent impedance, we deactivate the voltage source by short circuiting
it and find the equivalent impedance seen from terminals a and b. The Thévenin equivalent
impedance is given by

R × ZL 5 × j8
Z th = Z c + ( R || Z L ) = Z c + = − j4 + = 3.5955 − j1.7528 = 4∠ − 25.9892o Ω
R + ZL 5 + j8

Problem 10.43
V1 L V2 R2
a
j6 5
1 2

Is
C R1
-j4 7
3/_0 A

Since no current flows through R2, the Thévenin equivalent voltage is the voltage across R1.
Summing the currents leaving node 1, we obtain

V1 V1
−3 + + =0
− j 4 7 + j6

Solving for V1, we obtain

3 − j12 ( 7 + j 6 ) 72 − j84
V1 = = = = 6.3396 − j13.8113 = 15.1968∠ − 65.3441o V
1
+
1 7 + j6 − j4 7 + j2
− j 4 7 + j6

The Thévenin equivalent voltage is obtained by applying the voltage divider rule.

756
© 2018 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 R1 7
Vth = V1 × = ( 6.3396 − j13.8113)
R1 + Z L 7 + j6

= −3.1698 − j11.09434 = 11.5383∠ − 105.9454o V

To find the Thévenin equivalent impedance, we deactivate the current source by open circuiting
it and find the equivalent impedance seen from terminals a and b. The Thévenin equivalent
impedance is given by

7 × j2
Z th = R2 +  R1 || ( Z L + Z C )  = 5 + = 5.5283 + j1.8491 = 5.8293∠18.4936o Ω
7 + j6 − j 4

Problem 10.44

Let Za be the equivalent impedance of the parallel connection of ZC and R2 + ZL2. Then, we have

Z C × ( R2 + Z L 2 ) − j 6 ( 6 + j5) 30 − j 36
Z a = Z C || ( R2 + Z L 2 ) = = = = 5.8378 − j 5.0270
Z C + ( R2 + Z L 2 ) − j6 + 6 + j5 6 − j1

The Thévenin equivalent voltage is the voltage across Za. Applying the voltage divider rule, we
obtain

Za 5.8378 − j 5.0270 5.8378 − j 5.0270

Vth = Vs × = 50 × = 50 ×
R1 + Z L1 + Z a 10 + j8 + 5.8378 − j 5.0270 15.8378 + j 2.973

= 14.9251 − j18.67194 = 23.90395∠ − 51.3636o V

To find the Thévenin equivalent impedance, we deactivate the voltage source by short circuiting
it and find the equivalent impedance seen from terminals a and b. The Thévenin equivalent
impedance is the equivalent impedance of the parallel connection of Za and R1 + ZL1.

Z th = Z a || ( R1 + Z L1 ) =
( 5.8378 − j5.0270 )(10 + j8 ) = 5.9725 − j1.3464 = 6.1224∠ − 12.7038o Ω
5.8378 − j 5.0270 + 10 + j8

clear all;format long;

R1=10;R2=6;ZL1=8j;ZL2=5j;ZC=-6j;Vm=50;phi=0;
Vs=P2Rd(Vm,phi)
Za=P([ZC,R2+ZL2])
Zth=P([R1+ZL1,Za])
Zthp=R2P(Zth)
Vth=Vs*Za/(R1+ZL1+Za)
Vthp=R2P(Vth)

Answer:
Vs =
50
Za =
5.837837837837839 - 5.027027027027028i

757
© 2018 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Zth =
5.972522897585345 - 1.346378018318068i
Zthp =
6.122398511236534 -12.703759981552132 -0.221722439061179
Vth =
14.925062447960036 -18.671940049958369i
Vthp =
23.903950182025277 -51.363568235642227 -0.896463381284731

Problem 10.45

Let Za be the equivalent impedance of the parallel connection of ZC2, R2, and ZL2. Then, we have

1 1
Z a = Z C 2 || R2 || Z L 2 = = = 9.9794 + j 0.4536
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + +
Z C 2 R2 Z L 2 − j 22 10 j 20

