MICROBIOL

Mycology o Cell membrane plays a role in producing the

building blocks of the cell wall
Fungi
• Eukaryotes • Cytoplasm
o Presence of membrane enclosed organelles (i.e. nucleus: o Water: predominant element in the cytoplasm
nuclear membrane)
• Once classified as plants, now under their own kingdom o Nucleus
o Do not possess chlorophyll § True nucleus: enclosed by a nuclear membrane
o More associated to animals than plants § Uninucleated / multinucleated
• Genome is characterized with both DNA and RNA § Bacteria: nucleoid – nucleus-like structure
o Makes it different from viruses
• Unicellular / multicellular § Chromosomes
o Unicellular: yeast • Linear and multiple
o Multicellular: mold • Bacteria: circular, single (except Vibrio cholerae)

Fungal Cytology o Ribosomes
• Cell envelope § Eukaryote: 80S ribosomes
o Capsule • Large subunit: 60S
§ Not present in all • Small subunit: 40S
• Cryptococcus neoformans – only medically § Mitochondrial ribosomes: 70S
important fungi with capsule • Large subunit: 50S
§ Polysaccharide • Small subunit: 30S
§ Virulence factor § Bacterial ribosomes: 70S
• Antiphagocytic factor
• Attachment o Membrane-bound organelles
§ Microtubules
o Cell wall § Mitochondria
§ Rigid structure § Endoplasmic reticulum
• 90% polysaccharide § Vacuoles
o Polymers
§ Chitin – predominant polysaccharide Fungi Bacteria
component of the fungal cell wall (one Nucleus True nucleus Nucleoid
of the main differences between fungi Chromosome Linear, multiple Circular, single
and plants, algae: cellulose – Ribosome 80S (60S + 40S) 70S (50S + 30S)
predominant)
§ Glucan Fungal Physiology
§ Mannan • Non-motile (except chytrids – non-pathogenic)
§ Galactan • Energy and carbon source: chemoheterotrophic (chemical
§ Chitosan compounds: energy source; organic carbon: carbon source)
o Monomer • Absorptive
§ N-acetylglucosamine o Enzyme secretion
§ Glucose § Exoenzymes: extracellularly
§ Mannose §
nd
Coenzyme (2 enzyme on absorption process)
§ Galactose • Aerobic / facultative anaerobic
§ Glucosamine o Oxidation: CHO à oxidized à water
• 10% proteins and glycoproteins o Fermentation: CHO à fermented à alcohol
§ Functions • Lysine synthesis
• Provides shape o AAA (a-aminodipate pathway) – utilized to synthesize
• Protection from osmotic lysis lysine
o DAP (diaminopimelate pathway)
o Cell membrane
§ Phospholipid bilayer Classification: Modern Classification Taxa
• Head – hydrophilic, phosphate • Kingdom Fungi
• Tail – hydrophobic, fatty acid • Phylum: –mycota
§ Proteins • Class: –mycetes
§ Sterols • Order: –ales
• Ergosterol and zygosterol • Family: –aceae
o Main difference of fungal and bacterial cell
• Genus
membrane (except Mycoplasma and
• Species
Ureaplasma)

§ Functions
Fungal Morphology
• Selective permeability
• Yeasts
• Transport systems o Unicellular
• Biosynthesis o Spherical to ellipsoidal

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o 3-15 µm
o Reproduce via budding
§ Bud emergence: small protuberance developing on
the surface of the cell
§ Bud growth: increase in size of protuberance
§ Separation of the conidia
o Colonies
§ Bacteria-like
§ Pasty, opaque
§ Diameter: 0.5 to 3 mm

• Molds
o Multicellular
o Hypha/hyphae – structural unit
§ Cylindrical filamentous form
§ 2-10 µm
§ Hyphal growth occurs via apical extension
§ Mycelium/mycelia – mass of hyphae
• Comprise the mold colony
§ Thallus/thalli – mass of mold colony
o Filamentous colonies
§ Vegetative mycelium
• Embedded into the medium
• Functions
o Absorption of nutrients
o Anchorage
§ Aerial mycelium
• Projects to the surface
• “Reproductive mycelium”
o Aerial mycelium that bears the reproductive
structures

Hyphae
Classification
1. Existence of septa
• Septa – cross walls, pores that facilitate flow of nutrients
a. Septate
b. Aseptate / Coenocytic

2. Shape and morphology
a. Pectinate
• Parallel projections on the side
• Resemble worn-out comb
b. Racquet
• Multiple cells with one swollen end
• Tennis racquet
c. Spiral
• Coiling
d. Favic chandelier
• Swollen tips
• “Antlers of a deer”, “branches of a tree”
e. Nodular
• Roundish, twisting hyphae
f. Rhizoids
• Root-like structures

3. Pigment production
a. Hyaline
• Colorless, do not produce any pigment
b. Dematiaceous
• Pigment-producing, blackish-brownish coloration
• “Melanotic”