PLACE OF INTERNSHIP: CAMINA

EZEKA

PROFESSIONAL SUPERVISORS: MR. SOUMENSEN CHOWDHURY

ACADEMIC SUPERVISOR: DR. AZINWI PRIMUS

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 DEDICATION

This piece of work is dedicated to God almighty, to my Mum, my entire family, my friends, for
their support and prayers throughout this period of internship.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I acknowledge God almighty and the entire staff of CAMINA and my most supportive lecturers
Dr Ateh and Dr. Tata for their time, energy and support within this period of internship without
which I wouldn’t have succeeded, their kindness and selflessness is immensely appreciated and
TABLE
also my mom for her support, as OFable
well as my CONTENTS
classmates and special friends for their
contributions throughout this period. Indeed it was a season of learning

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Dedication........................................................................................................................................i

Acknowledgement..........................................................................................................................ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS.............................................................................................................iii

INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................1

1. Preparations and travelling...................................................................................................1

2. Presentation of the organization...........................................................................................2

3. COMPANY ORGANIGRAM..............................................................................................3

MINE CAMP MANAGEMENT..................................................................................................3

Camp location................................................................................................................................3

I. COMPANY HHIERACHY..................................................................................................4

II. DEPARTMENTS AND FUNCTIONS................................................................................5

III. CAMP LAYOUT and CAMP DESIGN...........................................................................7

IV. EMMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN............................................................................12

V. WASTE MANAGEMENT.................................................................................................12

VI. Fuel storage at the camp..................................................................................................13

VII. Electricity precaution......................................................................................................13

VIII. Communication system...................................................................................................13

IX. Security...........................................................................................................................13

X. Documentation....................................................................................................................13

EXPLORATION AND EXPLOITATION METHOD.............................................................14

I. Mapping..............................................................................................................................14

II. Panning...............................................................................................................................20

IV. Drilling............................................................................................................................23

V. Core logging.......................................................................................................................30

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 VI. Drying and Crushing.......................................................................................................33

Problems encountered in the company......................................................................................35

1 DURING DRILLING..................................................................................................35

Recommendation.........................................................................................................................36

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 ABBREVIATIONS

CAMINA Cameroon Mining Action

UTM Universal Transverse Mercator

PPE Personal Protective Equipment

GPS Global Positioning System

N North

S South

E East

W West

ESE East of South East

NNW North of North West

Km Kilometers

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 INTRODUCTION

1. Preparations and travelling

a) Preparations
The preparation was quite a hectic one both for the student and lecturers.

 The idea was first suggested to the class that we go to CAMINA as a whole class due to
the unavailability of mining companies in the country and the fact that getting
emplacement was quite challenging for most students, which was accepted by the
majority.
 Then every student was asked to contribute 100000 FRS as transportation, lodging and
feeding fee, which was contributed.
 An orientation was given on the basic requirements needed for the trip such as bathing,
blankets, plates, and personal protective equipments.
 Few days before the travel, students went buying the basic requirements, and the day to
travel was finally here.

b) Travelling proper
Thursday the 11th of July was the date to travel.
 There was the assembly of students at amour mezam bus station at 8am though
many came late ,delaying the take of time
 In the bus there was a surprise from the lecturers, which was the distribution of T-
shirts to all the students
 Next there was distribution of snacks to every student.
 A word of prayer for the journey was made by one of the student as the 35 sit bus
took off to Ezeka
 Along the journey the lecturer explained the difference in the soil type and profile
which a mining engineer should take note of as we travel through the grassfields
of the northwest and west regions to the thick forest zones of the central region.
 Finally we arrived Ezeka at about 11 pm .

