STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF A TWO STOREY RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

SLAB DESIGN

DESIGN CALCULATIONS RESULTS

PANEL 06.
Cover for fire resistance and moderate exposed condition = 25mm (BS 8110 – 1) Cover = 25mm

Preliminary slab sizing

Let diameter = 10mm,

Lx 5400
Given Lx = 4230mm, d = = =135=d
40 40
Ø
H = d + cover + Ø + = 135 + 25 + 10 + 5 = 175mm
2
Say H = 150mm
Dx = 150 – 25 – 5 = 120mm, Dy = dx – Ø = 120 – 10 = 110mm
The panel have Lx = 5400mm and Ly = 5800mm
Ly 5800
= =1.1 2, hence it is a two way ………………….(BS8110 – 1)
Lx 5400

LOADING. (BS 6399 – 1)

Self-weight = 1.4 x 0.15 x 24 = 5.04 KN/m²
Finishes = 1.4 x 1.5 = 2.1 KN/m²
Partitions = 1 x 1.4 = 1.4 KN/m²
Total dead load = 8.54 KN/m²
Live load = 1.5 x 1.6 = 2.4 KN/m²
Total design load = 10.94 KN/m² = 11 KN/m²

Bending Moments
 Ly 5800
= = =1.1
Lx 5400
Bsx = -0.056, 0.042 and Bsy = -0.045, 0.034…………Table 3.14 (BS8110-1)
Msx at mid span = BsxLx² = 0.042 x 11 KN/m² x 5.4² = 13.47 KNm
Msx at support = - BsxLx² = -0.056 x 11 KN/m² x 5.4² = 17.96KNm
Msy at mid span = BsyLx² = 0.034 x 11 KN/m² x 5.4² = 10.91 KNm
Msy at support = BsyLx² = -0.045 x 11 KN/m² x 5.4² = 14.43 KNm

DEFLECTION CHECK.
At mid span moments for short span.
Msx = 13.47KNm
M/bd² = 13.47 x 106 /(1000 x 120²) = 0.94
K = M / fubd² = 13.47 x 106 / (25 x 1000 x 120²) = 0.037
k
√
Z = d ( 0.5 + 0.25−
0.94
)
0.037
√
Z = 120 ( 0.5 + 0.25−
0.94
) = 115

As = M / 0.87fyZ = 13.47 x 106 /( 0.87 x 460 x 115) = 292.7 mm²

Provide T10- 250c/c (area = 314 mm²)

5 fy Areq 5 x 460 x 292.7

Fs = = = 267.99KN/ m²………………Table
8 Aprov 8 x 314
3.14(BS8110-1)
477−fs Deflection not
m.f.r = 0.55 + <= 2 OK.!!!
120(0.9+ M /bd ²)

477−267.99
m.f.r = 0.55 + <= 1.49
120(0.9+0.94)

Lx 5400
dmin = = = 139.4mm
m. f . r 26 1.49 x 26

where by 120mm < 139.4mm Not Okay!!!!!!!!

SECOND TRIAL.
Say H = 175mm
Dx = 175 – 25 – 5 = 145mm, Dy = dx – Ø = 145 – 10 = 135mm
The panel have Lx = 5400mm and Ly = 5800mm
Ly 5800
= =1.1 2, hence it is a two way ………………….(BS8110 – 1)
Lx 5400

LOADING.
Self-weight = 1.4 x 0.175 x 24 = 5.88 KN/m²
Finishes = 1.4 x 1.5 = 2.1 KN/m²
Partitions = 1 x 1.4 = 1.4 KN/m²
Total dead load = 9.38 KN/m²
Live load = 1.5 x 1.6 = 2.4 KN/m²
Total design load = 11.78 KN/m² = 12 KN/m²

Bending Moments cl 3.5.3.4 (BS8110-1)

Ly 5800
= = =1.1
Lx 5400
Bsx = -0.056, 0.042 and Bsy = -0.045, 0.034…………Table 3.14 (BS8110-1)
Msx at mid span = BsxLx² = 0.042 x 12 KN/m² x 5.4² = 14.7 KNm
Msx at support = - BsxLx² = -0.056 x 12 KN/m² x 5.4² = 19.6KNm
Msy at mid span = BsyLx² = 0.034 x 12 KN/m² x 5.4² = 11.9 KNm
Msy at support = BsyLx² = -0.045 x 12 KN/m² x 5.4² = 15.75 KNm

DEFLECTION CHECK.
At mid span moments for short span.
Msx = 14.7KNm
M/bd² = 14.7 x 106 /(1000 x 145²) = 0.699
K = M / fubd² = 14.7 x 106 / (25 x 1000 x 145²) = 0.028
k
√
Z = d ( 0.5 + 0.25−
0.94
)
0.028
√
Z = 145 ( 0.5 + 0.25−
0.9
) = 140.55
As = M / 0.87fyZ = 14.7 x 106 /( 0.87 x 460 x 140.55) = 261.34 mm²
Provide T10- 275c/c (area = 285 mm²)

5 fy Areq 5 x 460 x 261.34

Fs = = = 263.63KN/ m²……………Table 3.14(BS8110-
8 Aprov 8 x 285 Deflections are
1) OK!!!!
477−fs
m.f.r = 0.55 + <= 2
120(0.9+ M /bd ²)

477−263.63
m.f.r = 0.55 + <= 1.66
120(0.9+0.699)

Lx 5400
dmin = = = 125.12mm
m. f . r 26 1.66 x 26

where by 145mm < 125.12mm Hence Okay!!!!!!!!

REINFORCEMENT DESIGN

Short span.
For mid span provide T10- 275c/c (area = 285 mm²)
For support. K = M / fubd² =19.6 x 106 /(25 x1000 x 145²) = 0.0373 less than 0.156
 k
√
Z = d ( 0.5 + 0.25−
0.9
)
0.0373 B1) T10-275c/c
√
Z = 145 ( 0.5 + 0.25−
0.9
) = 138.72
As = M / 0.87fyZ = 19.6 x 106 /( 0.87 x 460 x 138.72) = 353.05 mm²
B2) T8 -220c/c

T1) T10-220c/c
Hence provide T10-220c/c (356 mm²)
T2) T10-250c/c
Long span at Msy = 11.9KNm
For mid span.
The effective depth = 135mm
. K = M / fubd² = 11.9 x 106 /(25 x1000 x 135²) = 0.0261 less than 0.156 hence
okay
k
√
Z = d ( 0.5 + 0.25−
0.9
)
0.0261
√
Z = 135 ( 0.5 + 0.25−
0.9
) = 130.96
As = M / 0.87fyZ = 11.9 x 106 /( 0.87 x 460 x 130.96) = 227.1mm²
Hence provide T8-220c/c (228 mm²)

For support at Msy = 15.75KNm Spacing is ok!!

. K = M / fubd² = 15.75 x 106 /(25 x1000 x 135²) = 0.035 less than 0.156
k
√
Z = d (0.5 + 0.25−
0.9
)
0.035
√
Z = 135 ( 0.5 + 0.25−
0.9
) = 129.59
As = M / 0.87fyZ = 15.75 x 106 /( 0.87 x 460 x 129.59) = 304mm²
Hence provide T10-250c/c (314 mm²)

CHECK FOR SPACING cl 3.12.11.2.7 (BS 8110- 1)

S < 3d = 3 x 145 = 435 …………………………… spacing is okay!!!
PERCENTAGE STEEL CHECK. Shear is OK!!
100 As 100 x 275
. =. = 0.19%  0.3% it is okay, also 0.19 >
bd 1000 x 145
0.13………..OK!!!

