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The Inner Universe Theory of Dark Energy Interpretation

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 International Journal of Modern Theoretical Physics, 2021, 10(1): 1-16
International Journal of Modern Theoretical Physics ISSN: 2169-7426
Journal homepage:www.ModernScientificPress.com/Journals/ijmep.aspx Florida, USA
Article

The Inner Universe Theory of Dark Energy Interpretation

Wahib AL-Arashi1, Mohammed S. Gumaan2*, Waled Hussein Al-Arashi3 and Arslan Ahmed4

1
Faculty of Engineering, University of Sana'a, Sana'a, Yemen
2
Biomedical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Science &Technology,
Sana'a, Yemen
3
Electronic Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Science & Technology
Sana'a, Yemen
4
Faculty of Science, University of Sana'a, Sana'a, Yemen

* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: m.gumaan1@gmail.com;

waheebwaheeb55@yahoo.com

Article history: Received 6 July 2021, Revised 23 August 2021, Accepted 25 August 2021, Published
2 September 2021.

Abstract: Twenty-three years ago, it was discovered that the universe expansion is in
continuous acceleration. Yet the physical nature of this phenomenon remains a mystery.
Thus, that encourages us to work heavily to come up with a new theory that tries to
contribute scientifically and significantly to solve the mystery. This is done by a neat
hypothesis with deep meaning. The universe was created as a result of energy leakage
(dark energy) from a very small point. This leakage leads to the emergence of our current
universe. Through a specific leakage mechanism, we obtained a new equation explaining
the acceleration of the universe expansion. According to the new equation, acceleration
rates for the future can be obtained. By means of the leakage mechanism, we try to find out
why the energy density in the universe remains constant, even with the universe expansion.
In addition, we are going to clarify that the dark energy is just a property of space-time,
which is considered as a result of the effect of the fifth-dimension (inner universe).
Besides, we have developed some new laws of motion within five-dimensional space and
found a new reference frame that is appropriate for all reference frames that are
accelerating inside a new space. The paper is aimed at providing a first step towards a more
complete model of the universe creation and proving that leakage is feasible. Further
adjustments, elaborations, formalisms and experiments are required to formulate and

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Int. J. Modern Theo. Physics, 2021, 10(1): 1-16 1

support the suggested theory. The suggested theory makes several testable predictions and
it is also consistent with some observations.

Keywords: Dark energy, universe expansion, acceleration, relative motion, big bang
theory, and energy leakage.

1. Introduction

The discovery of cosmic acceleration is an arguable subject, and the dark energy is introduced
to explain it. It is the most profound puzzle of physics and a big challenge for the new cosmology. The
solution of this puzzle could shed light on or be center of unraveling other important puzzles [1-4].
When Einstein formulated the general concept of relativity in 1915, he became so sure that the
universe needed to be static [5]. However, Friedman had some other opinions that he made two very
simple assumptions. The universe looks equal to whichever path we look, and that is actually if
everybody observes the universe from anywhere. From those two thoughts alone, Friedmann suggests
that the universe should not be predicted to be static [5]. In 1922, Friedmann presented a more realistic
assumption of universe expansion models which works as solves for Einstein’s field equations with a
cosmological constant [6]. In 1927, Georges Lemaître rediscovered Friedmann’s dynamic solution of
Einstein’s general relativity equations that described the universe expansion. He also derived that the
universe expansion implies the spectra of distant galaxies, which are red-shifted by an amount
proportional to their distance [7]. Moreover, Edwin Hubble remark has confirmed Lemaître's findings
two years later [8]. Since Hubble, cosmologists have been measuring the slow of the expansion
because of gravity [4]. The unexpected surprise happened when it was found that speed of the universe
expansion increases over time rather than as expected. The High-Z Supernova Team, in 1998, and the
Supernova Cosmology Project, have published their observations, which revealed that the expansion of
the galaxies is accelerating [2]. Due to the importance of this discovery, many researchers have
focused on presenting their perceptions to explain this phenomenon. For example, refs [9-14]. Despite
the efforts of researchers to explain this phenomenon, those efforts have not yet been completed, and
cosmology still needs more efforts. This unexpected discovery has shown a major flaw in the
prediction of the Big Bang theory. Despite the success of the Big Bang theory and its superiority over
the steady-state theory, precisely after the discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation, many
problems have no solution released when comparing Big Bang theory with observations. Some
examples of these problems are the horizon and the universe's flatness. In addition, the theory is unable
to explain the acceleration of the universe expansion. Philosophical analyses of the horizon and
flatness problems does exist [15-18]. But the obtainable analyses are either very restricted in scope or

