Skeletal System

dr. Wilson Arthur Zein, M. Biomed

Department of Anatomy
Universitas Methodist Indonesia
Universitas Prima Indonesia
 The Skeletal System
► Parts of the skeletal system include:
 Bones (skeleton)
 Joints
 Cartilages
 Ligaments
► Divided into two divisions:
1. Axial skeleton (skull, ribs and vertebra)
2. Appendicular skeleton (pelvis, extremities)
 ► Axial Skeleton: The
What are the Two Major axial skeleton includes
Skeletal System Parts? the skull, spine, ribs
and sternum.

► Appendicular
Skeleton: The
appendicular skeleton
includes the
appendages of the
body, which are the
shoulders, arms, hips,
and legs.
 What are the 5
Functions of the
Skeletal System?
Muscle attached to bones!! 1. Movement: Skeletal system
provides points of
attachment for muscles.
Your legs and arms move
when the muscles pull on
the bones.

2. Support: The backbone is

the main support center for
the upper body. It holds your
head up and protects your
spinal cord.
 What are the 5
Functions of the
Skeletal System?
3. Protection: The bones of
your skull protect your
brain. Your ribs protect
your lungs and heart from
injury.

4. Makes Blood: Red and

white blood cells are
formed by tissue called
marrow, which is in the
center of the bone.
 What are the 5
Functions of the
Skeletal System?

5. Storage: Bones store

minerals, such as
calcium and phosphorus,
for use by the body
 Bone Development

► Intramembranous ossification
 Takes place in connective tissue membrane
► Endochondral ossification
 Takes place in cartilage
► Both methods of ossification
 Produce woven bone that is then remodeled
 After remodeling, formation cannot be
distinguished as one or other

6-9
Intramembranous Ossification

6-10
Endochondral Ossification

6-11
Endochondral Ossification

6-12
Endochondral Ossification

6-13
Growth in Bone Length

► Appositional growth
 New bone on old
bone or cartilage
surface
► Epiphyseal plate
zones
 Resting cartilage
 Proliferation
 Hypertrophy
 Calcification
6-14
Growth in Bone Length

6-15
Growth in Bone Width

6-16
What are the
► Four basic bone shapes:
Basic Bone
 1. Long- arms, legs and
Shapes? fingers
 2. Short- wrist and ankles
 3. Flat- skull and sternum
 4. Irregular- spine
 Classification of Bones
►Long bones
 Typically longer than wide
 Have a shaft with heads at both ends
 Contain mostly compact bone
► Examples: Femur, humerus

► Shortbones
 Generally cube-shape
 Contain mostly spongy bone
►Examples: Carpals, tarsals
 Classification of Bones
►Flat bones
 Thin and flattened, usually curved
 Thin layers of compact bone around a layer
of spongy bone
► Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum

► Irregularbones
 Irregular in shape
 Do not fit into other bone classification
categories
►Example: Vertebrae and hip
Long Bone Structure
► Diaphysis
 Shaft
 Compact bone
► Epiphysis
 End of the bone
 Cancellous bone
► Epiphyseal plate
 Growth plate
► Epiphyseal line
 Bone stops growing
in length
6-20
Long Bone Structure
► Medullary cavity
 Red marrow
 Yellow marrow
► Periosteum
 Outer bone surface
► Sharpey’s fibers
 Attachment
► Endosteum
 Lines bone cavities

6-21
Flat, Short, Irregular Bones
► Flat Bones
 No diaphyses,
epiphyses
 Sandwich of cancellous
between compact bone
► Short and Irregular
Bone
 Compact bone that
surrounds cancellous
bone center
 No diaphyses and not
elongated
6-22
What is the Structure ► Typical Four Layers:
of Bone?  Periosteum: Covers
Bones
 Compact Bone: Lies
beneath the
periosteum
 Spongy Bone: Lies
beneath the
compact bone
 Bone Marrow: Fills
the gaps between
the spongy bone
  Bones are complex
What is the living structures that
Structure of Bone? undergo growth and
development.
 A thin tough outer
membrane covers
the bone.
 Beneath the outer
membrane is a layer
of compact bone
(hard and dense,
but not solid – it is
filled with holes and
has small canals for
blood vessels and
nerves).
What is the  Inside the
Structure of compact bone is
Bone? a layer of spongy
bone.
 It has many small
spaces, is light
weight, but
strong.
 Spongy bone is
also found at the
ends of bones.
What is the  In the spaces of many
Structure of bones there is a soft
connective tissue
Bone? called marrow.
 Two types of Marrow:
►Red
►Yellow
 Red Marrow
produces most
of the body’s
blood cells.
 Yellow Marrow
stores fat that
can serve as an
energy reserve.
How Strong are  The structure of
Bones? bones make it
both strong and
light weight.
 20 % of an adults
body weight is
bone.
 Bone is made up
of 2 minerals:
►Calcium
►Phosphorus
  As an infant, most of your
How Do Bones skeleton is cartilage.

