Contents

1. In situ materials
2. Lunar resources
3. Martian Resources
4.Astroid Resources
5. Titan resources
6. Kardashev scale

Source : Wikipedia, NASA and internet

In situ materials :

Taking materials from earths to other celestial bodies are very expensive and not sustainable . So we mostly consider to
build whatever materials are available in celestial surfaces which can be used to make structures . Scientists and architects
have came out with some ideas which consists of various types of regoliths mixed with binders and also in some cases
biopolymers to make 3D printed Lunar or martian bases .

Regoliths :

the layer of unconsolidated solid material covering the bedrock of celestial objects ( Planets , moons , astroids)

This famous image of Buzz Aldrin's footprint
Surface of asteroid 433 Eros
taken during Apollo 11 shows the fine and
powdery texture of the lunar surface.
Taken from just 250 m above the surface of
Lunar Regoliths ( under microscope )
Eros as the NEAR Shoemaker spacecraft was
landing, this image shows an area that is only
12 m across.
Lunar Regolith :
Lunar surface excavation :
Mining the moon for water :

Lunar surface , poles and underground holds a massive amount of water ,

which can be a crucial resource in our habitats.Those waters are thought
to be carried via numerious astroids which collided with moon in the
earlier days of the solar system .
Mining the moon for Helium (3) and heavy metals :
Various studies shows that , Lunar surface is rich in Helium 3 , which can be used as a effective fuel to power habitats ,
rovers , excavators , space crafts , modules and other structures .
Lunar dusts and soils are also rich in various heavy metals like ,Copper, Iron,REMs etc .
Dome shaped lunar habitat :
Martian In situ elements :
Regoliths Dust Soil Rocks
Martian Surface :
• Rough and Rocky ( Due to previous volacanic activities)
• Has several mountains .
• Dusty
• Thin layer of atmosphere with frequent sand storms
• High amount of Iron in regoliths
Martian Ice house
Astroid Mining and using materials to build various structures:
Astroids ,meteors and also all small nearby earth objects can be a great source of materials when we are considering to
build structures away from our home planet. We can also mine them and bring back to earth and use it in various purposes
433 Eros is a stony
asteroid in a near-
Earth orbit
Astroid mining and astro-surface structures
Multiple types of asteroids have been identified but the three main types would include the C-type, S-type, and
M-type asteroids:
• C-type asteroids have a high abundance of water which is not currently of use for mining but could be used in an
exploration effort beyond the asteroid. Mission costs could be reduced by using the available water from the
asteroid. C-type asteroids also have a lot of organic carbon, phosphorus, and other key ingredients for fertilizer
which could be used to grow food.[21]
• S-type asteroids carry little water but look more attractive because they contain numerous metals, including
nickel, cobalt, and more valuable metals, such as gold, platinum, and rhodium. A small 10-meter S-type asteroid
contains about 650,000 kg (1,433,000 lb) of metal with 50 kg (110 lb) in the form of rare metals like platinum
and gold.
• M-type asteroids are rare but contain up to 10 times more metal than S-types[21]

•There are four options for mining:[19]

•In-space manufacturing (ISM),[27] which may be enabled by biomining.[28]
•Bring raw asteroidal material to Earth for use.
•Process it on-site to bring back only processed materials, and perhaps produce propellant for the return trip.
•Transport the asteroid to a safe orbit around the Moon or Earth or to the ISS.[9] This can hypothetically allow
for most materials to be used and not wasted.[6]
 An artist's imagination of
hydrocarbon pools, icy and rocky
terrain on the surface of Saturn's
Titan's mining largest moon Titan.
( Saturn's largest moon )

Saturn's orange moon Titan has

hundreds of times more liquid
hydrocarbons than all the known oil
and natural gas reserves on Earth,
according to new data from NASA's
Cassini spacecraft. The hydrocarbons
This image , comprised of several
rain from the sky, collecting in vast detailed images taken by Cassini's
deposits that form lakes and dunes. radar instrument, shows bodies of
liquid near Titan's north pole.
• Structure

• Titan’s internal structure isn’t entirely known,

but one model based on data from the Cassini-
Huygens mission suggests Titan has five primary
layers. The innermost layer is a core of rock
(specifically, water-bearing silicate rock) about 2,500
miles (4,000 kilometers) in diameter. Surrounding
the core is a shell of water ice—a special type called
ice-VI that is only found at extremely high-pressures.
The high-pressure ice is surrounded by a layer of
salty liquid water, on top of which sits an outer crust
of water ice. This surface is coated with organic
molecules that have rained or otherwise settled out
of the atmosphere in the form of sands and liquids.
The surface is hugged by a dense atmosphere.
 Kardashev scale :

Energy consumption estimated in three types of civilizations defined by Kardashev scale

The Kardashev scale is a method of measuring a civilization's level of technological advancement based on the amount of
energy it is able to use. The measure was proposed by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Kardashev in 1964.[1]

Categories
The scale has three designated categories. This is the first 3 of 6 parts of the Kardashev scale.
•A Type I civilization, also called a planetary civilization, can use and store all of the energy available on its planet.
•A Type II civilization, also called a stellar civilization, can use and control energy at the scale of its planetary system.
•A Type III civilization, also called a galactic civilization, can control energy at the scale of its entire host galaxy.