Elements and Compounds

Chemical Compounds
- A substance made from 2 or more different types of atoms

Mixtures
- A hybrid of two or more substances combined.

Element
- A pure substance that cannot be taken apart and form another substance, it also has the same
number of protons and electrons as the atomic number

Compound
- Two or more elements. They can be broken apart

Chemical Element
- A pure substance. It is made from the same kind of
atoms.

Periodic Table in 2016

 Periodic Table Properties

Introduction

- Dmitri Mendeleev released the first periodic table of elements in 1869. They were in
order according to the atomic mass of each element.
- Periodic Law - which states that the chemical properties of the elements
are dependent on their atomic numbers

Organization of the Periodic Table

- The Periodic table is organized by the atomic numbers which is the number of protons
they have and as well as electrons.

Present Day Periodic Table (2020)

 Atomic Theory

Introduction
- During the past hundreds of years, there have been different models of atoms. Such as John
Dalton's model of the atom, Ernest Rutherford's model of the atom, Neils Bohr's model of
the atom. The Electron Cloud Model/Quantum Mechanics Model of Atom is also a part
of the Atomic Theory made by Erwin Schrödinger.

John Dalton
- John Dalton's theory was that atoms were invisible and that different
compounds have different combinations of atoms. Atoms aren't invisible;
they just can't be seen by the naked eye. Which was a flaw in his theory
and didn't make sense in the end.​

Ernest Rutherford
- In 1911 Rutherford made a model of an atom and how it would look like. It
would have the nucleus in the center and electrons orbiting around it. The
model has its ups and downs, but the model couldn't explain why the
electrons revolve around the nucleus.

Neils Bohr
- Bohr suggested that levels of energy In electrons are discrete and that the
electrons revolve around balanced in the vicinity of orbit but jump from one
level of energy to the next.

Erwin Schrödinger
- Schrödinger took inspiration from Bohr’s model and converted it further
by using mathematical equations to portray the possibility of discovering a
certain position of an electron.
 pH Level

Introduction
- pH levels measure how much Acid or Alkaline is in a substance.

Acid Region
- Anything between 0 and 6 is in Acid Region

Weak Acid and Strong Acid

- Is between 3.5 and 6, it is considered an Acid
- Is between 0 and 3.5, is considered a Highly Acidic Solution

Base Region
- Anything in between 8 and 14 is in the Base Region

Weak Base and Strong Base

- Is between 8 and 10.5
- Between 10.5 and 14, it is considered a Highly Basic Solution.

Neutral Region

- Is number 7. Nothing Lower and Nothing Higher

 Basics of the Periodic Table

Step 1
- Use the periodic table to find your element

Step 2
- The number of protons (positive [+] charge) the atomic number equals to the number of
protons Krypton (Kr) has 36 protons.

Step 3
- The number of electrons (negative [-] charge)
Remember atoms have no overall charge Atoms must have an equal number of protons and
electrons
- # Protons = # Electrons
Krypton has 36 electrons

Step 4
- The number of neutrons (no charge)
- Mass number (atomic weight rounded to the nearest whole number)
- Neutrons = Mass - Protons
Neutrons = 84 -36
Neutrons = 48

Summary
- Number of Protons = Atomic Number
- Number of Electrons = Protons
- Number of Neutrons = Mass Number - Protons

Example
Xe and Zr
Xe = Xenon Zr = Zirconium
Protons = 54 Protons = 40
Electrons = 54 Electrons = 40
Neutrons =131 - 54 = 77 ` Neutrons = 91 - 40 =51