The Thévenin equivalent voltage is the voltage across Za. Applying the voltage divider rule, we
obtain

Za 9.9794 + j 0.4536 9.9794 + j 0.4536

Vth = Vs × = 80 × = 80 ×
R1 + Z L1 + Z C1 + Z a 12 + j15 − j 5 + 9.9794 + j 0.4536 21.9794 + j10.4536

= 30.2624 − j12.7421 = 32.8356∠ − 22.8337 o V

To find the Thévenin equivalent impedance, we deactivate the voltage source by short circuiting
it and find the equivalent impedance seen from terminals a and b. The Thévenin equivalent
impedance is the equivalent impedance of the parallel connection of Za and R1 + ZL1 + ZC1.

Z th = Z a || ( R1 + Z L1 + Z C1 ) =
( 9.9794 + j 0.4536 )(12 + j10 ) = 6.1321 + j1.8715
9.9794 + j 0.4536 + 12 + j10

= 6.4114∠16.9719o Ω

clear all;format long;

R1=12;R2=10;ZL1=15j;ZL2=20j;ZC1=-5j;ZC2=-22j;Vm=80;phi=0;
Vs=P2Rd(Vm,phi)
Za=P([ZC2,R2,ZL2])
Zth=P([R1+ZL1+ZC1,Za])
Zthp=R2P(Zth)
Vth=Vs*Za/(R1+ZL1+ZC1+Za)
Vthp=R2P(Vth)

Answer:
Vs =
80
Za =
9.979381443298969 + 0.453608247422681i
Zth =
6.132126696832580 + 1.871493212669683i
Zthp =
6.411354355444374 16.971916914347648 0.296215830530283
Vth =
30.262443438914026 -12.742081447963798i

758
© 2018 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Vthp =
32.835592312611233 -22.833654177917541 -0.398522445666420

Problem 10.46
R1 V1 L1 C1 V2
a
8 -j6
1 j15 2

R3 R4
12 15
Vs
R2
70/_0 V 10
L2 C2
-j20
j18

The Thévenin equivalent voltage is the voltage V2. Summing the currents leaving node 1, we
obtain

V1 − 70 V1 V1 − V2
+ + =0
8 10 j9

which can be rearranged as

1 1 1  1 70
 + +  V1 − V2 = (1)
 8 10 j 9  j9 8

Summing the currents leaving node 2, we obtain

V2 − V1 V2 V2
+ + =0
j9 12 + j18 15 − j 20

which can be rearranged as

1  1 1 1 
− V1 +  + +  V2 = 0 (2)
j9  j 9 12 + j18 15 − j 20 

Equations (1) and (2) can be solved using MATLAB:

A=[1/8+1/10+1/9j,-1/9j;-1/9j,1/9j+1/(12+18j)+1/(15-20j)]
b=[70/8;0]
V=A\b
Vth=V(2)
Vthp=R2P(Vth)

Answer:
A =

759
© 2018 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 0.225000000000000 - 0.111111111111111i 0.000000000000000 + 0.111111111111111i
0.000000000000000 + 0.111111111111111i 0.049641025641026 - 0.117572649572650i
b =
8.750000000000000
0
V =
33.085190644375210 + 2.770649268816803i
27.474625875021182 - 8.981839676323395i
Vth =
27.474625875021182 - 8.981839676323395i
Vthp =
28.905510044688029 -18.103292866449053 -0.315962065972338

Vth = 27.4746 - j8.9818 = 28.9055∠-18.1033o V

To find the Thévenin equivalent impedance, we deactivate the voltage source by short circuiting
it and find the equivalent impedance seen from terminals a and b. The Thévenin equivalent
impedance is the equivalent impedance of parallel connection of R4 + ZC2, R3 + ZL2, ZC1 + ZL1 +
(R1 || R2). The Thévenin equivalent impedance can be calculated using MATLAB:
R1=8;R2=10;R3=12;R4=15;ZL1=15j;ZL2=18j;ZC1=-6j;ZC2=-20j;
Zth=P([ZC1+ZL1+P([R1,R2]),R3+ZL2,R4+ZC2])
Zthp=R2P(Zth)

