Section 4-1 notes

The roots of atomic theory

Main idea- tells how science and matter were viewed and what was known in the past about
them
Democritus
Main idea- talks about democritus’s view on matter and his ideas about it
Aristotle
Main idea- talks about how Aristotle didn't believe in the notion of atoms and discusses flaws in
democritus’s ideas
John Dalton
Main idea- explains how Dalton came to his theory and how his and Democritus’s ideas are
similar
Dalton's atomic theory- states that matter is composed of extremely small particles called atoms
Conversion of mass
Main idea- explains what the law of conversion of mass is and how Dalton’s theory explains it. It
also talks about how not all of Dalton’s theories are accurate
Section 4-2 notes
The atom
Main idea- explains in depth what an aom is and how small they are compared to other objects
Atom- the smallest particle of an element that retains all the properties of that element
Looking at an aom
Main idea- explains how to be able to see an atom and what you have to use. Also explains how
to study atoms
The electron
Main idea- answers popular questions about atoms that weren't able to be answered until the
1900’s
The Cathode ray tube
Main idea- tells how and why cathode ray tube were used and tells how it was discovered
Cathode ray- radiation that originates from the cathode and travels to the anode of a cathode ray
tube
Electrons- negatively charged particles that are part of all forms of matter
Mass and charge of the electron
Main idea- explains the charge to mass ratio, the oil drop experiment, the charge of an electron
and the mass of an electron
The plum pudding model
Main idea- explains how matter is neutral and explains J.J Thompson’s experiment the plum
pudding model
The nucleus
Main idea- introduces that Rutherford studied how positively charged alpha particles interact
with solid matter
Retherfords ex[eriment
Main idea- explains what happened during the experiment and talks about what rutherford
thought would happen
Rutherford's model of the aom
Main idea- explains his conclusion and how the plum pudding model was incorrect, also explains
how the nucleus works
Nucleus- a small positively charged dense center of an atom
The proton and the neutron
Main idea- defines proton and neutron, explains in depth the model of an atom
Proton- a subatomic particle in an atom's nucleus that has a positive charge of 1+
Neutron- a neutral subatomic particle in an atom's nucleus that has a mass nearly equal to that of
a proton
Section 4-3 notes
Atomic number
Main idea- defines atomic number and gives examples of elements and how to find their atomic
number on the periodic table
Atomic number- the number of protons in an atom
Isotopes and mass number
Main idea- talks about an element having the same amount of protons and electrons, and the
numbers of neutrons can be different, also gives examples
Isotopes- atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons
Mass of isotopes
Main idea- tells that if an isotope has more neutrons the mass is larger, talks about chemical
behavior of isotopes
Isotope notation
Main idea- tells that an isotope is identified by mass number and defines mass number, gives
examples of isotopes
Mass number- the number after an elements name, representing the sum of its protons and
neutrons
Natural abundance of isotopes
Main idea- explains how almost all elements in nature are isotopes, gives examples
Mass of atoms
Main idea- explains example, table 3
Atomic mass unit
Main idea- explains how amu came to be, and defines atomic mass unit
Atomic mass unit (amu)- 1/12th the mass of a carbon 12 atom
Atomic mass
Main idea- defines atomic mass and explains why the weighted average of isotopes aren't whole
numbers
Atomic mass- the weighted average mass of the isotopes of that element
Isotope abundances
Main idea- explains isotope abundances of elements and explains why its atomic mass wouldn't
be close to a whole number, gives example
Section 4-4 notes
Radioactivity
Main idea- explains that chemical reactions only involve atoms electrons explains nuclear
reactions
Nuclear reactions
Main idea- talks about the discovery of radioactivity, radiation, and nuclear reaction. Explains
why radioactive atoms emit radiation
Radioactivity- the process in which some substances spontaneously emit radiation
Radiation- the rays and particles- alpha and beta particles and gamma rays that are emitted by
radioactive material
Nuclear reaction- a reaction that involves a change in the nucleus of an atom
Radioactive decay
Main idea- explains the process of radiation decay
Radioactive decay- a spontaneous process in which unstable nuclei lose energy by emitting
radiation
Types of radiation
Main idea- tells that radioactivity research started in the 1800’s. Also 3 different types of
radiation were identified
Alpha radiation
Main idea- explains how a nuclear equation is created and provides example, explains alpha
radiation and defines alpha particle
Alpha radiation- radiation that is made up of alpha particles
Alpha particle- a particle with 2 protons and 2 neutrons with a 2+ charge
Nuclear equation- a type of equation that shows the atomic number and mass number of the
particles involved
Beta radiation
Main idea- explains what beta radiation is and defines beta particles
Beta radiation- radiation that is made up of beta particles
Beta particle- a high-speed electron with a 1- charge that is emitted during radioactive decay
Gamma radiation
Main idea- explains what a gamma ray is and what it does, gives an example
Gamma ray- a high-energy radiation that processes no mass
Nuclear stability
Main idea- explains how to determine an atom's stability