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are mostly motivated by a peculiar philosophy that relevantly belongs to the practice of cosmology
[19]. There are also cosmic inflation models that attempt to find solutions to the horizon and flatness
problems, but these models have exposed many problems, such as criticism and the lack of evidence
[20-22]. The paper is aimed at providing a first step towards a more complete model of the universe
creation and contribute scientifically to explain the horizon and flatness problems through a new
hypothesis that carries an elegant idea. This hypothesis represents the universe as a leakage in the
potential dark energy from a very small point. This leakage has created a new space that is accelerating
its expansion, which represents our universe now. The main emphasis of this research paper is to
identify the source of dark energy and its effect on the space. Further adjustments, elaborations,
formalisms and experiments are required to formulate and support the suggested theory.

2. The Hypothesis of the Study and Results

We suppose that there is a relationship between the center of the universe that lies in the fifth
dimension and the acceleration of the universe expansion. The center of the universe has limited
energy that leaks with time. The center of the universe is responsible for accelerating the expansion of
the universe according to a certain mechanism. Universe is not created as a result of the Big Bang, but
as a result of a leakage of energy from the inner universe, (the center), that led to the emergence of a
new external universe, which is our current universe. This inner universe is currently the center of the
universe and causing the acceleration of the universe expansion.

This can be explained in details as follows:

First of all, the leakage of the energy from the center, (inner universe), has created the current
universe. Due to this leakage, the speed of the center's rotation is increasing at a fixed point with time
as a result of the decrease of its energy and mass, and due to the lack of the friction and resistance.
Increasing rotation leads to increasing the leakage of the dark energy as a wave that forms acceleration,
causing an increment in its outer perimeter, which leads to an increase in the universe expansion. The
decreased energy from the center causes a reduction in the mass, which leads to more rotation and so
on. This rotation causes expansion in space-time, which leads to a direct proportional relationship
between the expansion acceleration of the outer universe and the increased rotation of the center of the
universe around itself in a fixed point.

2.1. Acceleration's Law of the Universe Expansion

The expansion acceleration of the universe, is directly proportional to the increased rotation of
the universe center around itself in a fixed point, as a result of the decrease in its mass and the

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continuous increasing of broadcasting the dark energy, as a waveforms, to the outer universe, (current
universe).

2.2. The Inner universe's Equation of the Dark Energy is illustrated in eq. (1)

2
( 2  c   ) De  I i (   ) (1)
t 2

Where

v  {0,4} ,   v  4 (It compounds of fifth-dimension, which we will describe in future work)

*   : Inner universe's tensor, that describes leakage energy torque acceleration in inner universe,

which we can call Leakage Energy Torque Acceleration Tensor.

"This tensor has 25 compounds in matrix, where we added nine new compounds to describe the
fifth-dimension.

 A00 A01 A02 A03 A04 

A A11 A12 A13 A14 
 10
    A20 A21 A22 A23 A24 
 
 A30 A31 A32 A33 A34 
 A40 A41 A42 A43 A44 

 00 : Leaked energy density ,     0  v  1,2,3 : Leaked energy flow ,     1,2,3  v  0 :

Torque acceleration density ,     1,2,3  v  1,2,3 : Torque acceleration flow ,   v  4 (Its

compounds in fifth-dimension).

* I i : Inner isolate constant

m2
Units of this constant [ J  ( 2 )]
2

We cannot get the value of this constant from known constants in the outer universe.