Develop?  Cartilage is a strong

flexible tissue.

 Over time the cartilage is

replaced by solid bone,
usually complete by the
time you stop growing.

 Not all cartilage is

replaced in adults. Many
joints contain cartilage,
protecting the ends of
bones (ears and the end
of the nose is also
cartilage).
Common Diseases and Disorders
► Arthritis
 Description: joint inflammation.
 More than 100 different types.
 Currently affects 40 million Americans, mostly women.
 Most common forms:
► Osteoarthritis
► Rheumatoid arthritis
► Gout
► Fibromyalgia
► Lupus
Arthritis
Diseases of the Skeletal System:
Rheumatoid arthritis- autoimmune
reaction
 Common Diseases and Disorders
(cont'd)
► Bursitis
 Description: inflammation of sac located around a joint; most often
occurs at hip, shoulder, or knee.
 SX: pain upon movement, limited motion of joint.
 Causes: usually occurs in middle age and is result of recurring
trauma or inflammatory joint disease.
 TX: joint rest, pain medication, steroid injection combined with
anesthetic, removal of fluid by aspiration, physical therapy.
Common Diseases and Disorders
(cont'd)
► Dislocation
 Description: displacement of the bones of a joint.
 SX: pain.
 Causes: congenital, trauma, disease of surrounding joint.
 TX: reduction, splint, cast, traction.
 Common Diseases and Disorders
(cont'd)
► Herniated Disk (ruptured disk)
 Description: the soft gel-like material within an intervertebral disk has been
forced through its outer surface causing pressure on a spinal nerve.
 SX: severe lower back pain, frequently radiating deep into the buttocks and
down the back of the leg; sensory loss from compression of nerve; motor
difficulties.
 Causes: severe trauma or strain, degeneration of the intervertebral joints;
occurs in adults, mainly men under 45; often occurs from trauma in
elderly.
 Common Diseases and Disorders
(cont'd)
► Lumbar Myositis
 Description: inflammation of the lumbar region muscles of the back.
 SX: low back pain.
 Causes: straining of back muscles.
 TX: rest, mild analgesics, and muscle relaxers.

► Osteoporosis
 Description: metabolic bone disorder where the bone becomes porous, brittle and
prone to fracture.
► Two types: Primary, which is postmenopausal and Secondary, following
various abuses to the body such as steroid therapy.
 SX: snapping sound followed by instant pain, spinal curvatures, fractures, loss of
height.
 Causes: aging, inadequate calcium, faulty metabolism, tobacco, family history.
 TX: increasing exercise, estrogen supplement, calcium, vitamin D.
Diseases of the Skeletal System:

Osteoporosis- bone reabsorption

outpaces bone deposit; bones
become lighter and fracture easier
Factors:
• age, gender (more in women)
• estrogen and testosterone decrease
• insufficient exercise (or too much)
• diet poor in Ca++ and protein
• abnormal vitamin D receptors
• smoking
Common Diseases and Disorders
(cont'd)
► Spinal Curvatures
 Kyphosis
► Description: bowing of the back, usually at the thoracic level.
► SX: visible curving, pain, stiffness, tightening of hamstring muscles.
► Causes: growth retardation, degeneration of intervertebral disks,
osteoporosis.
► TX: exercise, firm mattress, surgery.
 Common Diseases and Disorders
(cont'd)
► Spinal Curvatures (cont'd)
 Lordosis
► Description: anterior convex curvature of the lumbar spine.
► SX: visual curvature.
► Causes: poor posture, wearing high heels.
► TX: exercise, improving posture, proper footwear.
 Scoliosis
► Description: lateral curvature of the spine usually in the thoracic region.
► SX: uneven hemlines or unequal pants legs, one hip appearing higher than
the other, one shoulder appearing higher.
► Causes: congenital defects, muscular dystrophy, paralysis, transmitted trait
that develops during the growing process, poor posture, uneven leg lengths.
► TX: exercise, brace, surgery.
SPINAL CURVATURES
 Common Diseases and Disorders
(cont'd)
► Sprain
 Description: complete or incomplete tear in the supporting ligament of a
joint.
 SX: pain, swelling, black and blue discoloration; ankle most common site.
 Causes: twisting action.
 TX: follow R.I.C.E.—Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation; may require
surgery.

► Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

 Cause: compression of median nerve at the wrist.
 SX: numbness, pain in hand.
 TX: surgery to relieve pressure.
Diseases of the Skeletal System:

Rickets- vitamin D deficiency

Rickets