MYTH

(world ordered by the will of arbitrary powers - the gods).

It is about narrative, analogy, symbolic language, ritual,
ancestry, magic, faith, belief, religion, supernatural,
THE ARCHE
mystery, transcendent, exterior. Principal of all things
=> The transcendent designates that which is - source of beginning
metaphysical, beyond nature; it is the overcoming of matter. - had to be INTELLIGENT; DIVINE; ENDOWED WITH
- Myth did not care about contradictions, the fabulous and SPIRIT; ALIVE
the incomprehensible, not only because these were proper
traits of mythical narrative, but also because the trust and WHAT THE WORLD WAS MADE OF?
belief in myth came from the religious authority of the Everything is in flux
narrator. - infinite plurality of different things
PHILOSOPHY THALES FROM MILETUS
(conception of a regulated nature, controlled by a rational
- Traditional founder of philosophy.
principle - the arché).
- Held that the arche of all is water - it was alive,
=> It is concept, analysis, logical language, reflection,
endowed with spirit, divine, intelligent
reason, cause and effect, "science", natural, immanent, interior.
- created HYLOZOISM -> the view that matter is ambued
Immanent designates the explanation contained within the
with life and intelligence and is also divine
very phenomenon that generated it.
- Philosophy does not admit contradictions, fabrication, and
incomprehensible things, but demands that the explanation be ANAXIMANDER
coherent, logical, and rational; moreover, the authority of the
Held that the arche of all is the Apeiron, the "unbounded"
explanation does not come from the person of the philosopher,
or "unlimited.
but from reason, which is the same in all human beings.
- in eternal motion they are separated out their potential
MAIN TRAITS OF THE BABY PHILOSOPHY state forming the world as experience - the essence of
the four elements
- the tendency toward rationality, that is, reason and only reason,
with its principles and rules, is the criterion for explaining something;
- the tendency to offer conclusive answers to problems, that is, once ANAXIMENES
a problem is posed, its solution is submitted to analysis, criticism,
Held that the arche of all is air, which takes on
discussion and demonstration, never being accepted as a truth, unless
it is rationally proven to be true;
different forms (earth, water, etc.) through rarefaction
- the requirement that thought must present its rules of operation, and condensation.
that is, the philosopher is the one who justifies his ideas by proving - A way of reducing qualitative difference to
that he follows universal rules of thought. For the Greeks, it is a quantitative difference
universal law of thought that contradiction indicates error or falsity.
Thus, when a contradiction appears in a philosophical exposition, it HERACLITUS
should be considered false; - He is known, above all, for his statement that
- refusal of pre-established explanations and, therefore, demand
everything exists in a state of permanent flux; that
that, for each problem, the proper solution required by it must be
investigated and found; is, for him the world is an eternal flux, therefore,
- a tendency toward generalization, that is, showing that an it is impossible for the same man to throw himself
explanation has validity for many different things because, under the into the same river twice, because at the second
variation perceived by our sense organs, thought discovers similarities
attempt he will no longer be the same
and identities
=> One of his main theories is that the world
THE PRE- SOCRACTICS
was not created, it has always existed. Instead of
seeing permanence and stability, he declared that,
It is the birth of Philosophy, a time when one investigates
under the surface, the world could be understood
the world and the changes in nature.
in terms of a continuous struggle between pairs of
The main philosophers were Thales of Miletus,
opposites, such as hot/cold, dry/wet.
Anaximander of Miletus, Anaximenes of Miletus,
Pythagoras of Samos, Heraclitus and Xenophanes
 PYTHAGORAS
Pythagoras of Samos is considered to be the "Father of
mathematics" because he took it from the condition of a
simple technique. He will be one of those responsible for
the close connection between mathematics and
philosophy in the times to come.
- For him "all things are numbers",

XENOPHANES
The main objections were
(a) the traditional portrayal of the gods as engaging in
adultery, theft, and deception is an insult to the divine;
- Believed in one god who remains always the same and
"moves everything by the thought of his mind." Probably
did not conceive this god as immaterial, however.
- THERE IS A UNIQUE AND SINGLE GOD WITH NO BODY
OR FORM. GOD CAN SEE, THINK HEAR EVERYTHING