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  It was a long journey from Bamenda to Ezeka that lasted almost 11 hours in the
bus

2. Presentation of the organization

a. LOCATION:
CAMINA is located in the out-skirts of a small town Ezeka in the central region of
Cameroon. It is about 700m away from the Ezeka train station in an area known as
Ngovayang trench, the company is built in an isolated area away from community so as
to have enough space and avoid some disturbances cause by the company to the
community.

b. HISTORY;
CAMINA was founded in the year 2010 and by 2012 aeromagnetic survey was
completed and a map was created. Results of the surface analysis led to drilling on some
of the targets. The company was owned by Legend an Australian based set of investors.
Later in 2014 due to technical issues, the company was taken over by Jindal an Indian set
of investors. In 2016 the company had to stop exploration because of the declining
market value of ore, this was because the Chinese sole products from iron at very cheap
prices.
CAMINA is an exploration company base in the exploration of iron ore precisely the
Ngovayang iron deposit which is dominated by magnetite and a negligiable amount of
heamatite (Fe2O3). Mining was mostly open pit. Magnetite is an oxide of iron and also a
very important ore of iron with chemical formula Fe3O4. it is attracted by a bar magnet
and has a grey-black colour. The company is made up of the following departments;
i. Administrative department:
ii. marketing department:
iii. Drilling department:
iv. Security department:
v. geology department:
vi. Public relation
vii. Cleaning
viii. IT and communication

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 ix. Stores
x. Accounts
Employees work 48hours a week with a break each day, 3weeks of work and 1week of
rest.

3. COMPANY ORGANIGRAM

General Manager

Exploration manager
St. project geologist

Geologists

Drilling incharge

HR manager Garage incharge

Camp manager

Finance manager H & S manager

Stores incharge

Purchase manager Community supervisor

Admin manager

MINE CAMP MANAGEMENT

Camp location

The camp should be located, close to working site or working site as was the case of CAMINA
Away from the population
In a well-drained environment
Camp construction

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Available departments and the incharge.

I. COMPANY HHIERACHY

General manager in head office

Exploration manager

Health and safety manager

Purchase manager

Camp manager

Stores incharge

Chief security officers

Community supervisors

Administrative manager

Camp manager

Financial maager

Human resource manager

Senior project geologist

Drilling incharge

IT incharge

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II. DEPARTMENTS AND FUNCTIONS

i. Administrative department:
 This involve the control of all other departments
 Ensure the proper functioning of the camp
 Gives assignments to heads of departments.
 Organizes meeting in the camp

ii. Purchase department:

 Before any purchase, the purchase officers contacts quotations from at least 3
parties
 Makes comparative evaluation of the quotation
 Before finally placing a purchasing order

iii. Health and safety:

 installation of fire extinguishers
 work in the infirmary
 it have medicine for basic illnesses
 regular spray of open drains with disinfectant
 it coordinate the regular visits to a doctor by workers
 it does pest control
 pays regular visits to the restaurant and kitchen to cross check food hygiene
 make available firs aid box to each car and ensure every worker knows how to use
it
 make available clean water and filters and ensure the periodic cleaning of water
tanks.
 Make available ever ready ambulance.
 Create a plantation area and care for it

iv. Drilling department:

 coordinate all drilling activities
 controls drilling machine and accessory parts
 give reports about drilling.

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 v. Security department:
 This departments has well equipped guards
 With a chief security officer to coordinate the security officers.
 Guards must report any suspicious activity
 They ensure that no visitor is allowed to the camp after working hours.
 They make sure that baggage of employees and visitors must be checked before it
enters the camp.
 No vehicle is allowed to leave the camp without a pass. Workers coming back late
must explain to the security officers.

vi. Geology department:

 it is headed by a senior geologist
 carry out core logging
 carry out mapping
 they are total control of exploration

vii. Public relation

 Taking permission for community heads to access land
 Giving financial support to communities
 Coordinate police related issues

viii. Cleaning
 clean the offices and workers room
 carry out laundry and ironing
 clean the environments

ix. IT and communication.

 Make sure satellite phones are available and functional
 Ensure the availability of internet in the camp.
 Control the proper functioning of the company server.

x. Human resources
Implementation of new company policies
Yearly salary implementation

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 Recruitment of staff
Advertisement and contract coordination

xi. Stores
Records all items coming in and out of the camp
Coordinate stores verification

xii. Accounts

xiii. Garage department

Regular maintenance of vehicle, equipment and machinery.
Monthly check up of stores needed in the garage

III. CAMP LAYOUT and CAMP DESIGN

Ensuring good standards in living facilities is important in order to avoid safety hazards and to
protect workers from diseases and/or illness resulting from humidity, bad/stagnant water (or lack
of water), cold, spread of fungus, proliferation of insects or rodents, as well as to maintain a good
level of morale. Living facilities should be built using adequate materials and should always be
kept in good repair, clean and free from rubbish and other refuse.
The camp had a layout such that it had an head office where other departments had their offices
within.