Answer:
Zth =
5.218611567951551 + 5.331917453782230i
Zthp =
7.460780819130483 45.615296112230773 0.796137106430596

Z th = 5.2186 + j 5.3319 = 7.4608∠45.6153o Ω

Problem 10.47
R1 V1 C2 V2
a
5 -j10
+ 1 2

Vs
V1 C1 R2
3/_0 V -j5 8
0.3 V1

The Thévenin equivalent voltage is the voltage V2. Summing the currents leaving node 1, we
obtain

V1 − 3 V1 V1 − V2
+ + =0
5 − j 5 − j10

Multiplication by j10 yields

760
© 2018 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
j2(V1 - 3) - 2V1 - V1 + V2 = 0

which can be rearranged as

(-3 + j2)V1 + V2 = j6 (1)

Summing the currents leaving node 2, we obtain

V2 − V1 V
+ 0.3V1 + 2 = 0
− j10 8

Multiplication by 40j yields

-4V2 + 4V1 + 12jV1 + 5jV2 = 0

which can be rearranged as

(4 + j12)V1 + (-4 + j5)V2 = 0 (2)

From equation (1), we have

V2 = j6 - (-3 + j2)V1 (3)

Substituting equation (3) into equation (2), we obtain

(4 + j12)V1 + (-4 + j5)[ j6 - (-3 + j2)V1] = 0

which can be rewritten as

(4 + j12)V1 -j24 - 30 + (-2 + j23)V1 = 0

or

(2 + j35)V1 = 30 + j24

Solving for V1, we obtain

30 + j 24
V1 = = 0.7323 − j 0.8153 (4)
2 + j 35

Substituting equation (4) into equation (3), we obtain

V2 = j6 - (-3 + j2)(0.7323 - j0.8153) = 0.5663 + j2.0895 V

The Thévenin equivalent voltage is given by

761
© 2018 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Vth = 0.5663 + j2.0895 V = 2.1649∠74.8355o V

When a and b are short-circuited, we obtain the circuit shown below.

R1 Va C2 Ic2
a
5 -j10
+ 1 2
Ivccs

Vs
V1 C1 R2 Isc
3/_0 V -j5 8
0.3 V1

Summing the currents leaving node 1, we obtain

Va − 3 Va V
+ + a =0
5 − j 5 − j10

Multiplication by j10 yields

j2(Va - 3) - 2Va - Va = 0

which can be rearranged as

(-3 + j2)Va = j6 (5)

Solving for Va, we get

j6
Va = = 0.9231 − j1.3846 V
−3 + j 2

The current through C2 is given by

Va
I C2 = = 0.1385 + j0.09231
Z C2

The current through the VCCS is given by

I vccs = 0.3Va = 0.2769 - j0.4154

The short circuit current is given by

762
© 2018 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Isc = Ic2 - Ivccs = -0.1385 + j0.5077 A

The Thévenin equivalent impedance is given by

Vth
Z th = = 3.5476 - j2.08299 = 4.1139∠-30.4196o Ω
I sc

Problem 10.48

When a and b are short circuited, we obtain the circuit shown below.
R L
a
5 j10

Vs
C Isc
20/_60 V -j8

Summing the currents leaving node 1, we obtain

Va − Vs Va V
+ + a =0
5 − j8 j10

Solving for Va, we obtain

20∠60o j 40 × 20∠60o
5 5 j160 ( 0.5 + j 0.866 ) j160 ( 0.5 + j 0.8660254 )
Va = = = =
1
+
1
+
1 j 40 j 40 j 40
+ + j 8 − 5 + 4 −1 + j 8
5 − j8 j10 5 − j8 j10