*Λc: (cosmological constant Λ) or (central cosmological constant Λc). This constant is very important
and its work is included in more than one aspect. The evolution of the universe has been based on the
central cosmological constant (Λc) since its beginning, through its energy leakage, and to its creation to
a new place. According to a principle called "Expansion of Nothing" or "Creation from Nothing", the

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center broadcasts the accelerated energy in a waveform and pushes galaxies away from each other. The
amount of emitted energy creates a new space-time, which leads to the steady-state density of the
universe, even with the acceleration of its expansion.

k
* De  Is the proportionality constant, dark energy's gravitational constant
Lp

k : The Einstein's gravitational constant is defined as

8G
k  2.077  10  43 ( N 1 ) [23].
c4

l p : Planck Length's constant is defined as

l p  1.6162 * 10 -35 (m) [24].

So the value of the dark energy gravitational constant is:

2.077  10 43 ( N 1 ) 8 N
1
De   1.285 * 10
1.6162 *10 -35 (m) m

"In fact, that dark energy is space-time and is the first construction of the standard model.
Although this paper only considers the dark energy, which can be accurately described in five-
dimensions. It is a very tiny separated vibrating energy strings that have a very small length, which
might be the length of Planck. Due to their creation of a new space-time from nothing and due to their
equality in all physical properties, like density, which lead to their inability to move alone, they are
collected together to create one connected tissue that is ostensibly called Space-Time. The distortion in
the space is related to the variable densities between mass (high density) and energy (low density)".

*   : Dark energy tensor. It is the responsible for the expansion of the flat space-time with
acceleration according to

1
( c   ) De  ( g  ) (2)
2

 : Curvature scalar, g  : Matric tensor.

* ( 2  c   ) : It means that dark energy leaks out from the inner universe as waves that expand
universe and push galaxies to move away from each other, according to the principle of creation from
nothing, to keep the energy density constant.

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Due to the acceleration of motion of space-time, which is originally a result of the dark energy
tensor, the object should move relative motions depending on the Stress–Energy Tensor, as shown in
sections 2.3, 2.4 and 2.5.

2.3. The Mechanism by Which the Universe Expansion is Accelerating

To understand the acceleration of universe expansion mechanism, we start by inferring new

parity principle that explains its uses in the context of explaining the theory proposed. A new
equivalence principle suggests five-dimensional flat space. The incident effects on the masses as a
result of accelerated motion appear to be identical to the incident effects on them as a result of the
pushing effect of the dark energy waves or central gravitational waves. According to the equivalence
principle, the accelerated motion can be replaced by a vector, which represents the central gravitational
waves. If we could return the accelerating motion dependencies to the central gravitational waves, the
laws of physics would be the same at every place in the universe. According to the new equivalence
principle, the accelerated energy that is emitted from the center causes waves in space-time. Because
of these waves, the objects on it are accelerated. This acceleration is named the central gravitational
waves, where there is no difference between the central gravitational waves and acceleration. Hence,
they are both of their sides on the same coin. Thus, objects in the five-dimensional flat space are
accelerated according to straight lines. Implicitly, the acceleration effect equals dark energy wave’s
effect.

2.4. The Law of Relative Motion on the Five-dimensional Space

If the central gravitational waves come out of the center, (resulting from the impact of the
central energy leakage), and affecting an object on a five-dimensional space-time, they gain
acceleration, which is called central gravitational waves. This acceleration is directly proportional to
those waves and inversely to object density and flux of energy and momentum, as in equation (3)

( c   ) De 1
 (   g  ) (3)
8G 2
4

c

 : Stress-energy tensor. In general relativity, the symmetric stress-energy tensor acts as the source

of space-time curvature.

k
De  3
Lp

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Now let's see the mechanism by which the alternative theory works.

2.5. Central Relative Movement

The center of the universe, (the inner universe) which has created the outer universe, is pushing
the galaxies right now, as explained in the study hypothesis. Then over time, this scramble is organized
in the form of imaginary lines, in which galaxies are accelerating in a stacked form, as shown in the
following approximate example (Fig.1).

Fig. 1: The approximate figure is showing the distribution of galaxies in space

As seen in Fig. 2, we assume that all objects have the same density and flux of energy and
momentum due to the spread of dark energy (gravity in the fifth dimension), and described previously.
The galaxies, which are accelerating in their lines, will accelerate differently depending on the relative
motion, under the effect of (stress-energy) difference between the galaxies or galaxy clusters.