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The camp was made up of the following sectors

1. Administrative block:

2. Leisure, social and telecommunication facilities: for sporting and relaxation activities
3. Canteen, and cooking facilities: A kitchen for cooking food and the canteen section
where workers eat
4. Infirmary: A small clinic where workers are taken care of incase of injury or illness

5. Garage : for repairs

6. Stores: for keeping equipment
7. Laundry area: for cleaning(washing) and ironing workers and staff dresses.
Laundry area

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8. Generator area: where the generator is place.
9. Security office: at the entrance for the security officer.
Security post

10. Accommodation area: for lodging workers

11. Packing space : where all vehicles are parked

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12. Waste management shed: A temporal shed for packing up inorganic waste
13. Toilets: for male and females including wash rooms

14. Laboratory; this is where drying, crushing and preparation of sample for analysis are
being prepared

15. Fuel storage area: for fuel pumps and tanks

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 16. Changing room for workers:

Time office
Server room
17. Water tank.: where water is stored temporally and treated and used.

Special attention to water quality and quantity is absolutely essential. To prevent dehydration,
water poisoning and diseases resulting from lack of hygiene, workers should always have easy
access to a source of clean water.

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IV. EMMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN
 An emergency response plan is a set of written guidelines to protect workers and the
company to avoid risk and to respond fast to emergency
 It is prepared by the senior staff
 It is mandatory to be given to the government.
 It revised every year by the company senior staff
 It must have an emergency number.
 The following are some emergency situations that may arise in the company.
 Illness or injury
 Fire
 Vehicle accidents
 Electrical burns
 Terrorism
 Fatality(sudden death, missing person)
 Disease outbreak
 Intruder(armed men or thieves)
 Physical assault.

V. WASTE MANAGEMENT
Basically there are two types of waste generated in the camp, and there are;
Organic and inorganic waste

Management of organic waste.

 This type of waste includes spoiled food, plant and animal generated waste.
 The waste is collected buried outside the camp in a pit

Management of inorganic waste.

 This is waste that takes a very long amount of time to decompose or does not even
decompose at all.
 In CAMINA this waste is piled in different partitions in a waste dump house…the
different partitions are bottles, plastics, tins etc
 The weight of the waste is measured at the end of the year to show the environmental
worker when they come to cross check the camp.

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  Waste oil is packed and sawdust is sprinkled over or on oil spillage.

VI. Fuel storage at the camp.

 The storage of fuel was away from the buildings in the camp for safety purposes.
 Appropriate quantities of sand piled around or beside the fuel for use during fire
accidents.
 Storage tanks made up of very heavy metal is what is used in CAMINA as a storage
facility for fuels.

VII. Electricity precaution

 The camp has a control panel box to arrest lightening using a lightening arrester.
 The main switch in the company is made known to all workers in the camp
 There is a periodic check up of the electricity line of the company every month.
 The entire camp is well lighted for visibility at night to both the workers and security.
 The camp also has a standby generator which is used during electricity failure.

VIII. Communication system

 There is a continuous supply of internet in the company.
 Satellite phones are also available
 Walk-talky is also made available.

IX. Security
 The camp has security 24 hours round.
 There are security guards to guard the machines and camp
 It also has trained dogs which are released at night for improved security

X. Documentation
 This takes care of issues such as;
 Domestic travel records
 Vehicle usage log stating total kilometers covered and total diesel used.
 Machinery servicing
 Visitor records which includes the time when the visitor came and the time the visitor
left.
 Casual workers and employer record.

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  Record of all items existing in the camp
 Vehicle gate pass
 Report for every incident and its analysis
 Report of monthly safety meetings
 Excel sheet report of all purchases
 Fuel consumption records
 Report of imported drilling and geological items.
 Record of purchase orders
 Petit et cash recording
 Salary sheet record
 Contract papers
 Departmental reports and more.