= 11.9779 + j15.8233

The short circuit current is given by

Va
I sc = = 1.5823 - j1.1978 = 1.9846∠-37.1250 A
ZL

The short circuit current is the Norton equivalent current. Thus, we have

In = Isc = 1.5823 - j1.1978 = 1.9846∠-37.1250 A

763
© 2018 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
To find the Norton equivalent impedance, we deactivate the voltage source by short circuiting it
and find the equivalent impedance seen from terminals a and b. The Norton equivalent
impedance is given by

5 × (− j8)
Z n = Z L + ( R || Z C ) = j10 + = 3.5955 + j 7.7528 = 8.546∠65.1196o Ω
5 − j8

Problem 10.49

When a and b are short circuited, we obtain the circuit shown below.
R1 R2
a
5 3

Is L
C Isc
j8 -j5
3/_0 A

Summing the currents leaving node 1, we obtain

V1 V1 − V2
−3 + + =0
j8 5

Multiplication by j40 yields

-j120 + 5V1 + 8j(V1 - V2) = 0

which can be rearranged as

(5 + j8)V1 - j8V2 = j120 (1)

Summing the currents leaving node 2, we obtain

V2 − V1 V2 V2
+ + =0
5 − j5 3

Multiplication by 15 yields

3V2 - 3V1 + j3V2 + 5V2 = 0

which can be rearranged as

-3V1 + (8 + j3)V2 = 0 (2)

764
© 2018 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Solving equation (2) for V1, we obtain

8 + j3
V1 = V2 (3)
3

Substituting equation (3) into equation (1), we obtain

8 + j3
( 5 + j8 ) V2 − j8V2 = j120
3

Solving for V2, we obtain

j 360 j 360 j 360

V2 = = = = 6.03475 + j1.7556
( 5 + j8)(8 + j3) − j 24 40 + j 79 − 24 − j 24 16 + j 55
The short circuit current, which is the Norton equivalent current, is given by

V2
I n = I sc = = 2.01158 + j 0.5852 = 2.09497∠16.2202o A
R2

To find the Norton equivalent impedance, we deactivate the current source by open circuiting it
and find the equivalent impedance seen from terminals a and b. The Norton equivalent
impedance is given by

Z n = R2 + ( R1 + Z L ) || Z C  = 3 +
( 5 + j8 ) × (− j5) = 6.6765 − j 7.2059 = 9.8234∠ − 47.184o Ω
5 + j8 − j 5

Problem 10.50

When a and b are short circuited, we obtain the circuit shown below.
C V1 R1
a
-j4 5
1

R2
2
Vs
L1 Isc
30/_0 V
j12 L2

j5

Current through R2 and L2 is zero. Summing the currents leaving node 1, we obtain

765
© 2018 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
V1 − 30 V1 V1
+ + =0
− j4 j12 5

Solving for V1, we obtain

30 30 × j 60
− j4 − j4 −450 −450
V1 = = = = = 18.4426 + j 22.13115
1 1 1 j 60 j 60 j 60 −15 + 5 + j12 −10 + j12
+ + + +
− j 4 j12 5 − j 4 j12 5

The short circuit current, which is the Norton equivalent current, is given by

V1
I n = I sc = = 3.6885 + j 4.4262 = 5.7617∠50.1944o A
R1

To find the Norton equivalent impedance, we deactivate the voltage source by short circuiting it
and find the equivalent impedance seen from terminals a and b. The Norton equivalent
impedance is given by

 ( j12)(− j 4) 
( ) ( )
Z n = R2 + Z L2 ||  R1 + Z L1 || Z C  = ( 2 + j 5 ) ||  5 +
  j12 − j 4 



= 5.34 + j 2.62 = 5.9481∠26.1343o Ω

Problem 10.51

When a and b are short circuited, we obtain the circuit shown below.
R1 V1 C2 Ic2
a
6 -j20
1
IR2

R2
Vs C1 10 Isc
-j5
10/_0 V
+

-
0.8 V1
b

Summing the currents leaving node 1, we obtain

V1 − 10 V1 V
+ + 1 =0
6 − j 5 − j 20

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Solving for V1, we obtain

10 10 × j 60
6 6 j100 j100
V1 = = = = = 3.076923 − j 4.6154
1
+
1
+
1 j 60 j 60
+ +
j 60 j10 − 12 − 3 −15 + j10
6 − j 5 − j 20 6 − j 5 − j 20

