Government of India

Ministry of Water Resources,

River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation
Central Ground Water Board
South Western Region, Bengaluru
in collaboration with
University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru

Jal Kranti Abhiyan

Proceedings of

GROUND WATER CONFERENCE

on

STATE SPECIFIC GROUND WATER ISSUES OF KARNATAKA

Venue
North Block Auditorium, UAS, GKVK, Bengaluru
23rd March 2016
 JAL KRANTI ABHIYAN

GROUND WATER CONFERENCE

rd
23 March, 2016, UAS, GKVK, Bengaluru

Patrons
Sri K. B. Biswas Dr. H. Shivanna
Chairman, Vice Chancellor
CGWB, New Delhi UAS, Bengaluru

Overall Guidance Dr. E. Sampath Kumar, Member Secretary, CGWA, New Delhi

Organising Committee

Sri K.M. Viswanath, Regional Director Dr. K. Jagadeeshwara, Dir. of Extn., UAS-B
Dr. K.R. Sooryanarayana Dr. J. Shivanna, UAS-B
Sri M. Muthukkannan Dr. K.G.Banuprakash, UAS-B
Sri S.S.Hegde Dr. Banu Deshpande, UAS-B
Sri A. Suresha Dr. A. Asokan
Sri T. Rajendiran Sri L.J. Balachandra
Dr. M. A. Farooqi Sri K.T.Suresha
Sri K. Koti Reddy Sri G. Krishnamurthy
Sri Benjamin V. Smt. Sandhya Yadav
Sri Shivshankar Sri Manju
Sri H.P.Jayaprakash Ms. Caroline Louis
Dr J. Davithuraj Smt. Veena R Achutha
Sri B.V. Chinagudi Smt. Lubna Kouser
Smt. Sangita P. Bhattacharjee Sri Rahul Vashishtha
Smt. Bijimol Jose Smt. Hemalatha
Sri J. Sivaramakrishnan Smt. Lalitha P.
Dr. S.S. Vittla Sri P.S. Prasad
Smt. P. Vijayaklakshmi Sri P. Narahari
Sri N. Krishna Naik Sri N. Ravikumar

Technical Committee
Dr. K. R. Sooryanarayana Sri S.S. Hegde Dr. M. A. Farooqi
Sri K. Koti Reddy Sri J. Sivaramakrishnan Dr. K. G. Banuprakash, UAS-B
 PREFACE
Water the “Elixir of life” is the most important natural resource. Urban and rural economic growth
has put tremendous pressure on ground water resources across the country. Importance of ground
water in the Indian context can be understood from the fact that more than 85% India’s rural domestic
water, 50% of its urban water requirements and more than 50% of its irrigation requirements are
being met from this precious natural resource. The increasing dependence on ground water resources
as a reliable source of water has resulted in large-scale indiscriminate exploitation in most parts of the
country, without considering recharging capacities of aquifers and other environmental issues.
Therefore ground water levels are declining at an alarming rate resulting in drying up of potential
aquifer systems. Also, the potential aquifers are getting increasingly polluted due to geogenic and
anthropogenic contaminants including disposal of untreated industrial effluents and sewage etc.,
Ground water resources are polluted due to high concentration of Arsenic, Fluoride, Iron and Heavy
metals in excess of limits prescribed for drinking purposes in many parts of the country. Thus, our
nation is reeling under water crisis and going to be further deteriorated in the time to come.Recycle
and reuse of waste water and water efficient irrigation practices in agriculture sector will help in
conserving the precious water resources. Central Ground Water Board is propagating new techniques
and practices in water management.

Government of India has launched a nation-wide campaign named 'Jal Kranti Abhiyan' with the aim to
create awareness amongst various stakeholders about the importance of water scarcity and water
conservation. In order to address various state specific ground water issues through wider
consultations among various stakeholders, one day “Ground Water Conference” at Bengaluru has
been organised. This Ground Water Conference will help to share the experience of Scientists,
Professionals, Technocrats, Academicians, Farmers, Industrialists, NGOs and other Stakeholders in
this field to propogate and popularise the sustainable management practices to achieve water security.

