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AIR CRASH/ AVIATION ACCIDENT

- An aviation accident is defined by the Convention on International Civil Aviation as an
occurrence associated with the operation of an aircraft, which takes place from the time any
person boards the aircraft with the intention of flight until all such persons have disembarked,
and in which
- an occurrence, other than an accident, associated with the operation of an aircraft that affects
or could affect the safety of operation
a) a person is fatally or seriously injured,
b) the aircraft sustains significant damage or structural failure, or
c) the aircraft goes missing or becomes completely inaccessible. 

Prevention

- Training and education of the air crews

- Care for the aviation equipment

1. REVIEW RISK MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

When on the job, employees should do their best to keep their mind clear of distractions and
anything that will take attention away from their work — even the most experienced mechanics
get distracted sometimes. By following risk management practices, technicians can avoid
simple mistakes that can lead to severe accidents. Remind your crew that it’s a good idea to
double check even simple maintenance tasks to make sure not to forget anything.

2. FOLLOW THE APPROPRIATE PROCEDURES

Maintenance technicians should always follow approved data and procedures when
performing any maintenance operation. Service manuals are essential references with detailed
information about how to complete each task and any specific tools required.
Also, keep in mind that for maintenance items that aren’t included in your service manuals, it’s
a good idea to find references for your mechanics so that they are all using the same
standardized, approved procedure.

3. USE SAFETY SIGNS

Any reminder of safety protocol is a good idea. That’s why clearly-displayed signs that remind
technicians to adhere to basics — like wearing a safety harness when working on top of wings
and fuselages — is both a cost-effective and consistent method of pushing safety to the
forefront of your team’s mind. Also, remember that the use of safety flags and other caution
signage is a great way to promote safety when your technicians might otherwise be getting
complacent working in a familiar space.

4. ENSURE TEAM COMMUNICATION IS EFFECTIVE

Just because you haven’t had an accident occur in your hangar lately doesn’t mean your team
is immune from one tomorrow. By regularly holding safety meetings and bringing up safety
issues whenever you communicate important information to your personnel, you’ll go a long
way toward being proactive instead of reactivating. It always helps to ask your crew if there are
any improvements they think will help make their job safer. Your team appreciates having their
opinion valued, and fostering a work atmosphere based on safety helps reduce complacency.
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5. BE PREPARED FOR THE WORST
From clearly marked eyewash units and first aid kits to fire suppression equipment and
emergency exits, you must be ready to respond to accidents when they happen. And make
sure all members of your team — from the most senior to the most junior — are fully trained in
the use of emergency equipment, as this is crucial for being prepared for a worst-case
scenario. Remember — in an emergency, every second counts.

- Technical support to air traffic

- Organizational and control issues
- Field of care for the labour force
- Aircraft maintenance and repair

6. AIRLINE MAINTENANCE

1. Structural Maintenance
2. Component Maintenance

:"7 Aircraft Maintenance and Repair." National Research Council. 1996. New Materials for Next-
Generation Commercial Transports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

TABLE 7-1 Typical Airline Maintenance and Service Plan

When Service isType of Service Performed Impact on
Performed Airline Service
Prior to each flight ''Walk-around"—visual check of aircraft exterior andNone
engines for damage, leakage, and brake and tire wear
Every 45 hours (domestic)Specific checks on engine oils, hydraulics, oxygen, andOvernight
or 65 hours (international)specified unique aircraft requirements layover
flight time service
Every 200–450 hours (22–"A" check—detailed check of aircraft and engine interior,Overnight
37 days) flight time services and lubrication of systems such as ignition,layover
generators, cabin, air conditioning, hydraulics, structure,service
and landing gear
Every 400–900 hours (45–"B" check (or "L" check)—torque tests, internal checks, andOvernight
75 days) flight time flight controls layover
service
Every 13–15 months "C" check—detailed inspection and repair program onOut of service
aircraft engines and systems for 3–5 days
Every 2 years (narrow-Inspection and reapplication of corrosion protectiveOut of service
body aircraft) coatings up to 30 days
Every 3–5 years Major structural inspections with attention to fatigueOut of service
damage, corrosion, etc. Aircraft is dismantled, repaired,up to 30 days
and rebuilt. Aircraft is repainted as needed
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PREPARATION/ PREPAREDNESS

REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

CIVIL AVIATION REGULATIONS (CAR)
Part 8 “Operations”
The owner of an airplane over 5,700 kg maximum certificated take-off mass, or in the
case where it is leased, the lessee, shall, as prescribed by the State of Registry, ensure
that the information resulting from maintenance and operational experience with
respect to continuing airworthiness, is transmitted as required by Subpart 8.3.1.6.

8.3.1.3 ANNUAL INSPECTIONS

(a) An annual inspection program may be used for non-complex aircraft with a maximum
certificated take-off mass of less than 5,700 kg that are not used in commercial air
transport.
(c) No person may operate an aircraft unless, within the preceding 12 calendar-months,
the aircraft has had
8.3.1.4 ANNUAL/100 HOURS INSPECTIONS
(a) No person may operate a non-complex aircraft with a certificated maximum take-off
mass less than 5,700 kg carrying any person (other than a crew member) used in
commercial air transport, and no person may give flight instruction for compensation
or hire in an aircraft which that person provides, unless:
(1) Within the preceding 100 hours of time in service the aircraft has received an
annual or a 100-hour inspection, and
(2) Been approved for return to service in accordance with Part 5 of these regulations.
(b) The 100-hour limitation may be exceeded by not more than 10 hours while en route to
reach a place where the inspection can be done. The excess time used to reach a
place where the inspection can be done must be included in computing the next 100
hours of time in service.
(c) An annual inspection under this paragraph must be performed, a maintenance release
and a return to service signed in accordance with Part 2 at an AMO.
(d) A 100-hour inspection under this paragraph must be performed, a maintenance
release and a return to service signed in accordance with Part 2 at an AMO. PROGRESSIVE
INSPECTIONS
(a) A progressive inspection program may be used for aircraft with a maximum certificated
take-off mass of less than 5,700 kg.

Fire code of the Philippines 2008

Bureau of Fire and Protection

DIVISION 20. AERODROME FACILITIES

SECTION 10.2.20.1 GENERAL FIRE SAFETY REQUIREMENTS

A. Flammable and combustible liquid and fuel shall not be dispensed into or
removed from the fuel system of an aircraft within any aircraft hangar, a
container, tank, vehicle or aircraft except in locations approved by the
City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction.
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B. The application of flammable and combustible liquid finishes shall be
done only in locations approved by the City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction.

C. In case of spills on Aerodrome Facilities, the following shall be observed:

1. All activities in the affected area not related to the mitigation of the
spill shall cease until the spilled material has been removed or the
hazard has been mitigated
No aircraft or other vehicles shall be moved through the spill area until
the spilled material has been removed or the hazard has been
mitigated.
3. Spills shall be reported immediately to the City/Municipal Fire Marshal
having jurisdiction, documented and mitigated.

D. Every aircraft hangar shall be equipped and maintained with metal drip
pans under the engines of all aircraft stored or parked thereon.

E. No open flame, flame-producing device, or other source of ignition shall

be permitted in any hangar, except in locations approved by the
City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction.

F. “NO SMOKING” signs with white letters at least ten centimeters (10 cm),
high upon a red background shall be posted conspicuously throughout
every aircraft hangar and each fuel transfer point except in approved
designated and posted locations where smoking is permitted.

G. Smoking equipment such as cigarette lighters and ash trays shall be

prohibited in aircraft-fueling vehicles.

H. No person shall run the engine of any aircraft in any aircraft hangar
except in approved engine test area.

I. Storage of flammable and combustible or other hazardous materials in an

aircraft hangar shall be prohibited, except in locations and containers
approved by the City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction.

