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Challenges in Vehicle Ad Hoc Network (VANET)

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 International Journal of Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Sciences

www.ijetmas.com December 2014, Volume 2 Issue 7, ISSN 2349-4476

Challenges in Vehicle Ad Hoc Network (VANET)

Ms. Divyalakshmi Dinesh Prof. Manjusha Deshmukh

PIIT, New Panvel PIIT, New Panvel

Abstract- Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANET) has great potential to improve road safety and
increase passenger convenience in vehicles. On the other hand, since they use an open medium for
communication, they are exposed to several threats that influence the reliability of these features.
The need for a robust VANET networks is strongly dependent on their security and privacy features,
which will be discussed in this paper.In this paper a various types of security problems and
challenges of VANET been analyzed and discussed; we also discuss a set of solutions presented to
solve these challenges and problems.

I. INTRODUCTION
Vehicular ad hoc network is a special form of MANET which is a vehicle to vehicle & vehicle
roadside wireless communication network. It is autonomous & self-organizing wireless
communication network, where nodes in VANET involve themselves as servers and/or clients for
exchanging & sharing information [3]. With a sharp increase of vehicles on the road, new technology
is envisioned to provide facilities to the passengers including safety application, assistance to the
drivers, emergency warning etc.
Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs) is an application of MANETs that allows for
communication between road transports vehicles and promotes safety on roads. There is however
situations that could cause harm to the vehicle and/or its occupants; vehicles could be tracked,
followed or have their messages monitored. Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a sub class of
MANET with some unique properties. VANETs have emerging out these days due to the need for
supporting the increased number of wireless equipments that can be used in vehicles [1]. Some of
these products are global positioning system, mobile phones and laptops. VANETs have some
dissimilar properties then MANETs like road pattern restrictions, no restriction on network size,
dynamic topology, mobility models, and infinite energy supply, localization functionality and so on.
All these characteristics made VANET environment a challenging for developing efficient routing
protocols. The major factor in it is the rapidly moving mobile nodes.
The increasing mobility of people has caused a high cost for societies as consequence of the
increasing number of traffic congestion, fatalities and injuries. Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks
(VANETs) envisage supporting services on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSs), as collective
monitoring of traffic, collision avoidance, vehicle navigation, control of traffic lights, and traffic
congestion management by signaling to drivers. VANETs comprise vehicles and roadside
equipments owning wireless interfaces able to communicate among them by wireless and multi-hop
communication.