RECREATION

 It involves providing recreational activities such as sport to the workers

EXPLORATION AND EXPLOITATION METHOD

I. Mapping
Definition: Mapping is the act of analyzing the geological features along an imaginary grid line
so as to depict the occurrence of a mineral deposit in an area.

The geologist gave a short lecture on what interns need to go to the field and how to use a GPS
for mapping which was as follows;

Before going to the field;

 Know your program; have a map showing your start an end point
 Mapping equipments hammer, magnetic pen, compass, GPS, tape, clinometer,chisel.

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Mapping equipment
 Have a guide.

Mapping proper
How to use a GPS.

We were oriented on how to use the GPS

While holding the GPS,

Get to your starting position, it should be a fairly level area , not under a building since building
shield the frequency of satellite transmissions to your GPS, before you put it on.

When the GPS is on ,it begins to receive signals from different satellites. Once it is connected to
3 satellites, it will display the signal strength in bars, then it will give an approximated
geographical position with an estimated uncertainty of 3m which is good…this 3m uncertainty

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insinuate that your position is within a circumference of radius 3m.It also displays the longitude
and latitude of your position and also the altitude above sea level.

 Make sure you set your GPS to either degrees or UTM.

 Having your current location as a point, save the location to Way Point Manager.
 To get to a particular unknown location or point, preselect a route, input the coordinates
of the point into your GPS and save,…
 Use the GPS compass to get direction to the point of interest.
 As you move closer to the point or away from your current point to the new point, the
distance reduces.

The above was used by the students to navigate from the company camp site with location,

Location of camp

32N 0695490

E0400950

To the point on the field where effective geological mapping commenced

At the field we arrived over an exposed rock with bolders spotted around not very large known
as float. A float is loose rock that has been transported

Boulder: medium size rock that is insitu

Outcrop: A large size insitu rock

Outcrop 1

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.the location and elevation of this feature was gotten as;

32N 0695421

E 0401329

Elevation 227m above sea level.

Mapping samples

We chose to map the biggest which was the outcrop starting with;

Geology: geological aspects analyzed here were rock type, grain size, texture and mineralogy.

Type of rock; metamorphic rock due to the alternation of black and white bands

Grain size 1mm

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The black bands could be attracted by a magnetic pen showing that it is magnetic and the white
bands were not attracted by the magnetic pen proving none magnetic.

Mineralogy: quartz, feldspars, biotite, garnet and amphiboles.

Textures: gneissic or granoblastic or coarse grain.

Structures: structures analyzed were; fractures, foliations and lineation.

Fractures: A fracture is a crack in a rock, it can be a close or open fracture depending on

weather the crack is filled or open.

Foliation: This is the alignment of minerals in a rock in a platy many and hence the formations
of different bands with different minerals within a rock.

Lineation: this is the alignment of needle like minerals in a particular direction.

orientation : strike-70ENE

Dip angle-60-700 sub vertical.

Outcrop 2

We were taught on how to get the orientation of a fracture which could be done using the right
hand rule which states that; while facing the strike, your right hand is to the direction of the
dip.The direction on which water flows easily on a foliation plane is said to be its dip’s direction.
and also the foliation plane is the direction to which the foliation sheets slants.

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We saw that it is due to this alignment that part of the rock is magnetic and the other is not.

Existence of the rock

Sedimentary rocks were deposited some time ago and at metamorphism the minerals segregated
into magnetite, quartz, and biotite bands.

It could be possible that magnetite band was an isolated band due to injection or emplacement by
perculative fluids.

Also it could be by segregation due to different temperatures and the fact that garnet is in both
magnetite and biotite gneiss is a prove of segregation.

Next point that was mapped was at location and elevation of;

32N 0695498

E 0400956

Full observation: the outcrop was made up of two rocks with one lying above the other having
significant differences. The overlying rock showed metamorphic characteristic such as foliations,
alternations in black and white bands while the underlying showed igneous properties such as its
massive texture.

