‫كليــة المنصور الجامعة‬

‫هندسة تقنيات األجهزة الطبية‬

Lec.5
Anatomy and Physiology

(The skeletal system)

Asis.Lec. Zahraa Khudiar Hamza

2020-2021
5.1 The skeletal system:
- The skeletal system contain 206 separated bone.
- The skeletal system includes the bones of the skeleton and the
cartilages, joints, ligaments, and other connective tissues that
stabilize or connect them.

Figure 1: The skeleton.

5.2 What are the function of the skeletal system?

1- Support of the body.
2- Protection of soft organ.
3- Movement due to attached skeletal muscles.
4- Storage of minerals and fats.
5- Blood cell formation.

5.3 What are the two major skeletal system parts?

1- Axial Skeleton: The axial skeleton includes the skull, spine, ribs
and sternum.
2- Appendicular Skeleton: The appendicular skeleton includes the
appendages of the body, which are the shoulders, arms, hips,
and legs.
5.4 What is the Structure of Bone?
Typical Four Layers:

1- Periosteum: Covers Bones.

2- Compact Bone: Lies beneath the periosteum.
3- Spongy Bone: Lies beneath the compact bone.
4- Bone Marrow: Fills the gaps between the spongy bone.

Figure 2 : structure of bone.

 Bones are complex living structures that undergo growth and

development.

 A thin tough outer membrane covers the bone.

 Beneath the outer membrane is a layer of compact bone (hard and

dense, but not solid – it is filled with holes and has small canals for
blood vessels and nerves).

 Inside the compact bone is a layer of spongy bone.

 It has many small spaces, is light weight, but strong.

 Spongy bone is also found at the ends of bones.

 In the spaces of many bones there is a soft connective tissue called

marrow.

 Two types of Marrow:

 Red

 Yellow

 Red Marrow produces most of the body’s blood cells.

 Yellow Marrow stores fat that can serve as an energy reserve.

5.5 How Strong are Bones?
 The structure of bones make it both strong and light weight.

 20 % of an adults body weight is bone.

 Bone is made up of 2 minerals:

► Calcium

► Phosphorus

5.6 Classification of bones:

Bone are classified by their shape:
1-Long.

2-Short.

3-Flat.

4-Irregular.

1-Long bones:

-Typically longer than wide.

-Have a shaft with heads at both ends.
-Contain mostly compact bones.
-Examples: Femur, humerus.

2-Short bones:

-Generally cube-shape.
- Contain mostly spongy bone.
-Examples: Carples, tarsals.

3- Flat bones:

-Thin and flattened.

 -Usually curved.

-Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bones,

-Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum.

4- Irregular bones:

-Irregular shape.

-Do not fit into other bone classification categories.

-Examples: Vertebrae and hip.

5.6 Type of bone cells:

- Osteocytes : mature bone cells.

- Osteoblaste: bone- forming cells.
- Osteoclasts : bone- destroying cells, break down bone matrix for
remodeling and release of calcium.
- Bone remodeling is a process by both osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

5.7 Changes in the human skeleton:

 In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline cartilage.

 During development, much of this cartilage is replaced by bone.
 Cartilage remains in isolated areas
-Bridge of the nose.
-Parts of ribs.
-Joints.
 Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of long bone during childhood.
-New cartilage is continuously formed.
-Older cartilage becomes ossified.
-Cartilage is broken down.
 -Bone replaces cartilage.

Figure 3: bone growth.

5.8 Bone fractures:

 A break in a bone.
 Types of fractures:
-Closed (simple) fracture- break that does not penetrate
the skin.
-Open (compound) fracture – broken bone penetrate
through the skin.
 Bone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilization.
 Realignment of the bone.

Figure 4: The skull bones.

 Figure 5: vertebral column.

Figure 6: thoracic cage.

5.9 Diseases and conditions of the skeletal system:

Arthritis: Rheumatoid arthritis usually affects joints symmetrically (on

both sides equally), may initially begin in couple of joints only, and most
frequently attacks the wrists, hands, elbows, shoulders, knees and ankles.

Bursitis: inflammation of the Bursa sac, can become inflamed from

injury or infection, localized pain or swelling.
Tendonitis: inflammation of the tendon, movement becomes painful,
most common cause of tendonitis is overuse.

Rickets: softening and weakening of bones in children, usually because

of an extreme and prolonged vitamin D deficiency.

Sarcoma: osteosarcoma, most common type of bone cancer, most

commonly found in children and adolescents.

Myeloma: cancer in which abnormal cells, collect in the bone marrow

and form tumors.

Leukemia: cancer of the blood cells, starts in the bone marrow where
blood cells are:

- The bone marrow starts to make a lot of abnormal white blood

cells, called leukemia cells.
- Leukemia cells don’t do the work of normal WBC’s and they don’t
stop growing when they should.