This compilatiopn comprises 22 technical papers sharing the knowledge and experience of experts in
the field of water management. I am happy that the papers are brought out as Coference Proceedings
will definitely help those inmvolved in water conservation and management.

The support and encouragement of Sri K.B.Biswas, Chairman, Central Ground Water Board, is placed
on record. The tremendous effort and hard work put in by the officers and the staff of Central Ground
Water Board, South Western, Bengaluru, and UAS, Bengaluru, in organising the events are
appreciated. The effort putforth by Sri S.S.Hegde, Dr.M.A.Farooqi, Sri K.Koti Reddy and
Sri J. Sivaramakrishnan, in compiling this volume is worth appreciating.

(K. M. Viswanath)
Regional Director
CGWB, SWR, Bengaluru
 Disclaimer
The views expressed in the technical papers in this volume need not be that
of the CGWB, SWR, Bengaluru and the responsibility lies with the authors
 CONTENTS

Sl. No. Title Page Nos.

1. Jal Kranti Abhiyan - Vision for an Integrated Village Level Water Security Plan 1
Viswanath K.M, Bijimol Jose and J. Davithuraj
2. Ground Water Management Through Watershed Development 5
Programmes
Shivananda Murthy H.G.
3. Impact of Drought on Hydrological Status in Karnataka - 2015 11
Srinivasa Reddy G S
4. Impact of Climatic Change on Groundwater and Agriculture in Karnataka 18
Rajegowda, M. B
5. Hydrologic Characteristics of Soils under Different Environments 24
– A Case Study
Purandara B. K, Chandramohan T, Venkatesh B And Jose M K
6. Water Productivity and Sustainable Agriculture 36
Thimmegowda, M.N., Ramachandrappa, B.K. and Nagaraju
7. Groundwater Prospectus Map for Suryanagar Sub-watershed, Bangalore Urban 41
District, Karnataka
M Inayathulla, Y A Narayana Swaamy, Soumyata Halawar & Mohamed Parvez
8. Water Table Fluctuation Method to Estimate the Recharge: A Case Study – Don River 52
Basin Karnataka
Shirahatti. M.S, Ranghswami. M.V, Manjunath. M.V, Sivasamy. R, Santana Bosu. S
9. Sewage Water - An Alternate Source of Irrigation for 62
Mulberry Garden
Bharathi, V. P, Kallimani, C. S, Vinoda, K. S, Ramakrishna Naika and Chandrashekar, S.
10. Water Source Scarcity Issue Management In Kolar District 66
Sivaramakrishnan J, Sooryanarayana K.R, Farooqi M.A, Hegde S.S and Asokan A
11. Horticulture as An Alternate for Water Use Efficiency in Dry land 71
Krishna Manohar. R
12. Bore well Economics and Sustainable Groundwater Management 77
Kiran Kumar R Patil, Chandrakanth M. G and Anitha S
13. Water Management Practices in Agricultural Sector of Kolar District, Karnataka 88
Sangita P. Bhattacharjee, K. R. Sooryanarayana and M. A. Farooqi
14. Assessment of Groundwater Potential Zones Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques 94
in North Bangalore Metropolitan Region, Karnataka, India
Ramesh L Dikpal and Renuka Prasad T.J
15. Assessment of Water Conservation Structures 103
Sooryanarayana K. R, Sivaramakrishnan J, Krishnamurthy G. and Rajendiran T.
16. Ground Water Quality Assessment and its Suitability for Drinking & Irrigation purposes 110
in Malur taluk of Kolar district, Karnataka
Rahul Vashistha, Sangita. P.Bhattacharjee, S.N.Ramaiah & K.M.Viswanath
17. Irrigation And Water Management In Mulberry 117
Shyla, P.N, Banuprakash, K.G and Bhaskar. R.N
18. Convalescing The Probability of Fractures Through Ground Water Exploration – A Case 124
Study in Hard Rock Area
Srinivasa Vittala. S, Reddy. G.R.C, Sooryanarayana. K.R and Viswanath. K.M
19. Creation of Water Bodies all Along the River Tributaries for Impounding Water and 126
Conserving Ecosystem for Sustainable Livelihood
Chinnaswamy K.P and Nirmala, K. S
20. Roof Water Harvesting: BAIF’s Experience In Addressing Fluoride 129
Pandit G. Patil
21. Soil and Water Conservation Studies in Chophelling Tibetan Settlements, Miao, 134
Changlang District, Arunachal Pradesh
Raksha A, and Aswathanarayana L.G
22. High Fluoride in Ground Water : Serious Public Health Problem 141
Banu Deshpande
Jal Kranti Abhiyan - Ground Water Conference, Bengaluru, March 2016 94