Fracture: The fracture had a dip direction of 225WSW.

It was made up of many irregular fractures meaning it was highly fracture. It also had horizontal
fractures perpendicular to the foliation.

Foliation: it had foliations dipping outward, and the upper rock was highly foliated.

Mineralogy: biotite and quartz with medium grains.

The rock here was magnetic but with variations in different parts of the rock, that is from highly
magnetic to non magnetic

While the rock below show igneous characteristics such as

Massive structures

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Fine grain

No fractures or foliations, and a dark grey color which is very much different from the above.

And this was interpreted as a magmatic intrusion which may have been the cause of the
metamorphism of the overlying rock.

Outcrop 3

II. Panning
1) Definition: panning is referred as the process of searching for a heavy mineral through
washing off of soil, examples of such minerals can be gold, sapphires.

The people of ezeka are involved in small scale mining of gold using local methods of
panning such as use of motor pumps, basins, spades to have money just enough to feed their
family .the panning here is carried along an ancient stream bed. This could be known from the
sedimentary lithology of area. The act of panning begins with;

2) Prospecting: This is the act of checking out an area to see whether gold can be gotten in
this area. some of the factors that can confirm the presence of Gold include the presence
of heavy metals or minerals along the stream bed.

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In this area where we studied,

It was a sedimentary where we noticed that there might have been an ancient stream in this area.

And since it’s a sedimentary area, the material in this place was actually showing the lithology of
the stream bed up stream.

Types of soil layers.

Gravel-silt. This layer is the type of layer mostly targeted in the search of gold

Clay-silt:

3) Instruments used in panning;

Spades: use to dig soil or the clay soil containing gold

Hoe: also use to dig the soil

Buckets; use to carry water where there is no use of motor pumps

Basins; use for the washing away of soil; the actual act of panning.

Motor pumps. To pump out water to wash out the the soil

Mesh carpet. Use to trap out the gold from soil due to density.

Iron bar. To trace out where the probability of finding gold is higher that is in areas with a lot of
pebble.

A trough or box: also used for washing out soil to derive gold, actual panning.

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 Act of panning

4) Act of panning
First there is the search for a target soil layer which will probably be the gravel-silt layer.

The soil is dug and placed in an open area.

Washing is done until only the heavy minerals are left in the basin or in a mesh carpet which in
this case is poured back into the basin.

The panning technique

There are different techniques in panning and experience teaches which is best. Those with wide
range experience and much practice can recover the most gold with least effort. It is sometime
said that good panning technique lies in the action of the wrist. After much practice the good
panner should be able to save even the very fine gold that may be nearly but not quite free from
the black sand.
The pan usually is filled level with the top, or slity rounded, depending somewhat on the nature
of the Material being washed and the personal preference of the panner.It is then submerged into
water. Still water 6 inches to 1 foot deep is best. While under water the content of the pan is
kneaded until all clay is dispersed and the lumps of dirt are thoroughly broken. The stones and
pebbles are pick out the fines are washed off. The pan is held flat and unshaken under water to
permit the gold to settle to the bottom. The pan is then tilted and raised quickly still under water
so that the swirling motion is imparted and some of the lighter top material is washed off. This

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operation is repeated, occasionally shaking the pan under water or with water in it until on the
gold and heavy and heavy minerals are left. With proper manipulation, this material concentrates
at the edge of the bottom of the pan. care must be taken so that none of the gold climbs to the
dirt.
Nuggets and coarse colors of gold can now be picked out readily with a tweezer or with
the point of a knife. Cleaning the black sand from the finer gold is more difficult, but can be
carried nearly or entirely to completion by careful swirling of the content as described above
always watching to see none of the colors are climbing towards the lip. This part of the operation
usually is done over another pan or in a tub so that if any gold is lost it can be recovered by
repannning.
The concentrates should be dried and the black sand (composed largely of magnetite) can then be
removed by a magnet or by gently blowing them on a smooth flat surface. Other minerals that
can be found in the gold pan are; pyrites, and mica which are often mistaken for gold by the
novice. Pyrite, which is usually a brassy yellow to white color, will shatter when struck with a
hammer and becomes a black powder when finely ground. Mica, which maybe bright, bronzy
appearing, is distinguished by its light weight and flat, platy cleavage. Both minerals are
common in gold areas. Other minerals that will collect with the gold and black sands because of
high gravity include illmenite, hematite,marcasite, rutile,scheelite,wolframite, zircon, tourmaline,
chromites and cinnabar. If present in sufficient quantity, these latter minerals may have some
significance, although efforts to recover them as by products may be worthwhile.