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VANET security should satisfy four goals [5], it should ensure that the information received is
correct (information authenticity), the source is who he claims to be (message integrity and source
authentication), the node sending the message cannot be identified and tracked (privacy) and the
system is robust.
In the year 1998, the team of engineers from Delphi Delco Electronics System and IBM Corporation
proposed a network vehicle concept aimed at providing a wide range of applications [1]. With the
advancements in wireless communications technology, the concept of network car has attracted the
attention all over the world. In recent years, many new projects have been launched, targeting on
realizing the dream of networking car and successful implementation of vehicular networks. The
project Network On Wheels (NOW) [1] is a German research project founded by DaimlerChrysler
AG, BMW AG, Volkswagen AG, Fraunhofer Institute for Open Communication Systems, NEC
Deutschland GmbH and Siemens AG in 2004, the project adopts an IEEE 802.11 standard for
wireless access. The main objectives of this project are to solve technical issues related to
communication protocols and data security for car-to-car communications. The Car2Car
Communication Consortium [16] is initiated by six European car manufacturers. Its goal is to create
a European industrial standard for car-to-car communications extend across all brands. FleetNet [1]
was another European program which ran from 2000 to 2003 this ad hoc research was dominated by
efforts to standardize MANET protocols, and this MANET research focused on the network layer[1],
the ultimate challenge was to solve the problem of how to reach nodes not directly within radio range
by employing neighbors as forwarders, while the European Commission is pushing for a new
research effort in this area in order to reach the goal of reducing the car accidents of 50% by 2010,
aiming to reach a satisfactory level of secure VANET. CarTALK 2000 is a European Project
focusing on new driver assistance systems which are based upon inter-vehicle communication. The
main objectives are the development of cooperative driver assistance systems on the one hand and
the development of a self-organizing ad-hoc radio network as a communication basis with the aim of
preparing a future standard. As for the assistance system, the main issues are: a) assessment of
today's and future applications for co-operative driver assistance systems, b) development of
software structures and algorithms, i.e. new fusion techniques, c) testing and demonstrating
assistance functions in probe vehicles in real or reconstructed traffic scenarios. To achieve a suitable
communication system, algorithms for radio ad-hoc networks with extremely high dynamic network
topologies are developed and prototypes tested in the vehicles. Apart from technological goals,
CarTALK 2000 actively addresses market introduction strategies including cost/benefit analyses and
legal aspects, and aims at the standardization to bring these systems to the European market.
CarTALK 2000 started in August 2001 as a three-year project which is funded within the IST Cluster
of the 5th Framework Program of the European Commission.
a. VANET Structure
A VANET turns every participating car into a wireless router or node, allowing cars approximately
100 to 300 meters of each other to connect and, in turn, create a network with a wide range. As cars
fall out of the signal range and drop out of the network, other cars can join in, connecting vehicles to
one another so that a mobile Internet is created.Vehicular communication systems are a type of
network in which vehicles and roadside units are the communicating nodes, providing each other
with information, such as safety warnings and traffic information. As a cooperative approach,
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vehicular communication systems can be more effective in avoiding accidents and traffic congestions
than if each vehicle tries to solve these problems individually. Generally, vehicular networks are
considered to contain two types of nodes: vehicles and roadside stations as shown in figure 1. The
network should support both private data communications and public (mainly safety)
communications but higher priority is given to public communications. There are three primary
components of the VANET [4]: Onboard unit (OBU), Roadside unit (RSU) and the backhaul
network.
b. VANET Working
Vehicular Networks System consists of large number of nodes, approximately number of vehicles
exceeding 750 million in the world today [4], these vehicles will require an authority to govern it,
each vehicle can communicate with other vehicles using short radio signals DSRC (5.9 GHz), for
range can reach 1 KM, this communication is an Ad Hoc communication that means each connected
node can move freely, no wires required, the routers used called Road Side Unit (RSU), the RSU
works as a router between the vehicles on the road and connected to other network devices.
Each vehicle has OBU (on board unit), this unit connects the vehicle with RSU via DSRC radios,
and
another device is TPD (Tamper Proof Device), this device holding the vehicle secrets, all the
information about the vehicle like keys, drivers identity, trip details, speed, rout …etc., see figure 2.

Fig1. VANET Structure

Figure 2. VANET Communication

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II. VANET CHARACTERISTICS

The characteristics of a vehicular ad hoc network are unique compared to other mobile ad hoc
networks. The distinguishing properties of a VANET offer opportunities to increase network
performance, and at the same time it presents considerable challenges. A VANET is fundamentally
different [5] from other MANETs.
High Mobility:
The nodes in VANETs usually are moving at high speed. This makes harder to predict a node’s
position and making protection of node privacy [2].
Rapidly changing network topology:
Due to high node mobility and random speed of vehicles, the position of node changes frequently. As
a result of this, network topology in VANETs tends to change frequently [3].
Unbounded network size:
VANET can be implemented for one city, several cities or for countries. This means that network
size in VANET is geographically unbounded [3].
Frequent exchange of information:
The ad hoc nature of VANET motivates the nodes to gather information from the other vehicles and
road side units. Hence the information exchange among node becomes frequent.
Wireless Communication:
VANET is designed for the wireless environment. Nodes are connected and exchange their
information via wireless. Therefore some security measure must be considered in communication
[2].
Time Critical:
The information in VANET must be delivered to the nodes with in time limit so that a decision can
be made by the node and perform action accordingly.
Sufficient Energy:
The VANET nodes have no issue of energy and computation resources. This allows VANET usage
of demanding techniques such as RSA, ECDSA implementation and also provides unlimited
transmission power [2].