The short circuit current, which is the Norton equivalent current, is given by

V1 0.8V1
I n = I sc = + = 0.4769 − j 0.2154 = 0.5233∠ − 24.3045o A
C2 R2

To find the Norton equivalent impedance, we deactivate the voltage source by short circuiting it
and apply a test voltage across terminals a and b as shown below.
R1 Va C2 Ic2 It
a
6 -j20
1
IR2

R2
C1 10 Vt
-j5
1V
+

-
0.8 Va
b

Summing the currents leaving node 1, we obtain

Va Va Va − 1
+ + =0
6 − j 5 − j 20

Solving for Va, we obtain

1 j 60
− j 20 − j 20 −3 −3
Va = = = = = 0.1385 + j 0.09231
1
+
1
+
1 j 60 j 60
+ +
j 60 j10 − 12 − 3 − 15 + j10
6 − j 5 − j 20 6 − j 5 − j 20

The current It is given by

Vt − Va Vt − 0.8Va
I t = I C2 + I R2 = + = 0.09354 + j 0.03569
− j 20 10

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The Norton equivalent impedance is given by the ratio of Vt to It.

Vt
Zn = = 9.3320 − j 3.5609 = 9.9883∠ − 20.8858o Ω
It

Problem 10.52

The phasor transformed circuit is shown below.

R1 Vo

2
1

Vin
R2 L
3
0.5jw

Summing the currents leaving node 1, we obtain

Vo − Vin Vo Vo
+ + =0
2 3 0.5 jω

which can be rearranged as

1 1 2  Vin
 + +  Vo = (1)
 2 3 jω  2

Taking the ratio of Vo to Vin in equation (1), we get

1
Vo (ω ) 2 3 jω 3 jω 0.6 jω
H (ω ) = = = = =
Vin (ω ) 1 + 1 + 2 3 jω + 2 jω + 12 5 jω + 12 jω + 2.4
2 3 jω

At ω = 0, H(ω) = 0.
At ω = ∞, H(ω) = 0.6.
This is a highpass filter (HPF)

Problem 10.53

The phasor transformed circuit is shown below.

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 R1 Vo

3
1

Vin
R2 C
6 5/(jw)

Summing the currents leaving node 1, we obtain

Vo − Vin Vo Vo
+ + =0
3 6 5
jω

which can be rearranged as

 1 1 jω  Vin
 + +  Vo = (1)
3 6 5  3

Taking the ratio of Vo to Vin in equation (1), we get

1
Vo (ω ) 3 10 1.6667
H (ω ) = = = =
Vin (ω ) jω + 1 + 1 6 jω + 10 + 5 jω + 2.5
5 3 6

At ω = 0, H(ω) = 0.6667.
At ω = ∞, H(ω) = 0.
This is a lowpass filter (LPF)

Problem 10.54

Application of the voltage divider rule yields

R
Vo (ω ) jω
R jω RC L
H (ω ) = = = =
Vin (ω ) jω L + R + 1 − LCω 2 + jω RC + 1 −ω 2 + R jω + 1
jωC L LC

100, 000 jω
=
−ω + 100, 000 jω + 1× 109
2

The 3 dB cutoff frequencies are

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 R R 4L
ω1 = − + + 1 = 9160.7978 rad/s
2L 2L R 2C

R R 4L
ω2 = + + 1 = 109,160.7978 rad/s
2L 2L R 2C

The 3dB bandwidth of the series RLC bandpass filter is given by

R
ω3dB = ω2 − ω1 = = 100,000 rad/s
L

Problem 10.55

Application of the voltage divider rule yields

1 R 1
R+ jω +
V (ω ) jω RC + 1
jωC L LC
H (ω ) = o = = =
Vin (ω ) jω L + R + 1 − LCω + jω RC + 1 −ω 2 + jω + 1
2
R
jωC L LC