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 Washing of gold and Gold grains

IV. Drilling
Lectures on drilling were given by Mr. Rene an expert driller due to the fact that the
company had stopped it activities, there was no active drilling so we only had to see the
machines and it parts as the expert explain to us the various parts and its functions

Before he commenced the lectures, he gave the chance for questions and the following questions
were asked by the students;

How does a drill rig functions?

How come that soil can be drilled without mixing?

Which type of drilling was used to recover the core in CAMINA?

Who are those involved in the drilling team?

What angles were used in drilling in CAMINA and why?

Drilling Lectures

What is a depth report sheet? These are some of the major doubts posted by the student to the
driller.

The term diamond core drilling comes from the ‘diamond bit’ drill used during this process. This
drill bit is made up of a group of small, industrial grade diamonds set into a metallic, soft matrix.
As the ground is drilled this matrix will wear away and expose more diamonds.

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The diamond bit is then attached to a drill rod which measures to about 10 feet in length. More
sections of pipe can be attached to the top of the drill rod, allowing greater depths to be drilled as
needed. Therefore, the number of rods attached to the top of the drill rod will determine the
depth that can be drilled. Within the drill rod a core tube is attached to a cable by a latching
mechanism. The core tube is lifted to the surface using the cable to allow for the removal of the
solid core.

Parts of a drilling rig

I. Wire Line Diamond Drilling

There are two primary types of diamond drilling, which include rotary or conventional drilling
and wire line drilling. Rotary drilling is used primarily for bore hole drilling, whereas wire line
drilling is used for solid core sampling.

In conventional drilling, the entire drill string needs to be pulled out of the bore hole for each
drilling cycle. This means that all the drill rods must be removed from the hole and the threads
must be taken apart and rejoined for each core sample.

In wireline core drilling, a piece of equipment called an overshot is sent down the hole to release
and retrieve the inner tube. The overshot and inner tubes are then brought up to the surface using
a wireline hoist, allowing the rods and core bit to remain in the hole. A new inner tube is then
lowered down and locked into place. The wireline method is more efficient and safe.

There are five standard tube sizes associated with wire line drilling:

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  AQ (Hole diameter: 48mm)
 BQ (60mm)
 NQ (75.5mm)
 HQ (96mm)
 PQ (122.6mm)

The drill size used during wire line drilling depends on the desired core diameter and the depth
of drilling. For example, a wider tube diameter will require more power to drive the drilling.

1. Parts of a drill rig and their functions

CAMINA uses principally two types of drilling rigs; Enjectron diamond drilling rig and HR6
drilling rig.

HQ rod

NQ rod

PQ rod

NWS casing rod; it is use to prevent unconsolidated material, soils from falling into the drill hole
in mostly unstable, sandy and fracture zones.

Core barrel: a core barrel is the part that holds the core during drilling. In wireline drilling, the
core barrel contains the following; the inner tube assembly and the outer tube assembly and the
overshot. The inner tube assembly usually contains the head assembly, and the inner tube, the
piece that will actually hold the core sample during drilling.

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Starting barrel made up of the bit, reaming shell, logging adapter coupling and the adapter
coupling.

Spanners of different sizes such as; 5 wrench, 36 spanner, 24 spanner, 28 spanner, shifting
spanner, and the tube spanner.

Power banks; for the Enjectron drilling rig, it uses 3 power banks and each of these power banks
have a pump use as a pressure generator. There are three types of pumps;-gear pump, piston
pump and supply beam pump.

The supply beam pump is of two types RB 25 having a pipe diameter of 40mm and RB 35
having a pipe diameter of 50mm.

Core bit: the core bit cuts the core sample by rotating at a high speed and with certain amount of
pressure being on the ground.