III. APPLICATIONS

Major applications of VANET embody providing safety data, traffic management, toll services,
location primarily based services and documentary. One among the foremost applications of VANET
embody providing safety connected data to avoid collisions, reducing compile of vehicles when
associate accident and providing warnings associated with state of roads and intersections. Mounted
with the security connected data are the liability connected messages, which might confirm that
vehicles are present at the location of the accident and later facilitate in fixing responsibility for the
accident.

a. Intelligent transportation applications Intelligent transport system(ITS) that embody a range of

applications like on global positioning system, traffic observation, analysis of traffic jam,
management of traffic system, and diversion of routes which support the traffic scenario. As an

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example, existing roadside unit observing traffic on the roads and send all the information to a
central authority that analyze them to control traffic flow so that the best traffic signal schedules will
be designed.
b. Comfort applications
Those applications which permit the clients to share information either with alternative clients in
vehicles or with others having anywhere on the web to improve comfort of clients are known as
comfort applications. For instance, VANETs allows vehicular nodes to connect with web to so that
the back seat passengers will play games or transfer music. Usually, some dynamic or fastened
allotted networks to internet gateways are summed up with the networks, so that it will send the data
packets to the VANETs and therefore the web [1].
c. Collision Avoidance
Vehicles to vehicles and vehicles to roadside unit communications will save several lives and
forestall injuries. According to this application, if a vehicle reduces its speed considerably once
identifying an accident then vehicle broadcast its location to its neighbor vehicles [1]. And different
receivers can try to transfer the message to the vehicles further behind them and therefore the vehicle
in question can emit some alarm to its vehicles and different vehicles behind. During this process, a
lot of vehicles way behind can get an alarm signal before they see the accident and may take any
better decision.
d. Cooperative Driving
The drivers play a major role during this application. Like turn conflict warning, violation warning,
curve warning, lane merging warning etc. These services might nobly lower the life-endangering
accidents. In fact, several of the accidents come back from the dearth of cooperation between drivers.
Given a lot of information concerning the doable conflicts, we will stop several accidents [1].
e. Payment Services
This application is incredibly appropriate for toll assortment while not even decelerating the vehicle
or waiting in line.
f. Location-based Services
Finding the nearest fuel station, motels, cafes etc. is done effectively by exploitation of location
based service. GPS system is used to elaborate these kinds of services in VANET. The various
applications of VANETs are [5] to assist the driver, data dissemination, parking problems,
emergency vehicle warning, maintenance of minimum security distance, internet connectivity, peer
to peer application, congestion on the road, information about intersections, and many more.
IV. CHALLENGES IN VANET
The security of VANET has mostly directed the attention of today research efforts, while
comprehensive solutions to protect the network from adversary and attacks still need to be improved,
trying to reach a satisfactory level, for the driver and manufacturer to achieve safety of life and
infotainment.

4.1 Vehicular Security Challenges

VANET face many security attacks and these attacks and threat can be categorized in few classes.
The five different types of classes for the attacks with the aim to provide an easy identification with

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association to respective class. Each of the classes will represent different types of attack level and
priority. Below are the proposed classes of attack:

a. Network Attack:
Network attacks are always on the top of the list and are classified as a top priority since it can be
dangerous to the entire network. A single successful network attack may easily affect the whole
network. Few example of network attack are such as Denial of service (DOS) Attack and Sybil
Attack.

Denial of Service attack:

As shown in figure 3 this attack happens when the attacker takes control of a vehicle’s resources or
jams the communication channel used by the Vehicular Network, so it prevents critical information
from arriving. It also increases the danger to the driver, if it has to depend on the application’s
information.