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Fig. 2: The approximate figure is showing the distribution of galaxies in space after the impact of
central waves on them.

Assuming that we are located in location D, and because of the center pushing power, all the
reference frames will be going away from us. The observer who is monitoring from location D will see
the farthest frame of reference is G, and at the same time, the movement away from his location will be
the fastest. This is because of the relative motion of fifth-dimension space, which depends on the
direction and stress-energy. However, the reference frames, C and E, will be the closest, and at the
same time their movements away from the observer D will be slower than the movement of the frame
reference G. This is what appears to the observer at location D when he sees through only three
dimensions, just as Hubble saw and did not know exactly why. For the observer from location J, he
will see that the reference frame C is the farthest, and at the same time, he will see that its movement is
the fastest away from his location. For him, the reference frame G would be the closest and the
movement away from him would be at slow speed. When we return to the acceleration motion
dependencies to gravitational waves according to the new principle of equivalence, the furthest
reference frame movement from him would be faster than the nearest reference frame. The galaxies
that we observe from our locations move away from us with a greater acceleration compared with
others that we do not see. So Hubble's law is inaccurate and cannot describe the nature of the
acceleration of the universe expansion. With regard to the phenomenon of gravity among galaxies,
which is caused by the movement of galaxies in the same line or direction and because of the
difference of stress-energy cause relative movement. Hypothetically, there are two frames of
references in the same line, where the points of D, R and K are located, and the stress-energy of the
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object R is less than the stress-energy of the object K and the stress-energy of the object D. When the
center pushes the galaxies, a relative stress-energy movement is formed and we are monitoring from
location D. We will see location R approaching us with acceleration, depending on the stress-energy
difference unless there is no other factors influence. We will also see the location K, if not affected by
other forces, moving away from us with a slower acceleration among all other locations in the
universe. This is also happening with the rest of the other locations that move in the same lines.

2.5.1. The dark energy and gravity

We argue that there is no conflict between two opposing forces. Dark energy and gravity are
one entity that can be accurately described in five dimensions. What we are interested in is to present a
theoretical future forecast that is currently in line with the lately observed in[25]. This anisotropy is
explained by the new parity principle. Thus, what we must observe in the future is that galaxies, group
of galaxies or clusters of galaxies, which are approaching each other, will increase the acceleration of
gravity among them with time as a natural consequence of what has been put above, unless the masses
push towards the other side, which is going to be affected by other masses that have collided together.
As we explained earlier, the center has created imaginary lines that are considered as paths in which
galaxies are moving through in monolithic lines. Thus, there is no conflict between two forces working
against each other, "dark energy and gravity". Now, it is possible to say that we can get a new
definition of space-time, which can be stated as the force that produces energy and universe expansion.
Hence, it becomes a field when it is curved by masses which possess the characteristic of duality
(energy-field).

3. Discussion

So far, we have presented a new theory of the dark energy, which proves that there is an
increase in the acceleration of universe expansion with time. In this section, we discuss the
compatibility of the theory with observations and future works. Moreover, we provide a speculative
discussion and outstanding theoretical considerations that can be explored in the future.

3.1. Compatibility with Observations and Future Works

This suggested theory can work in with many concerning points that pose a dilemma in physics
today, like the flatness of the universe and the homogeneity of the universe.

3.1.1. Flatness of the universe

The Big Bang theory sets out three models of the shape and future of the cosmos. Those models
depend on the overall density of matter and energy in the universe. This density is usually expressed in
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terms of a parameter Ω, which is defined as a ratio of the actual density to the critical density required
for the space to be flat or Euclidean. (As in the Fig.3).