SHEAR CHECK …………………………..table 3.8 (BS 8110-1)

Bvx = 0.44 Bvy = 0.4
Vsx = BvxLx = 0.44 x 12 x 5.4 = 28.51KN
28.51 x 103
vsx = = 0.197N/ mm²
1000 x 145
Shear stresses in concrete are given by the formula
0.79 100 As 1/3 400 1 / 4
Vc = ( )( ) ( )
1.25 bd d
 0.79 100 x 285 1 /3 400 1 / 4
Vc = ( )( ) ( ) = 0.474 N/ mm²
1.25 1000 x 145 145
When we substitute the values of As = 285mm² and d = 145mm, b = 1000mm
Hence Vc = 0.474 N/ mm²
Hence sheare stresses in concrete are more than the applied stresses ( vc ˃ v )

FIRST FLOOR BEAMS DESIGN

DESIGN CALCULATIONS RESULTS

BEAM (B5)

Preliminary beam dimensioning.

Let the average span of the beams be 10m,
span
Hence the ratio of the continuous beams is given as 26.
depth
Hence roughly 10m/26 = 0.38m say let the depth be 0.40m
Let the depth above be the overall height of the beams, and thickness is 230mm
Hence the beam dimensions will be given as (400 x 230)mm

Consider the beam loading.

Load from web. = 0.225 x 0.23 x 24 x 1.4 = 1.74KN/m

Load from panel P8 = 24 x 1 x 0.175 x 1.5 x 1.4 = 8.82KN/m

Load from panel P3 , α = 1.04 , α² = 1.08 , α³ = 1.125

1 1
Hence, load = q ( 1 - + )
2α ² 8α ³
q = 0.5Lx = 0.5 x 12 x 3.45 = 20.7KN/m
there fore
1 1
load = q ( 1 - + )
2α ² 8α ³
= 10.4KN/m

Load from panel P7. Load = 0.625q

= 0.5 x 12 x 1.43 x 0.625 = 5.4KN/m

Load from P2 = 0.5 x 12 x 3.585 x 0.625 = 13.4KN/m

Load from panel P1., α = 1.72 , α² = 2.89 , α³ = 4.9
1 1
Hence, load = q ( 1 - + )
2α ² 8α ³
q = 0.5Lx = 0.5 x 12 x 2.55 = 15.3KN/m
there fore
1 1
load = q ( 1 - + )
2α ² 8α ³
= 12.3KN/m

Load from P4 = 24 x 1 x 0.175 x 0.8 = 3.4KN/m

Load from the walls = 20 x 0.230 x 3.65 x 1 = 17KN/m.

Consider the loading diagram from the slabs.

Consider the FBD of the loaded beam.

Consider the moment distribution table below.

wl ²
Fixed end moments are = , of a respective span
12
 stifnes
Distribution factors are = 1 at the ends of the beam, and in mid supports
total stifnes
38.00     38.00     38.00     38.00
2.81     3.60     3.59     2.56
  1.07 1.11   1.11 1.11   1.11 1.17  
  0.49 0.51   0.50 0.50   0.49 0.51  
  -37.51 41.04   -41.04 40.81   -40.81 31.13  
  -1.73 -1.80   0.11 0.11   4.72 4.96  
    0.06   -0.90 2.36   0.06    
  -0.03 -0.03   -0.73 -0.73   -0.03 -0.03  
    -0.36   -0.01 -0.01   -0.37    
  0.18 0.19   0.01 0.01   0.18 0.19  
    0.01   0.09 0.09   0.01    
  0.00 0.00   -0.09 -0.09   0.00 0.00  
    -0.05   0.00 0.00   -0.05    
  0.02 0.02   0.00 0.00   0.02 0.02  
    0.00   0.01 0.01   0.00    
  0.00 0.00   -0.01 -0.01   0.00 0.00  
  -39.07 39.07   -42.55 42.55   -36.27 36.27  

Consider the BM and SF diagrams bellow.

Hence!!
Maximum bending moments at support = 43KNm
Maximum bending moments at the mid span = 22 KNm
Maximum shear forces = 70 KN
REINFORCEMENT DESIGN AT SUPPORT.
Fcu = 25N/mm², where by b = 230mm
Let Ø = 16mm, link dia = 8mm, cover = 25mm, while h = 400mm.
Ø
Hence d = h - cover – link -
2
d = 400 – 25 – 8 – 8 =359mm
Mr = 0.156Fcubd² = 0.156 x 25 x 230 x 359² = 115.6KNm which is >> Mapp
M 43 x 106
K= = = 0.058 << 0.156
Fcubd ² 25 x 230 x 359²
k
√
Z = d (0.5 + 0.25−
0.9
)
0.058

Hence
√
Z = 359 (0.5 + 0.25−
0.9
) = 0.93d < 0.95d

Z = 0.93d = 333.87
As = M/ (0.87Fyz) = 43 x 10^6 / (0.87 x 460 x 333.87) = 322mm²
Hence provide 2T16 (402.1mm²) Provide
2T16
REINFORCEMENT AT MID SPAN throughou
lz 3600 t the span.
be = bw + = 230 + = 950mm, where by bw = 230mm, hf = 175mm
5 5 Both top
Mf = 0.45Fcu. be . hf(d - hf /2) = 507.8 KNm and
Mf ˃ Mapp ( hence the N-A is within the flange) bottom.
K = M/(fcubd²) = 22 x 10^6/(25 x 950 x 359²) = 0.0072
k
√
Z = d (0.5 + 0.25−
0.9
)
0.0071
√
Z = 359 (0.5 + 0.25−
Z = 0.95d = 341.05
0.9
) = 0.991d > 0.95d

As = M/(0.87fyz) = 22 x 10^6 / (0.87 x 460 x 341.05) = 161.2mm²

Hence provide 2T16 (402.1mm²)

DEFLECTION CHECK.
At mid span moments.
Msx = 22KNm
M/bd² = 22 x 106 /(950 x 359²) = 0.18
K = M / fubd² = 22 x 106 / (25 x 950 x 359²) = 0.0072
k
√
Z = d ( 0.5 + 0.25−
0.94
0.0072
) Deflection
s are

√
Z = d ( 0.5 + 0.25−
Z = 0.95d = 341.05
0.9
) = 0.99d >0.95d okay!!

As = M / 0.87fyZ = 22 x 106 /( 0.87 x 460 x 341.05) = 161.2 mm² = area required

Provide 2T16 (area provided = 402.1 mm²)
 bw 230
Also = = 0.24 < 0.3
be 950

5 fy Areq 5 x 460 x 161.2

Fs = = = 115.26KN/ m²……………Table 3.14(BS8110-1)
8 Aprov 8 x 402.1
477−fs
m.f.r = 0.55 + <= 2
120(0.9+ M /bd ²)

477−115.26
m.f.r = 0.55 + <= 2 Hence
120(0.9+0.18)
provide
L 3600
dmin = = = 90mm T8 –200c/c
m. f . r 20.8 2 x 20.8
Two
Where by 359mm > 90mm Hence Okay!!!!!!!! legged.

SHEAR REINFORCEMENT DESIGN.

v = V /bd = 70 x 103 / (230 x 359) = 0.847,  0.8√ Fcu = 0.8 x√ 25 =4 okay!
Shear stresses in concrete are given by the formula
0.79 100 As 1/3 400 1 / 4
Vc = ( )( ) ( )
1.25 bd d
0.79 100 x 402.1 1 /3 400 1 / 4
Vc = ( )( ) ( ) = 0.51 N/ mm²
1.25 230 x 359 359
When we substitute the values of As =402.1mm² and d = 359mm, b = 230mm
Hence Vc = 0.51 N/ mm²
Hence shear stresses in concrete are less than the applied stresses ( vc < v )
From the condition that
0.5vc < v > ( vc + 0.4 )
Hence. Provide the links for whole length of beam
bvSv (v −vc )
Asv= , v−vc =0.337
0.87 Fyv

0.337 x 230 xSv

Asv=
0.87 x 250
Asv
Taking the ratio = =0.36 , hence provide T8 – 200 c/c, throughout the span of the
Sv
beam section.