60000 jω + 3.3333 × 108

=
−ω 2 + 60000 jω + 3.3333 ×108

At ω = 0, H(ω) = 1.
At ω = ∞, H(ω) = 0.
This is a lowpass filter (LPF)

Problem 10.56

Application of the voltage divider rule yields

R
Vo (ω ) −ω 2 + jω
jω L + R − LCω + jω RC 2
L
H (ω ) = = = =
Vin (ω ) jω L + R + 1 − LCω 2 + jω RC + 1 −ω 2 + R jω + 1
jωC L LC

−ω 2 + 40000 jω
=
−ω 2 + 40000 jω + 1× 108

At ω = 0, H(ω) = 0.
At ω = ∞, H(ω) = 1.
This is a highpass filter (HPF)

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Problem 10.57

Application of the voltage divider rule yields

 1 
jω L  R +
Vo (ω ) jω L  jωC  jω L ( RCjω + 1)
H (ω ) = = = =
Vin (ω ) R×
1  1  R jω L ( RCjω + 1) + R
jω L  R +  +
jωC  jωC  jωC
jω L +
1
R+
jωC

1
−ω 2 + jω
− RLCω + jω L2
−ω 2 + 10000 jω
RC
= = =
− RLCω 2 + jω L + R −ω 2 + 1 jω + 1 −ω 2 + 10000 jω + 1.6667 × 108
RC LC

At ω = 0, H(ω) = 0.
At ω = ∞, H(ω) = 1.
This is a highpass filter (HPF)

Problem 10.58

Application of the voltage divider rule yields

R + jω L
1
V (ω ) jωC
jωC jω L + R
H (ω ) = o = = =
Vin (ω ) RLj ω 1 R + jω L − RLCω 2 + jω L + R
+ RLjω +
R + jω L jωC jωC

1 1
jω +
RC LC 5555.5556 jω + 6.6667 × 107
= =
−ω 2 +
1
jω +
1 −ω 2 + 5555.5556 jω + 6.6667 ×107
RC LC

At ω = 0, H(ω) = 1.
At ω = ∞, H(ω) = 0.
This is a lowpass filter (LPF)

Problem 10.59

The phasor transformed circuit is shown below.

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 C R2

1F 0.5
+

Vin L
R1 Vo 1H
2

Summing the currents leaving node 1, we obtain

Va − Vin Va Va − Vo
+ + =0
5 2 1
jω

which can be rearranged as

 jω 1  jω
 + + 1 Va − Vo = Vin (1)
 5 2  5

Summing the currents leaving node 2, we obtain

Vo − Va Vo
+ =0
1 jω

which can be rearranged as

 1 
Va =  1 +  Vo (2)
 jω 

Substitution of equation (2) into equation (1) yields

 jω 1   1  jω
 + + 1 1 +  Vo − Vo = Vin (3)
 5 2  jω  5

Taking the ratio of Vo to Vin in equation (3), we get

jω jω
Vo 5 5 −ω 2
H (ω ) = = = =
Vin  jω 1   1  jω 1.5 −ω 2 + 3.5 jω + 7.5
 + + 1  1 + − 1 + 1.7 + − 1
 5 2  jω  5 jω

At ω = 0, H(ω) = 0.

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At ω = ∞, H(ω) = 1.
This is a highpass filter (HPF)

Problem 10.60

The phasor transformed circuit is shown below.

C1 Va R2 Vo

1/(jw) 0.5
1 2

Vin
R1 C2
2 5/(jw)

Summing the currents leaving node 1, we obtain

Va − Vin Va Va − Vo
+ + =0
1 2 0.5
jω

which can be rearranged as

 1 
 jω + + 2  Va − 2Vo = jωVin (1)
 2 

Summing the currents leaving node 2, we obtain

Vo − Va Vo
+ =0
0.5 5
jω

which can be rearranged as

 jω 
Va =  1 +  Vo (2)
 10 

Substitution of equation (2) into equation (1) yields

 1  jω 
 jω + + 2 1 +  Vo − 2Vo = jωVin (3)
 2  10 

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Taking the ratio of Vo to Vin in equation (3), we get

Vo jω jω 10 jω
H (ω ) = = = =
Vin  1  jω  −0.1ω + 1.25 jω + 0.5 −ω + 12.5 jω + 5
2 2

 jω + + 2 1 + −2
 2  10 

At ω = 0, H(ω) = 0.
At ω = ∞, H(ω) = 0.
At ω = 5 , H(ω) = 0.8
This is a bandpass filter (BPF)

Problem 10.61

The phasor transformed circuit is shown below.

