Why is the lower terminal of

V2 is connected at top of R1?

Power Electronics by D. W. Hart Chapter 01 1

Power Electronics by D. W. Hart Chapter 02 2
3
4
5
 For turning off the BJT, polarity
of the base voltage is reversed
and thus the base current.
Excess minority carrier charges
are stored in the base region
which needs to be removed
during the turn-off process.
The time required to nullify this
charge is the storage time, ts.
Collector current remains at the
same value for this time.
After this, collector current starts
decreasing and base-to-emitter
junction changes to the negative
polarity; base current also get
reduced.

Power Electronics by Muhammad H. Rashid 3rd Ed Chap 01-04 6

Power Electronics by Muhammad H. Rashid 3rd Ed Chap 01-04 7
Power Electronics by Muhammad H. Rashid 3rd Ed Chap 01-04 8
Power Electronics by Muhammad H. Rashid 3rd Ed Chap 01-04 9
Power Electronics by Muhammad H. Rashid 3rd Ed Chap 01-04 10
 RJC
RCS RSA

Power Electronics by Muhammad H. Rashid 3rd Ed Chap 01-04 11

Power Electronics by Muhammad H. Rashid 3rd Ed Chap 01-04 12
Power Electronics by Muhammad H. Rashid 3rd Ed Chap 01-04 13
Power Electronics by Muhammad H. Rashid 3rd Ed Chap 01-04 14
 Power Computations

Energy or work

Passive sign convention

Periodic voltage and current functions p(t)>0 indicates power is
being absorbed;
produce a periodic instantaneous power
function. Average power is the time average
of p(t) over one or more periods.
Average Power
Power is also computed from
energy per period. Average power is sometimes
called real power or active
power, especially in ac circuits.
Power Electronics by D. W. Hart Chapter 02 15
 EXAMPLE 2-1
(a) Determine the instantaneous power
p(t) absorbed by the device.
(b) Determine the energy absorbed by
A the device in one period.
(c) Determine the average power
absorbed by the device.

Power Electronics by D. W. Hart Chapter 02 16

Power Electronics by D. W. Hart Chapter 02 17
Power Electronics by D. W. Hart Chapter 02 18
 A special case that is frequently encountered
in power electronics is the power absorbed or
supplied by a dc source.

Average power absorbed by a

dc voltage source is the
product of the voltage and the
average current.
Similarly, average power absorbed
by a dc source i(t) = Idc is

Power Electronics by D. W. Hart Chapter 02 19

 INDUCTORS AND CAPACITORS
For an inductor, the
stored energy is
No net energy transfer indicates that the average power absorbed
by an inductor is zero for steady-state periodic operation.
The voltage-current relationship for the inductor

Multiplying by L/T yields an expression equivalent to the average

voltage across the inductor over one period.

Therefore, for periodic currents, the average voltage across an inductor is

zero. This is very important and will be used in the analysis of many
circuits, including dc-dc converters and dc power supplies.
Power Electronics by D. W. Hart Chapter 02 20
 For a capacitor, stored energy is

If the capacitor voltage is periodic, the stored energy is the same at the
end of a period as at the beginning.
Therefore, the average power absorbed by the capacitor is zero for
steady state periodic operation.

Starting and ending values are the same for periodic voltages

Power Electronics by D. W. Hart Chapter 02 21

 Multiplying by C/T yields an expression for average current in
the capacitor over one period.

Therefore, for periodic voltages, the average current in a capacitor

is zero.

Power Electronics by D. W. Hart Chapter 02 22

 -

Power Electronics by D. W. Hart Chapter 02 23

 -

Power Electronics by D. W. Hart Chapter 02 24

Power Electronics by D. W. Hart Chapter 02 25
 -

Power Electronics by D. W. Hart Chapter 02 26

 Average power supplied by the dc source during the switching
period is

The average power absorbed by the inductor is zero, and power

absorbed by the ideal transistor and diode is zero.

Power Electronics by D. W. Hart Chapter 02 27

Another way to approach the problem is to determine the peak
energy stored in the inductor,

The energy stored in the inductor is transferred to the resistor

while the transistor switch is open.

which must also be the power

supplied by the source.

Power Electronics by D. W. Hart Chapter 02 28