BEAM 6
Preliminary beam dimensioning.
Let the average span of the beams be 10m,
span
Hence the ratio of the continuous beams is given as 26.
depth
Hence roughly 10m/26 = 0.38m say let the depth be 0.40m
Let the depth above be the overall height of the beams, and thickness is 230mm
Hence the beam dimensions will be given as (400 x 230)mm

Consider the beam loading.

Load from web. = 0.225 x 0.23 x 24 x 1.4 = 1.74KN/m

Load from panel P7 = 24 x 1 x 0.175 x 0.715 x 1.4 = 4.2KN/m

Load from panel P2 , α = 1.227 , α² = 1.5 , α³ = 1.85

1 1
Hence, load = q ( 1 - + )
2α ² 8α ³
q = 0.5Lx = 0.5 x 12 x 3.4 = 20.4KN/m
there fore
1 1
load = q ( 1 - + )
2α ² 8α ³
= 13.26KN/m

Load from panel P3. Load = 0.625q

= 0.5 x 12 x 3.45 x 0.625 = 12.93KN/m

Load from panel P9., α = 1.2 , α² = 1.46, α³ = 1.75

1 1
Hence, load = q ( 1 - + )
2α ² 8α ³
q = 0.5Lx = 0.5 x 12 x 5.3 = 31.8KN/m
there fore
1 1
load = q ( 1 - + )
2α ² 8α ³
= 18.64KN/m
Load from the walls = 20 x 0.230 x 3.65 x 1 = 17KN/m.

Consider the loading diagram from the slabs.

Consider the FBD of the load beam.

Consider the moment distribution table below.
wl ²
Fixed end moments are = , of a respective span
12
sti fnes
Distribution factors are = 1 at the ends of the beam, and in mid supports
total stifnes
  A SPAN 1 B B SPAN 2 C C SPAN 3
Factored UDL(kN/m)   43.20     43.20     43.20
Span(m)   4.40     3.00     5.30
Stiffness     0.68 1.33   1.33 0.57  

Distribution Factor     0.34 0.66   0.70 .30  

FEM     -104.54 32.40   -32.40 151.69  
balance     24.41 47.73   -83.74 -35.55
carry over       -41.87   23.87    
balance     14.17 27.70   -16.75 -7.11  
carry over       -8.38   13.85    
balance     2.83 5.54   -9.72 -4.13  
carry over       -4.86   2.77    
balance     1.64 3.22   -1.95 -0.83  
carry over       -0.97   1.61    
balance     0.33 0.64   -1.13 -0.48  
carry over       -0.56   0.32    
balance     0.19 0.37   -0.23 -0.10  
Support Moment (kNm)     -60.90 60.90   -103.42 103.42  

Consider the BM and SF diagrams bellow.

Hence!!
Maximum bending moments at support = 103.42KNm
Maximum bending moments at the mid span = 104.38 KNm
Maximum shear forces = 133.99 KN

REINFORCEMENT DESIGN AT SUPPORT.

Fcu = 25N/mm², where by b = 230mm
Let Ø = 16mm, link dia = 8mm, cover = 25mm, while h = 400mm.
Ø
Hence d = h - cover – link -
2
d = 400 – 25 – 8 – 8 =359mm
Mr = 0.156Fcubd² = 0.156 x 25 x 230 x 359² = 115.6KNm which is >> Mapp
M 103.42 x 106
K= = = 0.14 << 0.156
Fcubd ² 25 x 230 x 359² Provide.
k 3T20 on
√
Z = d (0.5 + 0.25−
0.9
)
0.14
support
and 4T16

Hence
√
Z = 359 (0.5 + 0.25−
0.9
) = 0.81d < 0.95d at mid
span.
Z = 0.81d = 290.8
As = M/ (0.87Fyz) = 103.42 x 10^6 / (0.87 x 460 x 290.8) = 888.65mm²
Hence provide 3T20 (942.5mm²)

REINFORCEMENT AT MID SPAN

lz 5300
be = bw + = 230 + = 1290mm, where by bw = 230mm, hf = 175mm
5 5
Mf = 0.45Fcu. be . hf(d - hf /2) = 689.52 KNm
Mf ˃ Mapp ( hence the N-A is within the flange)
K = M/(fcubd²) = 104.38 x 10^6/(25 x 1290 x 359²) = 0.025
k
√
Z = d (0.5 + 0.25−
0.9
)
0.025
√
Z = d (0.5 + 0.25−
Z = 0.95d = 341.05
0.9
) = 0.97d > 0.95d

As = M/(0.87fyz) =104.38x 10^6 / (0.87 x 460 x 341.05) = 764.75mm²

Hence provide 4T16 (804.2mm²)

DEFLECTION CHECK.
At mid span moments.
Msx = 104.38KNm
Provide
M/bd² = 104.38 x 106 /(1290 x 359²) = 0.628
T8-150c/c
K = M / fubd² = 104.38 x 106 / (25 x 1290 x 359²) = 0.0251 Two
k
√
Z = d ( 0.5 + 0.25−
0.94
0.0251
) legged

√
Z = d ( 0.5 + 0.25−
Z = 0.95d = 341.05
0.9
) = 0.97d >0.95d

As = M / 0.87fyZ = 104.38 x 106 /( 0.87 x 460 x 341.05) = 764.75 mm² = area required
Provide 4T16 (area provided = 804.2mm²)
bw 230
Also = = 0.178 < 0.3
be 1290

5 fy Areq 5 x 460 x 764.75

Fs = = = 273.3KN/ m²……………Table 3.14(BS8110-1)
8 Aprov 8 x 804.2
477−fs
m.f.r = 0.55 + <= 2
120(0.9+ M /bd ²)

477−273.3
m.f.r = 0.55 + <= 1.61
120(0.9+0.628)

L 5300
dmin = = = 158.26mm
m. f . r 20.8 1.61 x 20.8

Where by 359mm > 158.26mm Hence Okay!!!!!!!!

SHEAR REINFORCEMENT DESIGN.

v = V /bd = 133.99 x 103 /(230 x 359) = 1.62,  0.8√ Fcu = 0.8 x√ 25 =4 okay!
Shear stresses in concrete are given by the formula
0.79 100 As 1/3 400 1 / 4
Vc = ( )( ) ( )
1.25 bd d
0.79 100 x 804.2 1 /3 400 1 / 4
Vc = ( )( ) ( ) = 0.644 N/ mm²
1.25 230 x 359 359
When we substitute the values of As =804.2mm² and d = 359mm, b = 230mm
Hence Vc = 0.644 N/ mm²
Hence shear stresses in concrete are less than the applied stresses ( vc < v )
From the condition that
0.5vc < v > ( vc + 0.4 )

Hence. Provide the links for whole length of beam

bvSv (v −vc )
Asv= , v−vc =0.976
0.87 Fyv

0.976 x 230 xSv

Asv=
0.87 x 250
Asv
Taking the ratio = =1.03, hence provide T8 – 150 c/c, throughout the span of the
Sv
beam section.

BEAM 13
Preliminary beam dimensioning.
Let the average span of the beams be 10m,
span
Hence the ratio of the continuous beams is given as 26.
depth
Hence roughly 10m/26 = 0.38m say let the depth be 0.40m
Let the depth above be the overall height of the beams, and thickness is 230mm
Hence the beam dimensions will be given as (400 x 230)mm

Consider the beam loading.

Load from web. = 0.225 x 0.23 x 24 x 1.4 = 1.74KN/m
Load from panel P5. Load = 0.625q
= 0.5 x 12 x 2.8 x 0.625 = 10.5KN/m

Load from panel P6 , α = 1.07 , α² = 1.15 , α³ = 1.23

1 1
Hence, load = q ( 1 - + )
2α ² 8α ³
q = 0.5Lx = 0.5 x 12 x 5.3 = 31.8KN/m
there fore
1 1
load = q ( 1 - + )
2α ² 8α ³
= 14.74KN/m
Load from the walls = 20 x 0.230 x 3.65 x 1 = 17KN/m.