ASSESSMENT OF GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL ZONES USING

REMOTE SENSING AND GIS TECHNIQUES IN NORTH BANGALORE
METROPOLITAN REGION, KARNATAKA, INDIA

Ramesh L Dikpal1 and Renuka Prasad T.J

Bangalore University, Bangalore, Karnataka, INDIA,
1:rameshldikpal@gmail.com

Abstract
Groundwater is an essential resource contributing overall annum supply considerably.
Conversely, over-exploitation in rapid growing cities like Bangalore has depleted groundwater
availability without proper management. Assessment the potential zones by the weighted
overlay techniques with the help of remotely sensed existing different land parameters from
Landsat ETM+ Images (Bands 1 to 7)like Geology, Geomorphology, Slope, land use and/or
land cover and Lineaments processed in GIS techniques for groundwater recharge is very much
necessary towards maintaining the water quality and it points to organizing proper
groundwater management. The study area has been classified into five categories from very
poor at urbanized areas and excellent in the parts of pediplain agricultural. Excellent potential
zone surrounds an area of 1107 km2, good potential zone holds for an area of 2253 km2,
moderate potential zone of 78 km2, poor potential zone of 215 km2 at villages and very poor
potential zone of 230 km2 at urbanized areas. The study area holds majority of good potential
zones and helps to increase the groundwater levels by artificial structures.

Keywords: North Bangalore Metropolitan Region, Thematic layers, weighted overlay, GIS techniques

Introduction
Water is a vital for life and it plays an important role in biotic and a biotic environment. Due
to the inconsistent behavior of rainfall with unplanned over exploitation of groundwater,
causes majorly by the improvement in the living standards of mankind and the increasing
population which has been additionally compounded by erratic activities of groundwater in
hard rock areas causes harm to the extent of depletion of groundwater table.
Understanding of remotely sensed data with adequate ground truth information makes it
feasible to recognize and summarize diverse ground features might provide as direct or
indirect sign of the existence of groundwater (Das et al. 1997, Ravindran and Jeyaram.
1997).

Study Area
The study area is located in North Bangalore of Karnataka with geographical area of 3,883
km2 (Figure.1) between 800 m and 1150 m altitude at Savanadurga hill above msl and lies
within the co-ordinates of 12.8N to 13.5Nand 77.0E to 78.0E in Survey of India
(1:50,000) Toposheet nos. 57G/3, 4, 7, 8, 11, 12, 15, 16, 57H/1, 5, 9 & 13. This study is
mainly concentrated on the hydrogeology & change in the groundwater level of the area due
to the over exploitation. The study area covers about 3,880 km2 of Bengaluru urban,
Bengaluru Rural and Ramanagar Districts. The Catchment of North Bengaluru Metropolitan
Region comprises parts of Cauvery, North and South Pennar Basins.
Jal Kranti Abhiyan - Ground Water Conference, Bengaluru, March 2016 95

