PHILOSOPHY THE MOTHER OF SCIENCES
philo (love) and Sophia (wisdom)
love of/for wisdom
THALES
who is often considered the first
Greek philosopher, proposed that
everything was made of water.
VALUE THEORY
deals more with how we live and
act and, as the name implies,
place value on certain things.
“No man ever step in the
same river twice.”
-Heraclitus
Means no two situations are exactly
the same
DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENTS
To start from the general and end with the
specific
An argument characterized by or based on
the inference of particular instances from a
general law
INDUCTIVE ARUMENTS
Deals with probabilities and likelihood.
An argument characterized by or based
on the inference of general laws from
particular instance
“It is the mark of an educated
mind to be able to entertain a
thought without accepting it.”
-Aristotle
WORLD OF PURE FORMS
represented by the world outside of the cave
to exemplify true knowledge, as opposed to
untrue knowledge represented by the
shadows in the allegory
WISDOM
Generally referred to as an insight, skill
or intelligence. In Philosophy, we
define wisdom as the right application
of knowledge.
METAPHYSICS
Philosophy - because the
earliest philosophers began to
study anything and everything.
HERACLITUS
claimed that everything was in a
state of flux or perpetual
movement, and that everything
ETHICS
A branch of knowledge that deals with
moral principles
(How to live and act as a member of a
society, as relational beings)
“Man is a rational animal.”
-Aristotle
We are different from all the rest of
creation because we can think
rationally.
VALID (DEDUCTIVE)
ARGUMENT
if the conclusion drawn from the
premises makes sense
STRONG (INDUCTIVE)
ARGUMENT
The conclusion is very likely
(might possibly true)
ALLEGORY OF THE CAVE
by Plato is an image of how man
discovers true knowledge, freeing himself
from previous beliefs that are mere
"shadows" or basically  untrue.
“The price good men pay for
indifference to public affairs
is to be ruled by evil men.”
-Plato
SOCRATES
While the term Philosophy was coined by
Pythagoras, it is usually attributed to the
ancient philosopher, Socrates. He was
regarded as a true philosopher – a true
lover of wisdom.
(literally, “what is beyond physics or
nature”) deals with the nature of the
world and everything that exists.
EPISTEMOLOGY
branch of philosophy which
deals with knowledge and
knowing. (Study of knowledge)
AESTHETICS
A branch of knowledge that
deals with the principles of
beauty and artistic taste
LOGIC
Philosophers’ uses this as his “toolbox.”
Reasoning conducted under strict rules
of correctness and validity
INVALID (DEDUCTIVE)
ARGUMENT
if the conclusion drawn from the
premises doesn’t make sense
WEAK (INDUCTIVE)
ARGUMENT
The conclusion is not likely (only
has a very small possibility)
ALLEGORY
a story, poem, or picture that can be
interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning,
typically of moral or political nature
SOCRATIC METHOD/DIALOGUE
Socrates’ method of asking questions,
providing an answer, asking further
questions, which is considered as a form of
dialectics.This makes us rethink of the
concepts & ideas we think we already know.
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
Presented another form of dialectical
method similar to the Socratic Dialogue, and
is continuously developing. He presented it
in three levels – a thesis, an antithesis, and
a synthesis. (Hegelian Dialectics)
SYNTHESIS
the product of struggle between
the thesis and antithesis.
SOCRATIC DIALOGUE and
HEGELIAN DIALECTICS
Two dialectical methods
These methods allow us to reevaluate our
decisions that would impact our lives and
the world we live in.
INTROSPECTION
the examination of oneself through the
analysis of the meaning of one’s life, was
given emphasis on his philosophy; an
inspection of the self
EXISTENTIALISM
Proponent: Jean-Paul Sarte
Man existed first, without meaning or purpose,
and as he goes through his life, he creates the
meaning and purpose for himself. Freedom,
responsibility, and authenticity are the virtues
that Existentialism has focused on.
“Man is condemned to be free;
because once thrown into the world,
he is responsible for everything he
does.”
-Jean-Paul Sarte
THESIS
one’s prevailing idea or situation. It is
our current perception of the world
and all its aspects that affect us. It is a
proposition that claims to be true.
HEGELIAN DIALECTICS
Thesis  Antithesis  Synthesis
CHILDREN
are considered as the best philosophers
of all time. They have these innocent
questions about themselves, about the
world, without the hidden agenda.
“The unexamined life is not
worth living.”
-Socrates
He prompted people to think about
things that matter most in life – courage,
love, the soul, etc.
Jean-Paul Sartre
Proponent of Existentialism. A French
philosopher who is widely known for his
words “Existence precedes essence.” He
referred “essence” as a meaning or
purpose.
ANTITHESIS
the idea that opposes the thesis.
These are the problems we encounter
in the situations we find ourselves in.
DIALECTICS
It is an active process that allows people to
exchange their views, beliefs, and arguments
to arrive at the truth they would believe.
Method of discovering the truth through a
question and answer process
“The only thing that I know is
that I know nothing.”
-Socrates
CHRISTIANITY
Provide answers in questions about the meaning of life,
death, purpose, and how one should lead his life have
been answered through the revelation of God’s word. This
leads to the belief that the Supreme Being has chosen a
certain path for man even before he is conceived, and it is
the man’s task to discover and walk through it.
AUTHENTICITY
is the virtue of being true to
oneself, to your own desires and
character.