Consider the loading diagram from the slabs.

Consider the FBD of the beam loaded.

Consider the moment distribution table below.

wl ²
Fixed end moments are = , of a respective span
12
stifnes
Distribution factors are = 1 at the ends of the beam, and in mid supports
total stifn es

  A SPAN 1 B B SPAN 2 C
Factored UDL(kN/m)   31.74     31.74  
Span(m)   2.80     5.80  
Stiffness     1.07 0.52    
Distribution Factor     0.67 0.33    
FEM     -31.11 133.47    
balance     -69.03 -33.33    
carry over            
balance     0.00 0.00    
carry over            
balance     0.00 0.00    
carry over            
balance     0.00 0.00    
carry over            
balance     0.00 0.00    
carry over            
balance     0.00 0.00    
 Support Moment (kNm) 0.00   -100.14 100.14   0.00
             

Consider the BM and SF diagrams bellow.

Hence!!
Maximum bending moments at support = 100.14KNm
Maximum bending moments at the mid span = 88.09 KNm
Maximum shear forces = 109.31 KN

REINFORCEMENT DESIGN AT SUPPORT.

Fcu = 25N/mm², where by b = 230mm
Let Ø = 16mm, link dia = 8mm, cover = 25mm, while h = 400mm.
Ø
Hence d = h - cover – link -
2 Provide.
d = 400 – 25 – 8 – 8 =359mm 4T16 on
Mr = 0.156Fcubd² = 0.156 x 25 x 230 x 359² = 115.6KNm which is >> Mapp mid span
M 100.14 x 106 and
K= = = 0.135 << 0.156 3T20 at
Fcubd ² 25 x 230 x 359²
k Support.
√
Z = d (0.5 + 0.25−
0.9
0.135
)

Hence
√
Z = d (0.5 + 0.25−
0.9
) = 0.82d < 0.95d

Z = 0.82d = 294.38
As = M/ (0.87Fyz) = 100.14 x 10 6 / (0.87 x 460 x 294.38) =850mm²
Hence provide 3T20 (942.5mm²)

REINFORCEMENT AT MID SPAN

lz 5800
be = bw + = 230 + = 810mm, where by bw = 230mm, hf = 175mm
10 10
Mf = 0.45Fcu. be . hf(d - hf /2) = 432.98 KNm
Mf ˃ Mapp ( hence the N-A is within the flange)
K = M/(fcubd²) = 88.09x 10^6/(25 x 810 x 359²) = 0.0337
k
√
Z = d (0.5 + 0.25−
0.9
)
0.0337
√
Z = d (0.5 + 0.25−
Z = 0.95d = 341.05
0.9
) = 0.96d > 0.95d

As = M/(0.87fyz) = 88.09x 10^6 / (0.87 x 460 x 341.05) = 645.4mm²

Hence provide 4T16 (804.2mm²) Provide
T10-225c/c
DEFLECTION CHECK. Two
At mid span moments. legged
Msx = 88KNm
M/bd² = 88x 106 /(810 x 359²) = 0.84
K = M / fubd² = 88x 106 / (25 x 810 x 359²) = 0.0337
k
√
Z = d ( 0.5 + 0.25−
0.9
)
0.0337
√
Z = d ( 0.5 + 0.25−
Z = 0.95d = 341.05
0.9
) = 0.96d >0.95d

As = M / 0.87fyZ = 88 x 106 /( 0.87 x 460 x 341.05) = 644.7 mm² = area required

Provide 4T16 (area provided = 804.2mm ²)
 bw 230
Also = = 0.28 < 0.3
be 810

5 fy Areq 5 x 460 x 645

Fs = = = 230.58…….……………Table 3.14(BS8110-1)
8 Aprov 8 x 804.2
477−fs
m.f.r = 0.55 + <= 2
120(0.9+ M /bd ²)

477−230.58
m.f.r = 0.55 + <= 1.73
120(0.9+0.84)

L 5800
dmin = = = 161.2mm
m. f . r 20.8 1.73 x 20.8

Where by 359mm > 161.2mm Hence Okay!!!!!!!!

SHEAR REINFORCEMENT DESIGN.

v = V /bd = 109.31 x 103 /(230 x 359) = 1.32,  0.8√ Fcu = 0.8 x√ 25 =4 okay!
Shear stresses in concrete are given by the formula
0.79 100 As 1/3 400 1 / 4
Vc = ( )( ) ( )
1.25 bd d
0.79 100 x 942.5 1 /3 400 1 / 4
Vc = ( )( ) ( ) = 0.678 N/ mm²
1.25 230 x 359 359
When we substitute the values of As = 339.9mm² and d = 359mm, b = 230mm
Hence Vc = 0.678 N/ mm²
Hence shear stresses in concrete are less than the applied stresses ( vc < v )
From the condition that
0.5vc < v > ( vc + 0.4 )

Hence. Provide the links for whole length of beam

bvSv (v −vc )
Asv= , v−vc =0.642
0.87 Fyv

0.642 x 230 xSv

Asv=
0.87 x 250

Asv
Taking the ratio = =0.68 , hence provide T10 – 225 c/c, throughout the span of the
Sv
beam section.
 ROOF DESIGN.

DESIGN CALCULATIONS RESULT

S
Truss designing
Consider the sketch below

C
H
F
D
A B
E G I

Angle slope = 30º

Average Length of principle rafter = 5m
Average Spacing between trusses on a roof plan = 2m
Truss height = 2.8m

Preliminary calculations.
Plan area = 5 x 2 = 10m²
Slope area = 5.7 x 2 = 11.46m²

Dead loads calculations

Weight of roofing materials (aluminum corrugated sheets) gage 22
Weight = 50N/m²
Due to slope area = 11.46m²
Weight = 50 x 11.46m²= 573N

Weight of purlins
considering soft wood
Purlin = = 0.12KN/m²
Plan area = 10m²
Weight = 0.12 x 10 = 1.2KN

Weight of roof truss

Weight = 10(span/3+5)N/m²
= 10(5/3 + 5) = 66.7N/m²
Due to plan area = 10m²
Weight = 66.7 x 10 = 667 N

Weight of bracing
= self weight of material x plan area
= 0.12 x 10 = 1.2KN
Total dead loads = 1.2 + 0.667 + 1.2 + 0.573 = 3.64
Hence the dead load will be 3.64KN,

Imposed loads. = 0.6KN/m² x 10m² = 6KN ,

For the pitched roof with almost 30º angle let’s neglect the wind loads.
Total load = 1.4Gk + 1.6Qk = 1.4 x 3.64 + 6 x 1.6 = 14.64KN.
Nodal loads (factored).
For analysis of the truss, loads are assumed to be applied on the node points of the truss
Total internal panel points = 3
Total external panel points = 2
Total pp = 5
Total loads = 15KN

total loads
Loads on the internal node points =
4
 15
= = 3.75KN = 3.75KN
4
load oninternal node
Loads on the external node points =
2
3.75
= = 1.875KN
2
Consider the sketch bellow with un factored loads.

1.87Kn
3.75Kn C
3.75Kn H
3.75Kn F
1.87Kn D
A B
E G I
7.5Kn 7.5Kn

Hence the reaction of the trusses on the beam will be 7.5KN

Self weight of the beam = (0.4 x 0.23 x 24) x 1.4 = 3.1KN
Load from above walls = 1KN/m x 1.4 = 1.4KN/m
Load from the concrete gutter = 24 x 0.12 x 1 x 1.4 = 4.03KN/m
Total load on the roof beams = 16KN/m.

DESIGN OF ROOF BEAMS.

Consider the roof beam B5.