Figure 1: Location map of Study area

Details of Data and Processing

The study area covers six taluks namely Bengaluru North, Magadi, Nelamangala,
Doddaballapura, Devanahalli, and Hoskote. Due to increasing of urbanised area and
population, it is very much required to know the groundwater potential scenario towards
water management purpose in Bangalore. Several stages of methodologies have been
adopted for the study (Figure:2). First and foremost development of spatial base data using
SOI toposheets followed by

extraction/digitization of different land

parameters like geology, geomorphology,
slope, lu/lc and lineament and all the
extracted/digitized layers has been provided
ranks as well as weightage. Overlaid all the
extracted/digitized rasters in GIS
environment according to its importance
(Figure: 3).

In the illustration, the two input rasters have been reclassified to a common measurement
scale of 1 to 3. Each raster is assigned a percentage influence. The cell values are multiplied
by their percentage influence, and the results are added together to create the output raster.
For example, consider the top left cell. The values for the two inputs become (2 * 0.75) = 1.5
and (3 * 0.25) = 0.75. The sum of 1.5 and 0.75 is 2.25. Because the output raster from
Weighted Overlay is integer, the final value is rounded to 2 (Akinyemi, FO and F
Bigirimana, 2012).
Jal Kranti Abhiyan - Ground Water Conference, Bengaluru, March 2016 96

Band 1 Band 2

Band 3 Band 4

Band 5 Band 6

Band 7
Figure 4: Landsat ETM+ Images, band 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 of
the study area.

Results and Discussions

Geological Set-up
For investigating the lithology in the study area, Landsat ETM+ images of bands 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6 and 7 (Figure: 4) are used for some spectral processing techniques in Erdas (Earth
Resource Data Analysis System) software was necessary to prove the efficiency of R.S. in
this field. A linear contrast stretch with atmospheric
Jal Kranti Abhiyan - Ground Water Conference, Bengaluru, March 2016 97

correction was sufficient to produce

an image of high quality. A linear
transfer function was used to make
full use of the 256 output value.
Enhanced images of single band or
false color images comprising three
contrast stretched bands can then be
interpreted geologically (Samih Al
Rawashdeh, Bassam Saleh and
MufeedHamzah, 2006). The color
composite of bands 7, 3 and 2 after
enhancements (Figure: 5).
The study area has been divided into
three distinct classes of rock formations (Figure: 6) & (Table:1)
a. Metamorphic Rocks
b. Plutonic Rocks
c. Residual Capping
a. Metamorphic Rocks includesMigmatites and granodiorite – Tonolitic gneiss, Ultra
Mafic Schist, Amphibolite/Hornblende Schist, Chlorite Schist, Quartzite
(Charnockite) and Amphibolitic, Metapelitic Schist/Pelitic Schist.
b. Plutonic rocks includes Granodiorite and granite, Pink granulite and Granite.
c. Residual capping includes laterite deposits in the study area.
Jal Kranti Abhiyan - Ground Water Conference, Bengaluru, March 2016 98

Table 1: Lithological Details of the Study area

Lithology Rock Type Area km2 %
Residual capping Laterite 62.11 1.60
Granodiorite and granite 664.49 17.13
Plutonic rocks
Pink granulite 128.09 3.30
Granite 27.27 0.70
Migmatites and Granodiorite – Tonolitic gneiss 2956.98 76.13
Metamorphic Ultra Mafic Schist 21.96 0.57
rocks Amphibolite/Hornblende Schist 17.25 0.44
Chlorite Schist 3.97 0.10
Quartzite(Charnockite) 0.88 0.02
Total Area 3883

The water bearing properties of the above rock types will be more the metamorphic rock
types and poor in residual capping formation.

Geomorphology
Geomorphology replicates different landforms as well as structures. Several features are
favorable for the occurrence of groundwater and are classified in terms of groundwater
potentiality. These units are deciphered from the remote sensing data (Figure:7). The major
geomorphological features are different types denudational hills, pediplain, plateau and
structural hills (Table: 2).