Fig. 3 DoS Attack

Sybil Attack:
This attack happens when an attacker creates large number of pseudonymous, and claims or acts like
it is more than a hundred vehicles, to tell other vehicles that there is jam ahead, and force them to
take alternate route[3][4]. Sybil attack depends on how cheaply identities can be generated as shown
in figure 4. For instance an attacker can pretend and act like a hundred vehicle to convince the other
vehicles in the road that there is congestion, go to another rout, so the road will be clear.
b. Application Attack:
In application attack class, the attacker attention is no other than to manipulate application content
for its own benefit. These attackers will tend to suppress or alter the actual message and change it
with a false content which may cause harm to other vehicle. This type of attack might be done by
either malicious or rational attacker for fun or to serve their own benefits. Few examples of
application attack are such as message suppression attack, fabrication attack, alteration attack [1].

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Fig. 4 Sybil Attack

Fabrication Attack:
An attacker can make this attack by transmitting false information into the network, the information
could be false or the transmitter could claim that it is somebody else as shown in figure 5. This attack
includes fabricate messages, warnings, certificates, identities [4].

Fig. 5 Fabrication Attack

Alteration Attack:
This attack happens when attacker alters an existing data, it includes delaying the transmission of the
information, replaying earlier transmission, or altering the actual entry of the data transmitted [3].
For instance, as shown in figure 6 ban attacker can alter a message telling other vehicles that the
current road is clear while the road is congested [5].
c. Social Attack:
Social attack contains all unmoral and emotional messages [4]. The main objective in most of social
attack is to indirectly create problem in the network by bad and unwanted messages which can affect
the behavior of others road users.
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Tunnel Attack:
Since GPS signals disappear in tunnels, an attacker may exploit this temporary loss of positioning
information to inject false data once the vehicle leaves the tunnel and before it receives an authentic
position update as shown in figure 7. The physical tunnel in this example can also be replaced by an
area jammed by the attacker, which results in the same effects.

Fig. 6 Alteration Attack

d Monitoring Attack:
Monitoring attack is a serious threat for the road safety officials. In this kind of attack, the attackers
which can be considered both local and outsider would silently monitor and track important
messages which are not supposed to be release in public network. Attackers would use the valuable
information gathered from eavesdropping to serve their own benefit. In monitoring attack, the
attacker just monitor the whole network, listen the communication between V2V and V2I. If they
find any related information then pass this information to concern person.

Fig 7. Tunnel Attack

Eavesdropping:
Eavesdropping is a network layer attack consisting of capturing packets from the network
transmitted by others' computers and reading the data content in search of sensitive information like

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passwords, session tokens, or any kind of confidential information. Eavesdropping is secretly

listening to the private conversation of others without their consent as shown in figure 8.
Eavesdropping is the unauthorized real-time interception of a private communication, such as a
phone call, instant message, video conference or fax transmission. The term eavesdrop derives from
the practice of actually standing under the eaves of a house, listening to conversations inside.
Eavesdropping can also be done over telephone lines (wiretapping), email, instant messaging, and
other methods of communication considered private.

Fig 8. Eavesdropping Attack

4.2 Vehicular Networks Challenges
Mobility
The basic idea from Ad Hoc Networks is that each node in the network is mobile, and can move
from one place to another within the coverage area, but still the mobility is limited, in Vehicular Ad
Hoc Networks nodes moving in high mobility, vehicles make connection throw their way with
another vehicles that maybe never faced before, and this connection lasts for only few seconds as
each vehicle goes in its direction, and these two vehicles may never meet again. So securing mobility
challenge is hard problem [3].
Volatility
The connectivity among nodes can be highly ephemeral, and maybe will not happen again, vehicles
travelling throw coverage area and making connection with other vehicles, these connections will be
lost as each car has a high mobility, and maybe will travel in opposite direction[1][3]. Vehicular
networks lacks the relatively long life context, so personal contact of user’s device to a hot spot will
require long life password and this will be impractical for securing VC [5].
Privacy VS Authentication
The importance of authentication in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks is to prevent Sybil Attack that been
discussed earlier [3]. To avoid this problem we can give a specific identity for every vehicle, but this
solution will not be appropriate for the most of the drivers who wish to keep their information
protected and private[1][3].
Privacy VS Liability
Liability will give a good opportunity for legal investigation and this data can’t be denied (in case of
accidents)[1], in other hand the privacy mustn’t be violated and each driver must have the ability to