Preliminary beam dimensioning.
Let the average span of the beams be 10m,
span
Hence the ratio of the continuous beams is given as 26.
depth
Hence roughly 10m/26 = 0.38m say let the depth be 0.40m
Let the depth above be the overall height of the beams, and thickness is 230mm
Hence the beam dimensions will be given as (400 x 230)mm

Consider the beam loading.

Self weight . = 0.4 x 0.23 x 24 x 1.4 = 3.1KN/m
Load from the roof trusses. = 16KN/m

Consider the FBD of the beam loaded.

Consider the moment distribution table below.
wl ²
Fixed end moments are = , of a respective span
12
stifnes
Distribution factors are = 1 at the ends of the beam, and in mid supports
total stifnes
16.00     16.00     16.00     16.00
2.81     3.60     3.59     2.56
  1.07 1.11   1.11 1.12   1.12 1.17  
  0.49 0.51   0.50 0.50   0.49 0.51  
  -15.79 17.28   -17.28 17.14   -17.14 13.06  
  -0.73 -0.76   0.07 0.07   1.99 2.09  
    0.04   -0.38 0.99   0.04    
  -0.02 -0.02   -0.31 -0.31   -0.02 -0.02  
    -0.15   -0.01 -0.01   -0.15    
  0.08 0.08   0.01 0.01   0.08 0.08  
    0.00   0.04 0.04   0.00    
  0.00 0.00   -0.04 -0.04   0.00 0.00  
    -0.02   0.00 0.00   -0.02    
  0.01 0.01   0.00 0.00   0.01 0.01  
    0.00   0.00 0.00   0.00    
  0.00 0.00   0.00 0.00   0.00 0.00  
  -16.46 16.46   -17.89 17.89   -15.22 15.22  

Consider the BM and SF diagrams bellow.

Hence!!
Maximum bending moments at support = 18KNm
Maximum bending moments at the mid span = 9 KNm
Maximum shear forces = 58.63 KN

REINFORCEMENT DESIGN AT SUPPORT AND MID SPAN.

Fcu = 25N/mm², where by b = 230mm
Let Ø = 16mm, link dia = 8mm, cover = 25mm, while h = 400mm.
Ø Hence
Hence d = h - cover – link -
2 provide
d = 400 – 25 – 8 – 8 =359mm 2T12
Mr = 0.156Fcubd² = 0.156 x 25 x 230 x 359² = 115.6KNm which is >> Mapp For both
M 18 x 106 support
K= = = 0.024 << 0.156 and mid
Fcubd ² 25 x 230 x 359²
k span
√
Z = d (0.5 + 0.25−
0.9
0.024
)

Hence
√
Z = d (0.5 + 0.25−
0.9
) = 0.97d < 0.95d

Z = 0.95d = 3411.04
As = M/ (0.87Fyz) = 18 x 106 / (0.87 x 460 x 331.8) = 131.9mm²
Hence provide 2T12 (226.2mm²) for both support and mid span.

DEFLECTION CHECK.
At mid span moments.
Msx = 18KNm
M/bd² = 18 x 106 /(230 x 359²) = 0.61
K = M / fubd² = 18x 106 / (25 x 230 x 359²) = 0.024
k
√
Z = d ( 0.5 + 0.25−
0.9
)
0.0243
√
Z = d ( 0.5 + 0.25−
Z = 0.95d = 341.05
0.9
) = 0.97d >0.95d

As = M / 0.87fyZ = 18 x 106 /( 0.87 x 460 x 341.05) = 131.88 mm² = area required

Deflectio
Provide 2T12 (area provided = 226.2mm²)
n
5 fy Areq 5 x 460 x 131.88 OK!!
Fs = = = 167.62KN/ m²……………Table 3.14(BS8110-1)
8 Aprov 8 x 226.2
477−fs
m.f.r = 0.55 + <= 2
120(0.9+ M /bd ²)

477−167.62
m.f.r = 0.55 + <= 2
120(0.9+0.61)
 L 3600
dmin = = = 69mm
m. f . r 26 2 x 26

Where by 359mm > 69mm Hence Okay!!!!!!!!

SHEAR REINFORCEMENT DESIGN.

v = V /bd = 58 x 103 / (230 x 359) = 0.7,  0.8√ Fcu = 0.8 x√ 25 =4 okay!
Shear stresses in concrete are given by the formula
0.79 100 As 1/3 400 1 / 4
Vc = ( )( ) ( )
1.25 bd d
0.79 100 x 226.2 1/ 3 400 1 / 4
Vc = ( )( ) ( ) = 0.422 N/ mm² Provide
1.25 230 x 359 359 T8-
When we substitute the values of As = 226.2mm² and d = 359mm, b = 230mm
250c/c
Hence Vc = 0.422 N/ mm²
Hence shear stresses in concrete are less than the applied stresses ( vc < v )
From the condition that
0.5vc < v < ( vc + 0.4 )

Hence. Provide the links for whole length of beam

0.4 bvSv
Asv= ,
0.87 Fyv

0.4 x 230 xSv

Asv=
0.87 x 250
Asv
Taking the ratio = =0.42, hence provide T8 – 250 c/c, throughout the span of the
Sv
beam section.

Consider roof BEAM (B6)

Preliminary beam dimensioning.
Let the average span of the beams be 10m,
span
Hence the ratio of the continuous beams is given as 26.
depth
Hence roughly 10m/26 = 0.38m say let the depth be 0.40m
Let the depth above be the overall height of the beams, and thickness is 230mm
Hence the beam dimensions will be given as (400 x 230)mm

Consider the beam loading.

Self weight . = 0.4 x 0.23 x 24 x 1.4 = 3.1KN/m
Load from the roof trusses. = 16KN/m

Consider the FBD of the beam loaded.

Consider the moment distribution table below.
wl ²
Fixed end moments are = , of a respective span
12
stifnes
Distribution factors are = 1 at the ends of the beam, and in mid supports
total stifnes
Factored UDL(kN/m)   16.00     16.00     16.00
Span(m)   4.40     3.00     5.30
Stiffness     0.68 1.33   1.33 0.57  
Distribution Factor     0.34 0.66   0.70 0.30  
FEM     -38.72 12.00   -12.00 56.18  
balance     9.04 17.68   -31.01 -13.17
carry over       -15.51   8.84    
balance     5.25 10.26   -6.21 -2.63  
carry over       -3.10   5.13    
balance     1.05 2.05   -3.60 -1.53  
carry over       -1.80   1.03    
balance     0.61 1.19   -0.72 -0.31  
carry over       -0.36   0.60    
balance     0.12 0.24   -0.42 -0.18  
carry over       -0.21   0.12    
balance     0.07 0.14   -0.08 -0.04  
Support Moment (kNm)     -22.56 22.56   -38.30 38.30  

Consider the BM and SF diagrams bellow.

 Hence
provide
3T12 for
Hence!! both
Maximum bending moments at support = 28.3KNm support
Maximum bending moments at the mid span = 38.66 KNm and mid
Maximum shear forces = 79 KN span

REINFORCEMENT DESIGN AT SUPPORT AND MID SPAN.

Fcu = 25N/mm², where by b = 230mm
Let Ø = 16mm, link dia = 8mm, cover = 25mm, while h = 400mm.
Ø
Hence d = h - cover – link -
2
d = 400 – 25 – 8 – 8 =359mm
Mr = 0.156Fcubd² = 0.156 x 25 x 230 x 359² = 115.6KNm which is >> Mapp
M 38.66 x 106
K= = = 0.0522 << 0.156
Fcubd ² 25 x 230 x 359²
k
√
Z = d (0.5 + 0.25−
0.9
)
0.0522

Hence
√
Z = d (0.5 + 0.25−
0.9
) = 0.93d < 0.95d

Z = 0.93d = 333.87
As = M/ (0.87Fyz) = 38.66 x 106 / (0.87 x 460 x 333.87) = 289.33.9mm²
Hence provide 3T12 (339.3mm²) for both support and mid span.