J. Portable fire extinguishers shall be installed as follows:

1. Every vehicle used for towing aircraft and every welding apparatus
shall be equipped with at least one (1) fire extinguisher having a
minimum 4-B-C classification.
2. Every aircraft refueller shall be equipped with a minimum of two (2) B-
C Fire extinguishers. The fire extinguisher shall be readily accessible
from either side of the vehicle.
3. At every aircraft service station, including heliports, there shall be at
least one fire extinguisher having a minimum 6-B-C classification, and
shall be so located that no pump or dispenser shall be more than
twenty three (23) meters from such extinguisher.

K. Dispensing Hose and Nozzle shall conform to the following:

1. Only hose designed for the transferring of hydrocarbon liquids shall be
permitted.
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2. The length of the hose shall be limited to the actual needs of the
individual transfer apparatus. Such hose shall be equipped with an
approved shut-off nozzle. Fuel transfer nozzles shall be of self closing
type, designed to be actuated by hand pressure only. No notches or
other devices shall be used for holding the nozzle valve handle in an
open position. Such nozzle shall be equipped with a grounding cable
complete with proper attachment for the aircraft to be serviced.

L. Electrical wiring, switches, lights and any other source of ignition, when
located in compartment housing piping, pumps, air eliminators, water
separators, hose reels and the like shall be enclosed in a vapor-tight
housing. Any electric motor located in such a compartment shall be of a
type approved for use in hazardous locations as specified in the Philippine
Electrical Code

M. Compartments housing piping and the like, pumps, air eliminators, water
separators, hose reels, shall be adequately ventilated at floor level or
within the floor itself.

PLANE CRASH RESPONSE

It is critical to respond quickly and effectively to aviation mishaps. A posted and accessible written
mishap response action plan is an important first step. A checklist of actions will ensure that nothing
is missed in a stressful, time-critical period. All crew members must know where to find the plan and
must understand how to use it in an emergency.
Immediate, positive action is necessary. Any delay may affect someone’s chances of survival.

Conduct rescue operations with the following priorities in mind:

1. Preserve life. Ensure the safety of all rescuers as you respond to assist any victims.
2. Do whatever is necessary to extricate injured occupants and to extinguish fires, keeping in
mind the necessity of protecting and preserving evidence.
3. Document and/or photograph the location of any debris that must be disturbed in order to carry
out rescues and/or fire suppression activities.
4. Secure the area. Treat the crash site as a crime scene. Arrange for security at the accident
scene if necessary. Determine if hazardous materials were on the aircraft. Deny access except
to credentialed officials and escorted media.
5. Be aware that crash sites can be dangerous due to hazardous cargo, flammable and toxic
fluids, sharp objects, disease, adverse terrain, hot/cold weather conditions, and fire.
6. Exercise good judgment, utilize available protective devices and clothing, and use extreme
caution when working near the wreckage site.
7. Do not exceed your physical limitations.

Initial Response
1. Accident Response Checklist
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ACCIDENT CHECKLIST
In general, the following priority of actions should be followed:
1. Protect People
2. Protect Property
3. Protect Evidence
4. Notify and Investigate
5. Accomplish Recovery
6. Initiate Emergency Plan

Coordinate with your Response Team

 Ensure both investigatory and family assistance teams are in motion.
 Ensure logistics such as accommodations and transportation are arranged.
 Coordinate with Public Relations Department on initial communications.
 Coordinate with inside and outside counsel for initial team briefings.

Rehabilitation

Source: https://ndrrmc.gov.ph/attachments/article/4008/NDRRMC-approved-Philippine-
Disaster-Rehabilitation-and-Recovery-Planning-Guide.pdf

POST DISASTER REHABILITATION AND RECOVERY FRAMEWORK (attached)

1. Recovery of victims (physically, mentally/ psychology)

2. Financial support on locality and the victims.
3. Revival of livelihood and business in the affected area.
4. Restoration of destroyed environment.
5. Restoration of agriculture, infrastructures and other facilities affected by the disaster.
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Sample Case (local)

C-130 plane in Sulu crash not overloaded: PAF
By Priam Nepomuceno
July 7, 2021, 10:12 am

MANILA – The Philippine Air Force (PAF) denied rumors that the C-130H "Hercules" cargo plane that crashed in
Patikul, Sulu on July 4 was overloaded.