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keep his personal information from others (Identity, Driving Path, Account Number for toll Collector
etc.) [5].
Network Scalability
The scale of this network in the world approximately exceeding the 750 million nodes [5], and this
number is growing, another problem arise when we must know that there is no a global authority
govern the standards for this network [5], for example: the standards for DSRC in North America is
deferent from the DSRC standards in Europe, the standards for the GM Vehicles is deferent from the
BMW one.
Bootstrap
At this moment only few number of cars will be have the equipment required for the DSRC radios,
so if we make a communication we have to assume that there is a limited number of cars that will
receive the communication, in the future we must concentrate on getting the number higher, to get a
financial benefit that will courage the commercial firms to invest in this technology [5].

4.3 Vehicular Technical Challenges

The technical challenges deals with the technical obstacles which should be resolved before the
deployment of VANET. Some challenges are given below:
Network Management:
Due to high mobility, the network topology and channel condition change rapidly. Due to this, we
can’t use structures like tree because these structures can’t be set up and maintained as rapidly as the
topology changed [2].
Congestion and collision Control:
The unbounded network size also creates a challenge. The traffic load is low in rural areas and night
in even urban areas. Due to this, the network partitions frequently occurs while in rush hours the
traffic load is very high and hence network is congested and collision occurs in the network.
Environmental Impact:
VANETs use the electromagnetic waves for communication. These waves are affected by the
environment. Hence to deploy the VANET the environmental impact must be considered.
MAC Design:
VANET generally use the shared medium to communicate hence the MAC design is the key issue.
Many approaches have been given like TDMA, SDMA, and CSMA etc. IEEE 802.11 adopted the
CSMA based Mac for VANET.
Security:
As VANET provides the road safety applications which are life critical therefore security of these
messages must be satisfied.
V. CURRENT SOLUTIONS

There are many solutions provided to mitigate the attacks in VANET. The following are the five
most effective solutions that are most commonly used. The system should be able to help establish
the liability of drivers; but at the same time, it should protect the privacy of the drivers and
passengers [2].

5.1. ARAN (Authenticated Routing for Ad hoc network):

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B. Dahill et al proposed a secure routing protocol for ad hoc network based on authentication. This is
based on AODV but it prevents from attacks including spoofing. ARAN uses the public key
cryptography and requires a certificate server whose public key is known to all nodes. It uses
timestamp for the freshness of the route. A source node broadcasts the route discovery packet (RDP)
to all its neighbors for route discovery [2]. Each node keeps the record of its neighbor from which it
receives the message. After receiving the message all the neighbor again forwards this message to
their neighbors with their sign and own certificate. When the message received by the destination, it
replies to the first node from which it received the message. No intermediate node can reply the RDP
other than destination even if that intermediate node knows the path of destination. The destinations
will unicast the reply (REP) in reverse from destination to source. All REP is signed by the sender
and checked by the next hop. For the shortest path, the source begins with the encrypted shortest path
confirmation (SPC) message and broadcasts it to its neighbor. Destination node replies with the
recorded shortest path (RSP) to the source through its predecessor. Each neighbor signs the
encrypted part of the message and attaches its certificate.
ARAN requires that each node must keep one routing table for each node in a network. When no
traffic is found on node in lifetime it is simply deactivated from the table. If data is received on
inactive route, the error message ERR is generated which travels through reverse path of the source.
If a node is broken due to the node movement, the ERR message is generated.
5.2. SEAD (Secure and Efficient Ad hoc Distance Vector): Y. C. Hu, D. B. Johnson and A.
Perrig proposed a new secure routing protocol which protects against multiple uncoordinated
attackers who creates incorrect routing in any other node. It is based on the Destination sequenced
Distance Vector (DSDV) routing. SEAD supports the node which has limited CPU processing
capability and protects from the DoS attack in which attackers attempts to consume excess network
bandwidth. It uses the one way hash function rather than more expensive asymmetric cryptographic
operation. ++One way hash function is created by choosing a random initial vale through the node.
After that the list of values are calculated as below:
h0, h1, h2… hn
Where h0= x and hi=H (hi-1)
for 0< I ≤n.
For the authentication a node with the authenticated value hi can authenticate hi-4 by computing H
(H (H (H (hi-4)))) [4]. It uses destination-sequence number to avoid the long lived routing loop and
also protects from replay attack as the destination-sequence number provide the freshness of the
packet.

