Viral and Bacterial

Genome
Prepared by: Leah Mae B. Sabnil
 Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, students must:

❖ Differentiate the viral and bacterial genome

❖ Recognize the structure of the different genomes

❖ Understand the components and nature of viral and

bacterial genome
● In 1977, Frederick Sanger - opened
the doorway to the possibility in the field
of genomics.

● In 1920, a botanist named Hans

Winkler merged the Greek words
"genesis" and "soma" to describe a
body of genes.
GENOME
● The primary function of the genome is
to store, propagate, and express the
genetic information that gives rise to a
cell's architectural and functional
machinery.
PROKARYOTIC GENOME: EUKARYOTIC GENOME:
➔ Mostly single circular
➔ Nuclear genomes- one
chromosome (essential
complete set of chromosomes
genes)

➔ Mitochondrial genome (circular)

➔ Mostly one or more copies of
circular plasmids
(nonessential genes)
➔ Chloroplast genome (plant cell)
(circular)
➔ Some prokaryotic genomes
and plasmids are linear.
 Viral
Genome
 Viruses
01 02 03
Simple acellular Distinct pattern of Doesn’t have
organization multiplication Cytoplasmic membrane

04 05
Doesn’t have Cytosol Doesn’t have
functional organelles
—BACTERIAPHAGES
—VIRION
CAPSID SYMMETRY
Viral Genome
 Viral Genome
➢ THE TOTAL GENETIC CONTENT OF THE VIRUS
➢ USUALLY SMALL AND CONTAIN ONLY A FEW
GENES

➢ GENETIC MATERIAL COULD BE EITHER:

1. DNA or RNA
2. SINGLE STRANDED or DOUBLE STRANDED
3. LINEAR or CIRCULAR
Bacterial
Genome
 Bacteria:
Organisms that consist of a single cell without a nucleus and with
distinct structural, physiological, and evolutionary characteristics.

The cell wall forms a rigid structure of uniform thickness around the
cell and is responsible for the characteristics shape of the cell (rod,
coccus, or spiral).

Inside the cell wall (or rigid peptidoglycan layer) is the plasma
(cytoplasmic) membrane; this is usually closely apposed to the wall
layer.
 Bacterial Genome
❖ Highly compacted and found
within a distinct region called
Nucleoid.
❖ DNA in a nucleoid is in direct
contact with the cytoplasm.
❖ Most bacterial species contain
a single type of chromosome,
but it may be present in
multiple copies.
❖ Most, but not all, bacterial
species contain circular
chromosomal DNA.
 Oraganization of Sequences in Bacterial
Chromosomal DNA
Origin of replication: Required to initiate DNA replication

Structural genes: Encode proteins

Intergenic regions: Short non-transcribed region b/w adjacent genes

❖ Multiple copies
❖ Usually interspersed within the intergenic regions
Repetitive Sequence:
throughout chromosome
❖ Role in variety of genetic processes
Compaction of Chromosomes
Bacterial chromosomal DNA must be
compacted 1000 fold

There are two levels of compactness

for packaging of bacterial chromosome
i nucleoid

1. FORMATION OF LOOP DOMAINS

2. DNA SUPERCOILING
FORMATION OF LOOP DOMAINS
 References
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J1HcQCG8cmA&t=358s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5qROO9DCVfY&t=4s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O1TetEto1Is&t=266s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BRSwWimgrQE

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8477/#:~:text=In%20bacteria%2C%20the%20cell%
20wall,apposed%20to%20the%20wall%20layer.

https://www.nature.com/articles/505027a#:~:text=Frederick%20Sanger%2C%20'the%20fat
her%20of,biological%20building%20blocks%20of%20life.

https://www.npr.org/2010/07/09/128410577/where-the-word-genome-came-from#:~:text
=Where%20The%20Word%20'Genome'%20Came%20From%20In%201920%2C%20a,all%20
of%20our%20genetic%20material.
THANK
YOU!