C1 Va C2 Vo

1/(jw) 10/(jw)
1 2

Vin
R1 R2
2 0.5

Summing the currents leaving node 1, we obtain

Va − Vin Va Va − Vo
+ + =0
1 2 10
jω jω

which can be rearranged as

 1 jω  jω
 jω + +  Va − Vo = jωVin (1)
 2 10  10

Summing the currents leaving node 2, we obtain

Vo − Va Vo
+ =0
10 0.5
jω

which can be rearranged as

774
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  20 
Va =  1 +  Vo (2)
 jω 

Substitution of equation (2) into equation (1) yields

 1 jω   20  jω
 jω + +  1 +  Vo − Vo = jωVin (3)
 2 10   jω  10

Taking the ratio of Vo to Vin in equation (3), we get

Vo jω −ω 2
H (ω ) = = =
Vin  1 jω   20  jω  1 jω  ω2
 jω + +  1+ −  jω + +  ( jω + 20 ) +
 2 10   jω  10  2 10  10

−10ω 2 −10ω 2 −ω 2
= = =
(11 jω + 5)( jω + 20 ) + ω 2 −10ω 2 + 225 jω + 100 −ω 2 + 22.5 jω + 10
At ω = 0, H(ω) = 0.
At ω = ∞, H(ω) = 1.
This is a highpass filter (HPF)

Problem 10.62

The phasor transformed circuit is shown below.

R3

C2

2/(jw)
R2 Vb
OPAMP
-
0.5
b Vo
R1 Va OUT
0
+
1 a U1
Vin

C1
1/(jw)

0 0

Summing the currents leaving node a, we obtain

Va − Vin Va
+ =0
1 1
jω

775
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which can be rearranged as

1
Va = Vin (1)
jω + 1

Summing the currents leaving node b, we obtain

Vb Vb − Vo Vb − Vo
+ + =0
0.5 1 2
jω

which can be rearranged as

jω + 2
Vb = Vo (2)
jω + 6

Due to virtual short, Va = Vb. Thus, from equations (1) and (2), we have

jω + 2 1
Vo = Vin (3)
jω + 6 jω + 1

Taking the ratio of Vo to Vin in equation (3), we get

1
V jω + 1 jω + 6 jω + 6
H (ω ) = o = = =
Vin jω + 2 ( jω + 1)( jω + 2 ) −ω + 3 jω + 2
2

jω + 6

At ω = 0, H(ω) = 3.
At ω = ∞, H(ω) = 0.
This is a lowpass filter (LPF)

Problem 10.63

The phasor transformed circuit is shown below.

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 C2

2/(jw)
R2 Vb
OPAMP
-
1
b Vo
0 C1 Va OUT

+
1/(jw) a U1
Vin R1

0 0

Summing the currents leaving node a, we obtain

Va − Vin Va
+ =0
1 1
jω

which can be rearranged as

jω
Va = Vin (1)
jω + 1

Summing the currents leaving node b, we obtain

Vb Vb − Vo
+ =0
1 2
jω

which can be rearranged as

jω
Vb = Vo (2)
jω + 2

Due to virtual short, Va = Vb. Thus, from equations (1) and (2), we have

jω jω
Vo = Vin (3)
jω + 2 jω + 1

Taking the ratio of Vo to Vin in equation (3), we get

jω
V jω + 1 jω + 2
H (ω ) = o = =
Vin jω jω + 1
jω + 2

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 778
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