DEFLECTION CHECK. Deflectio

At mid span moments. n
Msx = 38.66KNm OK!!!!
M/bd² = 38.66 x 106 /(230 x 359²) = 1.3
K = M / fubd² = 38.66x 106 / (25 x 230 x 359²) = 0.052
 k
√
Z = d ( 0.5 + 0.25−
0.9
)
0.052
√
Z = d ( 0.5 + 0.25−
Z = 0.93d = 333.87
0.9
) = 0.93d >0.95d

As = M / 0.87fyZ = 38.66 x 106 /( 0.87 x 460 x 333.87) = 289.33mm² = area required

Hence provide 3T12 (339.3mm²) for both support and mid span.

5 fy Areq 5 x 460 x 289.33

Fs = = = 245.16m²……………Table 3.14(BS8110-1)
8 Aprov 8 x 339.3
477−fs
m.f.r = 0.55 + <= 2
120(0.9+ M /bd ²) Provide
T8-150c/c
477−245.16 links
m.f.r = 0.55 + <= 1.43
120(0.9+1.3)

L 5300
dmin = = = 142mm
m. f . r 26 1.43 x 26

Where by 359mm > 142mm Hence Okay!!!!!!!!

SHEAR REINFORCEMENT DESIGN.

v = V /bd = 79 x 103 /(230 x 359) = 0.96,  0.8√ Fcu = 0.8 x√ 25 =4 okay!
Shear stresses in concrete are given by the formula
0.79 100 As 1/3 400 1 / 4
Vc = ( )( ) ( )
1.25 bd d
0.79 100 x 339.3 1 /3 400 1 / 4
Vc = ( )( ) ( ) = 0.483 N/ mm²
1.25 230 x 359 359
When we substitute the values of As = 339.3mm² and d = 359mm, b = 230mm
Hence Vc = 0.483 N/ mm²
Hence shear stresses in concrete are less than the applied stresses ( vc < v )
From the condition that
0.5vc < v > ( vc + 0.4 )

Hence. Provide the links for whole length of beam

bvSv (v −vc )
Asv= , v−vc =0.577
0.87 Fyv

0.577 x 230 xSv

Asv=
0.87 x 250
Asv
Taking the ratio = =0.61, hence provide T8 – 150 c/c, throughout the span of the
Sv
beam section.
 COLUMN DESIGN

DESIGN CALCULATIONS RESULTS

Consider column C12.
Cover = 25 for moderate conditions ( BS 8110 - 1 )
Column dimensions are as follows
H= 300
B = 300
Let bar diameter = 16mm, and 8mm stirrups
d’ = h’ = 300-25-8-8 = 259mm
Lo = 3750

From condition 1 – 1
ß = 0.75
Le = Loß = 3750 x 0.75 = 2812.5
Slenderness ratio = Le/d = 10.85 < 15
Hence a column is a short braced column

LOAD CALCULATION
Roof beams load
load from Beam B5. = 58.63KN
load from Beam B6 = 59KN

First floor beams load

load from Beam B5. = 139.33KN
load from Beam B6 = 159.51KN

Self weight = 24 x 0.3 x 0.3 x 7.4 x 1.4 = 17.4KN

Hence total N = 317KN

BENDING MOMENTS ON THE COLUMN END

Consider the X-X axis (beam B5)

bh ³ 230 x 400³
Ib = = = 1226.7 x 106 mm 4
12 12

bh ³ 300 x 300³
Ic = = = 675 x 106 mm 4
12 12

For beam B5
 −W 1 L ² W 2 L ² −38.1 x 3.6² 38.1 x 3.58²
Then Mes = + = + = 0KNm
12 12 12 12

M = Mes x Ku/(K)
Ku = EI/3.65 KL = EI/3.75 Kb1 = 0.5EI/3.6 Kb2= 0.5EI/3.585
KL/(K) = 0.33
Mx-x = Mes x Ku/(K) = 0

Consider Y-Y axis

Consider the Y-Y axis (beam B6)

bh ³ 230 x 400³
Ib = = = 1226.7 x 106 mm 4
12 12

bh ³ 300 x 300³
Ic = = = 675 x 106 mm 4
12 12

For beam B6
W 1 L ² W 2 L ² −43.2 x 3² 43.2 x 4.4²
Then Mes = + = + = 37.3KNm
12 12 12 12

M = Mes x Ku/(K)
Ku = EI/3.65 , KL = EI/3.75 , Kb1 = 0.5EI/4.4 , Kb2= 0.5EI/3
KL/(K) = 0.25
My-y = Mes x Ku/(K) = 37.3 x 0.25 = 9.325KNm

Hence My-y > Mx-x

Consider the increased moment. Cl 3.8.4.5 ( BS 8110 – 1)
Mx My b'
For the condition < , then My’ = My + ß Mx
h' b' h'
N 317
Where by = = 0.14, hence from table 3.22(BS 8110)
bhfcu 300 x 300 x 25
ß = 0.88
259
then, My’ = 9.325 + 0.88 x x 0=¿ 9.325KNm (design moment)
259
M 9.325 x 106 Hence provide
hence = = 0.35
bh ² 300 x 300² 4T16
One On each
N 317 x 10³ corner
also = = 3.5
bh 300 x 300 And
Links of
hence from the design charts in ( BS 8110 – 3) T8 – 175c/c
d
provided that = 1
h
 100 As
then, = 0.4
bh
0.4 x 300 x 300
As = = 360mm²
100
Hence provide 4T16 (804.2mm²),

TIES
Minimum tie diameter = ¼ x 16 = 4mm
Maximum spacing = 12 x 16 = 192mm
Hence provide T8 at 175c/c.

COLUMN FOOTING DESIGN.

DESIGN CALCULATIONS RESULTS

Ultimate load from a ultimate loaded column

N = 317KN (factored load)
With dead load = 231 KN
Imposed load = 86 KN
Bearing stress capacity of the soil = 150KN/m²
Fcu = 35N/mm²
Fy = 460N/mm²
Ø = 16mm
Cover = 40mm
Column size is 300 x 300
 SERVICE LOAD
For dead load = 231/1.4 = 165KN
For imposed load = 86/1.6 = 53.75 KN
Total service load = 218.75KN
 Area of base
Self-weight of the base = 10% of the dead load = 16.5KN.

Then total service load = 16.5 + 165 + 53.75 = 235.25KN

Hence
235.25
The area of the base = = 1.6m²
150
Assume it to be a square of 1.5m x 1.5m
 Total design axial load = 1.4 x 16.5 + 1.4 x 165 + 1.6 x 53.75 = 340.1KN
 Earth pressure due to ultimate load
 340.1
= =151.2 KN /m ²
1.5 x 1.5

 Base thickness
Assume the depth of the footing = 450mm on the blinding layer of concrete.

Effective depth, d = 450 – 40 – 16 – 8 = 386mm

 Bending at the face of the column.