Denudational Hills (DH)

Denudational hills are formed due to the degree of difference erosion and weathering. They
engage the northern and western part of the study area. The groundwater prospect in the zone
is negligible.

Pediplain
Pediplain is developed as an outcome of continuous processes of sedimentation. The
latitudinal variants are comparatively more for rolling plain to the extent of 5-10 m. These
areas are depicts as nearly level terrain with gentle slope. The area is underlain by relatively
thick weathered material. The groundwater prospect in these areas is illustrates as moderate
to good depending upon the thickness of weathered zone.

Plateau
Flat topped and arcuate are presenting distinct trends. Encompasses thin layer of soil, which
varies from place to place, sparse vegetation weathering is also found at some places.

Structural Hills (SH)

These are linear or arcuate hills demonstrates definite trend. These hills are structurally
controlled with multifaceted folding, faulting and criss-crossed by abundant joints/fractures,
which ease some infiltration and typically act as run off zones. These units are found in the
northern and eastern parts of the study area.
Jal Kranti Abhiyan - Ground Water Conference, Bengaluru, March 2016 99

Table 2: Types of Geomorphological features

Sl No Types Area in Km2
1 Denudational Hills 74.05
2 Residual hill 46.12
3 Ridge type structural hills 9.89
4 Structural Hills 6.28
5 Butte 3.09
6 Mesa 9.33
7 Lateritic Plain shallow 40.73
8 Settlement 199.18
9 Filled-in Valley/Valley fill 542.03
10 Intermontane valley/Structural valley 0.11
11 Waterbody 185.18
12 Moderately weathered/buried pediplain 299.12
13 Shallow weatherd/buried pediplain 2097.16
14 Pediplain eroded 15.38
15 Inselberg 3.38
16 Pediment – Inselberg complex 175.76
17 Pediment-valley floor 176.54
Total 3883

Slope
Slope of any terrain is solitary of the features controlling the infiltration of groundwater into
subsurface, thus it is also asign for the suitability for groundwater prospects. In the gentle
slope area, the surface runoff is slow allowing more time for rainwater to percolate, whereas,
steep slope area facilitates high runoff allowing less residence time for rainwater and hence
comparatively less infiltration. From the groundwater point of view slope map (Figure: 8) is
classified as 4 types as shown in Table 3. Mostly half of the study area is found to have a
slope of 0-1% and is favorable for groundwater potential zones.

Table 3: Type of slope in area and %

Sl No Type Area in km2 %
1 Nearly level (0-1%) 1226 31.5
2 Very gentle slope (1-3%) 217 5.6
3 Gentle slope (3-5%) 812 20.9
4 Moderate to very steep slope (5-50%) 1628 42.0
Land Use and Land Cover (LULC)
The Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) data files describe the vegetation, water, natural
surface, and cultural features on the land surface. Nonetheless, lu/lc provides a very valuable
method for determining the extents of various land uses and cover types, such as urban,
forested, scrubland, agriculture, etc.
Land use/land cover data are most commonly in a raster or grid data structure, with each cell
having a value that corresponds to a certain classification. This structure allows for creating
summary tables and performing suitability analyses (Table: 4). Sometimes lulc data is
converted to a vector format, but file sizes become very large by doing so. The supervised
classification method has been carried out on Landsat ETM+ images (band 4) to mark the
different types of land use/land cover is shown in Figure: 9.
Jal Kranti Abhiyan - Ground Water Conference, Bengaluru, March 2016 100

Agricultural land
It is the land chiefly used for farming and for production of food, fodder and other
commercial and horticultural crops. It includes irrigated, unirrigated, plantations etc. They
are further subdivided into kharif unirrigated; double crop and plantations.

Forest land
It is an area surrounded by the notified forest limit bearing an association predominantly of
trees and other vegetative. Forest lands are going to stop the erosion process from surface
runoff and it allows water for infiltration to boost groundwater level.