5.3. SMT (Secure Message Transmission):

P. Papadimitratos et al [2] proposed Secure Message Transmission protocol which is light weight
and operates on end to end manner. It requires a security association between source and destination.
It does not use the cryptographic operation for intermediate nodes. The source first discovers the path
through existing route discovery protocol and determines the initial Active Path Sets (APS) for
communication. After completion of this a source has a set of APS. The source disperses the each
outgoing messages into a number of pieces and encodes and transmits across different routes. Each

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dispersed piece carries a MAC (Message Authentication Code) which is used to check the integrity
and authentication of its origin. Based on the packet received or failed on different APS, the source
node rates the APS path. The destination validates and sends a feedback acknowledgement to the
source.
5.4. NDM (Non-Disclosure Method):
A. Fasbender [12] et al proposed this method to protect location information in mobile IP. They
resolved the problem of traffic analysis and location disclosure. The NDM approach assumes a
number of independent Security agents and each SA uses the public and private key pairs. Hence this
approach is based on asymmetric cryptography. In this approach a sender sends the message to the
receiver without disclosing any location information. Communication between sender and receiver is
performed via SAs. Each SAi knows the address of ASi-1and ASi+1. Sender sends the message to
SA1, and then SA1sends it to SA2and so on. Each SA encapsulates the message with its public key.
But attacker can trace the message by their length during communication hence a variable padding
scheme is also introduced.

Table 1. Comparative study of solutions

6. CONCLUSION

Security is the major issue to implement the VANET. The study of attacks revealed that the attacker
generally targets the network layer directly or indirectly hence the routing protocol must be secure
enough to prevent the most types of attacks. Each solution must preserve the security requirements
like authentication, integrity, and privacy which are more targeted.
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks is an emerging and promising technology, this technology is a fertile
region for attackers, who will try to challenge the network with their malicious attacks. This report
gives a wide analysis for the current challenges and solutions. Apart from ensuring availability of
information that provides a safer driving behavior and a better travelling experience, the network is
an economic, communication, and knowledge management enabler. However, despite the benefits,
information security threats and privacy issues pose an enormous challenge to VANET expansion

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and usage. One of the most interesting parts of the network is the ability of the network to self-
organize in a highly mobile network environment. This paper provided readers with a succinct
anecdote of the network by describing the network characteristics, architecture, applications,
communication patterns, and security challenges.

7. REFERENCES

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[3] Patrick I. Offor. Vehicle Ad Hoc Network (VANET): Safety Benefits and Security Challenges.
Nova Southeastern University (po125@nova.edu). December 3, 2012.
[4] Bijan Paul, Md. Ibrahim, Md. Abu Naser Bikas. VANET Routing Protocols: Pros and Cons.
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[6] Ghassan Samara, Wafaa A.H. Al-Salihy, R. Sures. Security Analysis of Vehicular Ad Hoc
Networks (VANET). 2010 Second International Conference on Network
Applications, Protocols and Services.

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