Spherical space

Hyperbolic space

Flat space

Fig. 3: "Curvature" of the space-time.[26]

Space can, therefore, have three possible curvatures. First, zero curvature (Ω = 1), which means
that two parallel lines remain a constant distance apart as they do in the familiar flat space. Second,
negative curvature (Ω < 1), in which parallel lines diverge as they do on the hyperbolic surface of a
saddle. Third, positive curvature (Ω > 1), which means that parallel lines eventually cross one another
as they do on the surface of a sphere.[27]. In the event that space has no curvature, but flat, there is
exactly enough mass to make the expansion to stop, simply after an infinite measure of time.
Consequently, the universe has no limits in that case and will also expand everlastingly despite of the
rate of expansion that gradually approaches zero after an infinite period of time. This is named as the
Flat Universe or the Euclidian Universe. In the case that suggests space has a negative curvature, there
is insufficient mass to cause the expansion of the universe to stop. The universe, in that case, has no
limits and will expand everlastingly. In the event that space has positive curvature, there is more than
enough mass to stop the ready expansion of the universe. The universe, in this situation, is not infinite,
however it has no end, similar to the region on the surface of a sphere that is not infinite. Although
there is no point on the sphere that could be called "The End". The expansion will finally stop and
transform into contraction. Thus, at some point in the future, the galaxies will stop escaping from each
other and begin approaching each other, as the universe collapses on itself. This is known as a universe
shut [11], and as it is known, the results of the cosmic microwave background radiation balances show
that the universe, in its entirety, is spatially flat [9]. This suggested theory of Inner Universe can work
in with the idea that the universe is flat, and does not require any amendments to the laws of physics as
it features a new scenario. Since the beginning of energy leakage, space-time has been created by one

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way. It is based on the principle of maintaining the same density of the universe, even if its expansion
is accelerating. This appears as a new cosmological constant in the equation of expansion acceleration
of the universe, which is related to the principle of expansion of nothing in a five-dimension space.
The expansion of the universe does not cause decreasing in the amount of energy density in it. The
reason is that the energy leaking out of the center creates a new space for the universe from nothing as
much as the leaking energy from the center. The new space fills the space regularly and
homogeneously, which makes the universe flat, and always constant in density. This leads to a very
important conclusion that the universe has only one scenario and a specific model from the outset,
where the energy of the center reaches a saturated stage. After that, the center will be unable to emit
energy that affects the outer universe. This makes the expansion gradually approach zero after an
infinite period of time.

3.1.2. Flatness of the universe

Homogeneity of the universe is one of the most important problems in cosmology, as it refers to
the communication between different regions of the universe. Bearing in mind the existence of the Big
Bang, the age of the universe would be a finite quantity. Hence, the light should have only traveled a
finite distance by all this time [28]. This implies that there are different regions in the universe that do
not have similar properties due to the large distances between them and not having enough time for
them to unite their properties. But this conflicts the basic practical fact of having background radiation
with a high degree of isotropy, uniformity in all directions: CMB [19]. What the theory of th inner
universe offers is just a theoretical concept that can be applied in the future. At the beginning of the
energy leakage, creating a new place beside the inner universe that lies in the fifth dimension, tthe
universe did not start with very high heat and high entropy,"for more detailed information about
entropy and its application, we refer the reader to see [29-32]". It has started in a homogeneous and
uniform state and its entropy was low. That leaked energy did not have much impact in the beginning
of the leak, the first of creation, as most of it was transformed into substances. The creation
mechanism, that relies on the string vibrations to form elementary particles, has led to material
dominating the cosmic landscape at its beginning. The cosmic microwave background radiation was
formed at the beginning of the leakage period in a homogeneous manner. Thus, the universe began
with a small acceleration, previously described according to the leakage mechanism. that gave it
enough time to unify its properties. This led to precisely define arrows for thermodynamic and cosmic
time, as observed. The paper provides a first step towards a more complete model of the universe
creation and proves that leakage is feasible. Further adjustments, elaborations, formalisms and
experiments are required to formulate and support the theory. In the next important future work, stating

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mathematical models for the practical creation mechanism by dark energy is needed. Dark energy is
actually space-time in five dimensions. It was made of energy strings that construct particles. Through
creation mechanism, we can calculate CMB, cosmic microwave background radiation, which has a
thermal black body spectrum at a temperature of (2.72548±0.00057) k [33]. Also, an accurate
calculation of the real age of the universe at the beginning of leakage is needed. Besides, the
calculation of the correct time that began when the galaxies were formed is also required. There is a
connection between leakage beginning and the observed results for the acceleration rates of the
universe by the mathematical equations that we obtained. Thus, we can predict the future from the
acceleration rates of the coming years. Converting four-dimensional space-time coordinates
mathematically. Adding the fifth dimension is a necessity to link the quantum with the new gravity that
includes energy by strings as an integral component of it.