Built-up land/settlement
It is an area of human occupancy residential due to non-agricultural use and hasencircle of
buildings, transport, and communication, utilities in union with water, vegetation and vacant
lands. All the settlements in the study area are delineated.
Major portion of the study area comprises agricultural land (2873.2 km2) and built-up land
(325.3 km2). Forest coverage is also around 212.03 km2along with 14.47 km2of Grass land,
23.89 km2 of mixed vegetation and 244.16 km2 of wasteland. Forest water resources can be
managed effectively to cater to needs of surrounding villages.

Table 4: Type of Land Use and land Cover

Type Area in km2 %

Agricultural Land 2873.28 74.0
Settlement 325.31 8.4
Forest 212.03 5.4
Grass land 14.47 0.3
Mixed Vegetation 23.89 0.6
Wasteland 244.16 6.2
Water bodies 185.18 4.7
Wetlands 1.68 0.04
Total 3883
Lineament
A lineament is a linear attribute in a landscape which is an underlying geological structure
such as a fault, dykes, fracture and joint. Two Types of Lineaments are observed in the study
area as follows:
a) Structural Lineaments - Dyke
b) Structural Lineaments - Joint/Fracture
In the study area dykes are prominent in northern part of the study area which falls in North
Pennar Basin and Joint /Fractures are spreading all over the study area as shown in Figure
10. In Magadi taluk 10 to 15 km running Structural Lineaments of Joint/Fracture are
observed and these structures indicating more control of structures. 50 mts of buffering is
provided for all lineaments for groundwater recharge point of view.
Jal Kranti Abhiyan - Ground Water Conference, Bengaluru, March 2016 101

Table 5: Rank and weight for different land parameters for groundwater potential zone
Groundwater Weights
Criteria Classes Rank
Prospect (%)
Quartzite(Charnockite) Very good 5
Chlorite Schist Very good 5
Amphibolite/Hornblende Schist Very good 5
Ultra Mafic Schist Very good 5
Geology Migmatites and Granodiorite – Tonolitic gneiss Very good 5 5
Granite Good 4
Pink Granulite Good 4
Granodiorite and granite Good 4
Laterite Poor 2
Pediment–Inselberg complex Very good 5
Pediplain Good 4
Geomorphology
Water body Good 40 4
Valley fill, filled-in valley Good 4
Structural hills Very poor 1
Nearly level (0°-1°) Very good 5
Very gently sloping (1°-3°) Good 4
30
Slope Classes Gently Sloping (3°-5°) Moderate 3
Moderately Sloping (5°-10°) Poor 2
Strong Sloping (>10°) Very poor 1
Crop Land Very good 5
Water body Good 4
Land use/ land
Other/mixed vegetation Land Moderate 20 3
cover
Scrub Land/Forest Moderate 2
Settlement Poor 1
Barren Land Very poor 1
Present Good 4
Lineament 5
Not Present Poor 1

Conclusions
North Bangalore Metropolitan Region has
been classified into five categories from very
poor at urbanized areas and excellent in the
areas of pediplain agricultural parts (Figure
.11). Excellent potential zone is surrounds an
area of 1107 km 2, Good potential zone holds
for an area of 2253 km 2, Moderate potential
zone of 78 km2, Poor potential zone of 215
km2 at villages and Very poor potential zone
of 230 km2 at urbanized areas. The study area
holds majorly of Good potential zone (Table:
5) and helps to increase the groundwater levels by artificial str uctures. Field
observations of groundwater yield capacity test for the selected locations for all the five
classifications are matching to nearly matching results will encompasses. The
technically advanced tools like high resolution remotely sensed data and GIS
environment are providing the good quality outcome.
Jal Kranti Abhiyan - Ground Water Conference, Bengaluru, March 2016 102

Acknowledgement
The authors wish to record deep sense of gratitude to Dr. Shivakumar Naik Lal, Scientist,
Karnataka State Natural Disaster Monitoring Centre, Bangalore for valuable suggestions
made during course the study.

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