"The said C-130 was not overloaded. It was well within the operational limits and capacity when it left Laguindingan
Airport with 96 passengers compared to its maximum capacity of 120 passengers; this is contrary to the circulating
rumor that the aircraft was overloaded," PAF spokesperson Lt. Col. Maynard Mariano said in a statement late
Tuesday night.

In a separate message to reporters, Defense Secretary Delfin Lorenzana urged the public to wait for the official
results of the investigation on the incident.

"Let’s wait for the PAF report. Yung mga lumalabas ngayon haka-haka pa lang (All claims that are surfacing are
mere speculations)," Lorenzana said when asked to comment on the possible cause of the deadly mishap.

Mariano, meanwhile, said a scene of the crime operation (SOCO) team is helping identify the bodies of the 12 fallen
PAF personnel who were among the 96 passengers of the flight.

He added that the members of the 220th Airlift Wing Aircraft Accident Investigation Board are on-site investigating
the crash of the C-130 aircraft with tail number 5125 in Jolo.

"The team is composed of personnel of various specialization(s), like pilots, maintenance, medical, and other
technical fields. The team is gathering evidence and conducting interviews, among others, to determine the cause of
the accident. The PAF has grounded its C-130 fleet pending the result of the investigation," he said.

On Monday, Mariano said search-and-recovery teams recovered the flight data recorder (FDR) and cockpit voice
recorder (CVR) of the ill-fated C-130.

"The FDR and CVR will be shipped to a facility capable of evaluating and analyzing data," he added.

Mariano also said PAF chief Lt. Gen. Allen T. Paredes recognizes the sacrifices and dedication of all soldiers and
airmen.
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"He condoles with the families of soldiers and airmen who perished in the crash. He has directed concerned PAF
units to coordinate with affected families, make tentative arrangements, provide necessary assistance and
information, and address other concerns. The families of PAF personnel will receive benefits and assistance, and
PAF personnel will stand by their side," he added.

As of 5 p.m. Tuesday, Mariano said the remains of two PAF fatalities, identified as Capt. Higello Emeterio and
Technical Sgt. Mark Agana, were brought to Clark Air Base, Mabalacat City, Pampanga from Zamboanga City via
NC-212i transport aircraft.

"Appropriate military honors were rendered to our beloved airmen," he added.

Mariano said the safety of all PAF flying personnel and its assets are prioritized by Paredes as proven by his
instructions to embark on the Safety Transformation for Enhanced Performance and Unit Preservation (STEP UP)
program.

"Notably, the PAF discarded the 1970s-inspired PAF Manual 17-5 'Safety Program' and institutionalized the Safety
Management Systems Manual that adopted applicable principles and standards of the International Civil Aviation
Organization," he added.

Mariano also said they launched the PAF Safety Climate Assessment and Notations (PAF SCAN) to gauge
prevailing safety culture in units in terms of just, informed, learning, and reporting cultures; and launched online
safety courses for squadron commanders and other personnel, among others.

"These, notwithstanding, the PAF will institute necessary corrective actions based on the results of the ongoing
investigation," he added.

As of this posting, the number of military personnel killed in the incident has climbed to 50, with civilian deaths
remaining at three.

Armed Forces of the Philippines Chief, Gen. Cirilito Sobejana, said the 50th military fatality -- a soldier confined at
the West Metro Medical Center, Zamboanga City -- died of chemical burns on Monday night.

The number of injured soldiers stands at 46, along with four wounded civilians. (PNA)

https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1146202
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PSBRC 2021-01 ‘’SINAGDIRAYAN”

Juliet Company
DISASTER RISK REDUCTION OPERATION
SO4 WINTHROP CASTO A. RAS
“AIR CRASH”
Group 3

Casinto, Sheena Mae P.

Chorachor, Rowena B.
Comising, Joy B.
Copio, Karen Ann W.
Corpuan, Brenna H.
Dacsig, Claire Mae D.
Dalog, Shane L.
Datuin, Alondra Mae C.
Dayagan, Richelle T.
Lauricio, Gerald E.