= 151.2 x 1.5 x 0.6 x 0.3 = 40.82 KNm

M 40.82 x 106
K= = = 0.0045 << 0.156
Fcubd ² 40 x 1500 x 386²
Hence the section is singly reinforced.
k
√
Z = d (0.5 + 0.25−
0.9
)
0.0045

Hence
√
Z = d (0.5 + 0.25−
0.9
) = 0.99d > 0.95d
Bottom steel
Provide T16 –
Z = 0.95d = 366.7 200c/c, in both
As = M/ (0.87Fyz) = 40 x 106 / (0.87 x 460 x 366.7) = 272.66mm² directions.
Hence As = 181.77mm²/m
Provide T16 - 200c/c, (1005mm²)
Minimum percentage area of steel = 0.13%
100 x 1005
% provided = =0.22 % .............OK
1000 x 450
Hence provide T16 – 200c/c (1005mm² ), spanning in both directions

 Maximum spacing
Spacing  3 x d = (3 x 386 ) = 1158mm
Or < 750mm
100 x 1005
 =0.22 % <3 % Spacing is adequate.
1000 x 450

 shear resistance( critical shear stress )

100 x As 100 x 1005
= =0.26
bxd 1000 x 386

0.79 100 As 1/3 400 1 / 4

Vc = ( )( ) ( )
1.25 bd d
0.79 100 x 1005 1 /3 400 1 / 4
Vc = ( )( ) ( ) = 0.4 N/ mm² x 1.12 = 0.45 N/ mm²
1.25 1000 x 386 386
 Direct shear.
At the distance 1.0d from the column face.
( 600 – 386 ) = 214mm
V 151.2 x 1.5 x 0.214 x 10³
Shear force = v = = =0.084 N /mm ²
bd 1500 x 386
Hence V < Vc, then no shear reinforcement is required.

 Punching shear check.

Check the maximum shear at the face of the column. Shear
V 340.1 x 10³ reinforcement
Shear stress = v = = = 0.734 N/mm² not required.
ud 1200 x 386
Maximum shear on the column face Vmax < 0.8√ fcu = 4.73
Hence, Vmax >> v ………………okay
Then maximum shear at the column face is acceptable.

 Check the shear stress on a perimeter 1.5d from the column face
Critical perimeter = (column perimeter) + ( 8 x 1.5d )
= (4 x 300) + ( 8 x 1.5 x 386) = 5832mm
Area within the critical perimeter.
= ( 300 + 3d )²
= ( 300 + ( 3 x 386))² = 2.1 x 106 mm²

Shear force outside the critical area. = [ 151.2 x (1.5² - 2.1)] = 22.7KN

V 22.7 x 10³
Shear stress v = = =0.01 N /mm ²
ud 5832 x 386
Hence V < Vc then no shear reinforcement required.
 Cracking check.
The bar spacing does not exceed 750mm and the reinforcement is less than 0.3%
No further check is required.

STAIRCASE DESIGN.

CALCULATIONS RESULTS
Then from the stair layout plan we have got 13 rises and 12 goings with total of 13
steps per flight.
Giving out the following values
G = 250mm
R = 160mm
Hence satisfying the comfort rule of 2R + G = 570 - 630
Of which I have got 2R + G = 570mm, hence okay
The angle of the flight = 30º which is less than 38º
Span = 1200 + 3000 + 1200 = 5400mm

Let the stair be continuous with span/depth = 31

5400/31 = 174, = effective depth of a waist
H = d + cover + Ø/2
H = 174 + 25 + 6, by assuming the Ø = 12mm
H = 205mm
Now let’s provide h = 175mm

For the landing.

Span = 1200mm

As it is assumed to be simply supported and it is a one way spanning span/depth

ratio = 27
1200/ 27 = 44.
H = 44 + 25+ 6, by assuming the Ø = 12mm
H = 75mm say 150mm is provided.

Loading.

Stair loading.
Waist, self-weight = 0.175 x 24 x ( 1/cosß), ß = 30º
Where by ß is the angle made by stairs to the horizontal.
Weight = 4.8 KN/m²
Steps weight. = 0.5 x 0.15 x 24 = 1.8 KN/m²
Finishes = 1.5 KN/m²
Total dead load. = 8.1 KN/m²
Imposed loads = 3 KN/m²

Total loading = 1.4Gk + 1.6Qk

= 1.4 x 8.1 + 1.6 x 3 = 16.14 KN/m²

Landing loading.
For h = 150
Self-weight = 0.15 x 24 = 3.6 KN/m²
Finishes = 1.5 KN/m²
Total dead load = 5.1 KN/m²
Imposed load = 3 KN/m²
Total load = 1.4Gk + 1.6Qk
= 1.4 x 5.1 + 1.6 x 3
= 11.94 KN/m².
Load analysis for reactions and bending moments.
By considering the loads calculated above are uniformly distributed then we have the
figure bellow.

Consider the FBD bellow with lengths in (mm)

From the F.B.D above, Ray = Rby = (11.94 x 1.2 + 16.14 x 3 + 11.94 x 1.2)/2
Hence Reactions are equal to = 38.54KN
Shear forces on the landing are = 38.54KN
Shear forces on the stair waist are = 38.54KN – ( 11.94 x 1.2) = 24.2 KN
Bending moments at mid span.
M = 38.54 x 2.7 – 14.3 x 2.1 – 24.21 x 0.75 = 55.87 KNm
Bending moments at landing ( at 1.2m from either sides)
M = 38.54 x 1.2 – 14.3 x 0.6 = 37.67KNm

Consider the shear forces and BM diagrams bellow.

DEFLECTION AND DEPTH CHECK. Deflections are
ok!!
For waist
M/bd² = 55.87 x 106 /(1000 x 144²) = 2.7
K = M / fubd² = 55.87 x 106 / (25 x 1000 x 144²) = 0.11
k
√
Z = d ( 0.5 + 0.25−
0.9
) = 0.861d = 123.97
As = M / 0.87fyZ = 55.87 x 106 /( 0.87 x 460 x 123.97) = 1126.12mm²

Hence provide T16 – 160c/c ( 1256 mm² )

5 fy Areq 5 x 460 x 1126.12

Fs = = = 257.8
8 Aprov 8 x 1256
477−257.8
m.f.r = 0.55 + = 1.06
120(0.9+2.7)

Lx 3000
dmin = = = 108.85mm
m. f . r 26 1.06 x 26

where by = 144mm > 108.85mm Okay

For landing

37.67 x 106
M / bd² = ² = 2.66
1000 x 119
M 37.67 x 106
K= = = 0.11
fcubd ² 25 x 1000 x 119 ²
Provide
k

M
√
Z = d ( 0.5 + 0.25−
0.9
) = 0.86d = 102.34, where d = 119mm
37.67 x 106
T16-160c/c
And
As = = = 919.76mm² T16-180c/c
0.87 Fy Z 0.87 x 460 x 102.34 For both waist
Provide T16 – 180 c/c ( 1117 mm² ) and landing
respectivelly
5 fy Areq 5 x 460 x 919.76
Fs = = = 236.73
8 Aprov 8 x 1117
T12-220c/c
477−236.73 As distribution
m.f.r = 0.55 + = 1.11
120(0.9+2.66) bars.

Lx 1200
dmin = = = 54.1 mm < 119mm okay
m. f . r 20 1.11 x 20

design of reinforcement

Main reinforcement bars.

Provide T16 – 160c/c (1256 mm²) for the waist.
Provide T16 – 180 c/c (1117 mm²) for the landing.

Distribution reinforcement bars.

100 As
For waist. = 0.13%
bd
0.13 x 1000 x 175
As = = 227.5mm²
100
Hence provide T12 – 220 c/c (565 mm²)

100 As
For landing. . = 0.13%
bd
0.13 x 1000 x 150
As = = 195mm²
100
Hence provide T12 – 220 c/c (565 mm²)

SHEAR CHECK.

For landing.
Shear force is u = 38.54KN
 u 38.54 x 103
Hence shear stress V = = = 0.26 N/mm²
bd 1000 x 150

Shear stresses in concrete are given by the formula

0.79 100 As 1/3 400 1 / 4
Vc = ( )( ) ( )
1.25 bd d
When we substitute As = 1117mm² , d = 119mm, b = 1000mm
Then we get Vc = 0.84 N/mm² which is > V hence okay.

For stair waist.

Shear force is 24.2 KN
u 24.2 x 103
V= = = 0.14KN/m²
bd 1000 x 175
Shear stresses in concrete are given by the formula
0.79 100 As 1/3 400 1 / 4
Vc = ( )( ) ( )
1.25 bd d
When we substitute As= 1256mm², d = 144mm, b = 1000mm,
Then we get Vc = 0.78 N/mm² which is > V hence okay.