3.2. Future considerations

This suggested new theory has many challenges to prove its authenticity. We provide here some
brief speculations related to the future possibilities and theoretical considerations. It may be possible to
directly validate this theory via the direct capture and detection of central gravitational waves coming
from the center of the universe, which in return push galaxies to accelerate away from each other, and
create a new space for the universe. This keeps the cosmic energy density constant over time.
However, it is very difficult to detect those waves. The reason of this is those waves become more
close to each other and the distance between them becomes very short. So the space may seem like
waves-free, even though it is not. However, this can be validated as center gravitational waves
conclusively by their effect. This can be done by observing the galaxies that approach each other.
Thus, the expansion acceleration of the universe will never affect the rate of convergence of these
galaxies and make them slow down a bit or even keep them at the same convergence speed. Instead,
the acceleration of galaxies movement toward each other will be accelerated as a natural phenomenon
in the universe as a whole. This is because of the direction of propulsion of the central gravitational
waves of galaxies in the same direction towards each other. This relative acceleration depends on
stress-energy. It is known that we are moving in bulk towards a large complex, Centaurus and Hydra
constellations.This gigantic complex has a motion towards the "Great Attractor" [34, 35]. According
to what is stated in this paper, the suggested theory represents the interpretation of the phenomenon, as
shown in section 2.5. Moreover, it broadcasts the future, which is going to be the evidence of its
validity. Due to the effect of the center of the introverted universe in the fifth dimension, the speed of
the galaxies towards each other will increase with the passing of time to be faster, and that is what will
be observed in the coming few years as a property of the five-dimension space, in which the dark

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energy forms the property of time-space and curvature as well. Consequently, it will be the first
scientific prediction that proves the suggested theory "Inner Universe".

4. Conclusions

As we can note, the Big Bang theory can be considered as the main cause of most problems in
physics today. So, by changing the beginning of the universe from explosion to leakage, it is possible
to build a new theory in cosmology that has the ability to interpret the dark energy. This is in good
agreement with the observations that represent problems in the Big Bang theory. The proposed theory
and observations suggest a new cosmology, which has the following properties:
 The center of the universe causes the acceleration of the universe expansion, whereas our
current universe was created via leakage of the potential dark energy from a very small point,
which is called the inner universe. This leakage led to the emergence of our current universe
and this leakage is still active now, and its force is increasing with time, according to the
leakage mechanism.
 The dark energy density in the universe stays constant, even when the acceleration of the
universe expansion leaks out of the center creating a new space from nothing to the previously
existing space.
 There is no absolute state of motion that distinguishes observers from one another. The motions
of objects can be studied relatively to each other through the central gravitational wave effect
and by identifying the object directions, but there is no reference frame that characterizes the
measurement process.
 Accelerating the Galaxies movement in straight lines is due to the force resulting from the
central leak, which explains why the galaxies are diverged from each other and why the
galaxies are converged to each other.
 When observing any object at any location, the farthest galaxies move faster than others. This is
caused by the observer's location relative to the galaxies directions movement. What will
appear to be an anisotropy of cosmic acceleration in all directions can be explained through by
the new equivalence principle.
 All accelerated reference frames are subject to the same physical laws.
 Any reference frame cannot determine if the speed of the object, moving away from it, is
actually faster than light where another reference frame will see otherwise.
 Accelerating central gravitational waves is the only fixed reference frame of all animated
reference frames.

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 Dark energy is a property of gravity which is called space-time and is resulting from the effect
of the fifth-dimension, inner universe. Space-time becomes the one entity which has two
properties, the gravitational field in four dimensions, and the energy that produces a force in
five dimensions.
 There is only one scenario for the future of the universe. The center of the universe will reach a
stage where it cannot broadcast enough energy to affect the speed of galaxies. Hence, this will
make the universe expansion nonexistent after a certain time.
 When the center of the universe reaches to a specific stage, it will not be able to affect the
speed of galaxies, which will make the speed of the galaxies constant, and some galaxies
velocities may decrease to an unexpanded fixed flat universe.

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