Hence no shear reinforcement is required.

BAR BENDING SCHEDULE

TWO STOREY RESIDENTIAL
BUILDING BEAMS
BAR BAR SKETCH OF A B C Length of NO. OF NO. OF LENGTH UNIT TOTAL
MAR SIZE BAR DIM (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) BAR(mm BARS MEMBE (m) total WT WEIGH

1 Y16 224 10605 10829 2 1 21.658 3.858 0.084

2 Y16 224 5620 5844 2 1 11.688 3.858 0.046

3 Y16 224 11776 12000 2 1 24 3.858 0.093

4 Y16 224 3025 3249 2 1 6.498 3.858 0.026

5 Y8 350 180 160 690 773 1 533.37 3.858 2.058

6 Y20 280 10658 10938 2 1 21.876 3.858 0.085

7 Y20 280 1250 1530 1 1 1.53 3.858 0.006

8 Y20 2150 2150 1 1 2.15 3.858 0.009

9 Y20 2375 2375 1 1 2.375 3.858 0.01

10 Y20 280 3286 3566 2 1 7.132 3.858 0.028

11 Y20 280 1558 1838 1 1 1.838 3.858 0.008

12 Y16 224 8025 8249 2 1 16.498 3.858 0.064

13 Y16 3970 3970 2 1 7.94 3.858 0.031

14 Y16 1870 1870 2 1 3.74 3.858 0.015

15 Y16 224 5925 6149 2 1 12.298 3.858 0.048

TWO STOREY RESIDENTIAL
BUILDING BEAMS
BAR BAR SKETCH OF A B C Length of NO. OF NO. OF LENGTH UNIT TOTAL
MAR SIZE BAR DIM (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) BAR(mm BARS MEMBE (m) total WT WEIGH

16 Y16 3445 3445 4 1 13.78 3.858 0.054

17 Y20 280 8550 8830 2 1 17.66 3.858 0.069

18 Y20 280 997 1277 1 1 1.277 3.858 0.005

19 Y20 2375 2375 1 1 2.375 3.858 0.01

20 Y20 280 1600 1880 1 1 1.88 3.858 0.008

21 Y16 280 8450 8730 2 1 17.46 3.858 0.068

22 Y16 1870 1870 2 1 3.74 3.858 0.015

24 Y20 280 8550 8830 2 1 17.66 3.858 0.069

25 Y20 280 1025 1305 1 1 1.305 3.858 0.006

26 Y20 1316 1316 1 1 1.316 3.858 0.006

27 Y20 280 1600 1880 1 1 1.88 3.858 0.008

28 Y20 1870 1870 1 1 1.87 3.858 0.008

29 Y20 280 8550 8830 2 1 17.66 3.858 0.069

30 Y16 3445 3445 2 1 6.89 3.858 0.027

TWO STOREY RESIDENTIAL
BUILDING BEAMS
BAR BAR SKETCH OF A B C Length of NO. OF NO. OF LENGTH UNIT TOTAL
MAR SIZE BAR DIM (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) BAR(mm BARS MEMBE (m) total WT WEIGH

31 Y20 280 8550 8830 2 1 17.66 3.858 0.069

32 Y20 280 1600 1880 1 1 1.88 3.858 0.008

33 Y20 2375 2375 1 1 2.375 3.858 0.01

34 Y20 280 1025 1305 1 1 1.305 3.858 0.006

35 Y20 280 8550 8830 2 1 17.66 3.858 0.069

36 Y16 3445 3445 2 1 6.89 3.858 0.027

37 Y16 1870 1870 2 1 3.74 3.858 0.015

38 Y20 280 8450 8730 2 1 17.46 3.858 0.068

39 Y20 280 1600 1880 1 1 1.88 3.858 0.008

40 Y20 280 2375 2655 1 1 2.655 3.858 0.011

41 Y20 280 1025 1305 1 1 1.305 3.858 0.006

42 Y20 280 6265 6545 2 1 13.09 3.858 0.051

43 Y16 3445 3445 2 1 6.89 3.858 0.027

44 Y16 2689 2689 2 1 5.378 3.858 0.021

45 Y20 280 9900 10180 2 1 20.36 3.858 0.079

TWO STOREY RESIDENTIAL
BUILDING BEAMS
BAR BAR SKETCH OF A B C Length of NO. OF NO. OF LENGTH UNIT TOTAL
MAR SIZE BAR DIM (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) BAR(mm BARS MEMBE (m) total WT WEIGH

46 Y20 280 1600 1880 1 1 1.88 3.858 0.008

47 Y20 2450 2450 1 1 2.45 3.858 0.01

48 Y20 1650 1650 1 1 1.65 3.858 0.007

49 Y20 280 3400 3680 2 1 7.36 3.858 0.029

50 Y20 1350 1350 1 1 1.35 3.858 0.006

51 Y20 280 550 830 1 1 0.83 3.858 0.004

52 Y20 280 11700 11980 2 1 23.96 3.858 0.093

53 Y20 280 2100 2380 2 1 4.76 3.858 0.019

54 Y20 280 6410 6690 2 1 13.38 3.858 0.052

55 Y20 280 900 1180 1 1 1.18 3.858 0.005

56 Y20 1910 1910 1 1 1.91 3.858 0.008

57 Y20 280 1050 1330 1 1 1.33 3.858 0.006

58 Y16 224 6410 6634 2 1 13.268 3.858 0.052

59 Y16 2108 2108 2 1 4.216 3.858 0.017

60 Y16 2700 2700 2 1 5.4 3.858 0.021

TWO STOREY RESIDENTIAL
BUILDING BEAMS
BAR BAR SKETCH OF A B C Length of NO. OF NO. OF LENGTH UNIT TOTAL
MAR SIZE BAR DIM (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) BAR(mm BARS MEMBE (m) total WT WEIGH

61 Y20 280 5900 6180 2 1 12.36 3.858 0.048

62 Y20 280 800 1080 1 1 1.08 3.858 0.005

63 Y20 1772 1772 1 1 1.772 3.858 0.007

64 Y20 280 1023 1303 1 1 1.303 3.858 0.006

65 Y16 224 5900 6124 2 1 12.248 3.858 0.048

66 Y16 1799 1799 2 1 3.598 3.858 0.014

67 Y16 2618 2618 2 1 5.236 3.858 0.021

68 Y20 280 5400 5680 2 1 11.36 3.858 0.044

69 Y16 4050 4050 2 1 8.1 3.858 0.032

70 Y16 224 5400 5624 2 1 11.248 3.858 0.044

71 Y16 224 8100 8324 2 1 16.648 3.858 0.065

72 Y16 224 5900 6124 2 1 12.248 3.858 0.048

73 Y16 224 9700 9924 2 1 19.848 3.858 0.077

74 Y16 224 4300 4524 2 1 9.048 3.858 0.035

75 Y16 224 3450 3674 4 1 14.696 3.858 0.057

TWO STOREY RESIDENTIAL
BUILDING BEAMS
BAR BAR SKETCH OF A B C Length of NO. OF NO. OF LENGTH UNIT TOTAL
MAR SIZE BAR DIM (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) BAR(mm BARS MEMBE (m) total WT WEIGH

76 Y16 2589 2589 2 1 5.178 3.858 0.02

77 Y20 280 3600 3880 4 1 15.52 3.858 0.06

78 Y20 280 4500 4780 5 1 23.9 3.858 0.093

79 Y20 280 4400 4680 5 1 23.4 3.858 0.091

BEAMS SCHEDULE SUMMARY

BAR DIAMETER TOTAL LENGTH(M) TOTAL WEIGHT (T)
Y8 533.37 2.058
Y16 310.068 1.212
Y20 352.149 1.359