Reaming shell: this part is always attach to the core bit and helps to ream the hole to the desired
diameter.

The base:

The chuck:

Foot clamp jaw :

Derrick:

Water swiver:

Suction:

Chuck and gear box:

Fuel pump:

Core lifter and its case: uses a core chisel to snap the core off and uses the chisel to lift the barrel
out of the ground

Core spring:.

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Pressure pumps: this is use to pump drilling fluids ino the drill string to cool the bit and facilitate
recovery.

Overshot: use to release and retrieve the inner tube.

The operations

Three major operations make up the core drilling cycle: the actual drilling into the ground,
retrieving the core sample from the core barrel, and replacing the equipment with a clean,
lubricated inner tube assembly which will allow you to resume the drilling cycle. These 3 actions
make up a drilling cycle. After each drilling cycle, the bore hole is made deeper by the length of
the core barrel.

While the drilling cycle is underway, drilling fluids are flushed down into the drill string. These
fluids will be under pressure and will flush past the face of the drill bit as it drills, cooling it and
bringing the drill cuttings back up to the surface. When the drill bit starts to wear out, it will no
longer cut well. It will need to be replaced and the entire drill string will need to be removed
from the bore hole. Choosing the right core bit for the type of ground becomes very important in
order to get the longest bit life and reduce downtime.

The core sample

The core is the ultimate goal of this process and there are products that can be added to drilling
fluids to make core recovery easier and extend the life of drilling equipment. For example, these
products can help solidify the sample, stabilize boreholes, lubricate equipment, prevent rust
and reduce torque.

After each drilling cycle, the core sample is stored in a core box and logged with the date and
time and specific location of the drilling. The driller takes note of the depth, core recovery and
any losses. A good driller will know to the inch, the location of his drill bit. This information is
important for the geologist and will help them locate mineral deposits and determine whether the
quantities are large enough for mining.

Lubricants used in drilling.

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Cutting oils

Drill vis

CMR 650 which helps in getting a good core recovery……

Polymer used a the start of drilling.

CaCl mixed with cement for concreting

Practical drilling

For drilling to take place a driller must be contracted.

After the contractor has been contracted he has to take note of the following;

Where the drilling is to take place,

What is to be drilled for example iron

Applications

Diamond core finds its primary function in the exploration mining sector. It is usually one of the
last stages of exploration, during which the orebody is delineated in three dimensions. This will
determine whether the prospect is economically viable. Using a diamond drill rig, long vertical
sections of core can be extracted from deep in the ground which can then be analyzed at the
surface by geologists.

The core can then be analyzed using a wide range of petrologic, structural and mineralogical
techniques to determine whether the potential mining site is economically viable. Extracted core
is first washed and macroscopic features are logged by an exploration geologist. The core is then
cut and representative samples are sent for chemical analysis.

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 4. Sample report sheet

Date __________________Rig no _______________hole no ________angle _____________

Shift______________ contact________________

DRILL RUNS 2 3 4
Size HQ HQ HQ
C/B 0.70 0.70 4.14
Quill 4.60 4.60 4.60
STDS / / 3.00
ODD / / /
TOTAL 5.30 5.30 11.74
Stop 4.20 3,70 3.50
Depth 1.10 1.60 8.24
Previous depth 0.00 1.60 7.62
ADV 1.10 0.50 0.62
Core REC 1.10 0.65 0.35
Gain/loss --- +0.15 -0.27
ODD=A rod added when the previous rod has not drilled through.

V. Core logging.
Core logging is the act of analyzing a core after drilling for different puporses such as ; to
achieve geotechnical data and also for resource definition.

Before beginning logging we went to the core sheds where already logged cores are stored.

Logged cores

We had the following objectives of logging

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For geologist;

To understand the geological environment such as geomorphology and geotectonics

To understand the lithology of area.

To reconstruct the history of the area and get details of the mineralization.

For an engineer;

To ensure that the size, shape and design of the mine dhould be at optimum safety.

To check for fractures, hardness, brittleness, the angle of the fracture in relation the angle of the
mine design

To understand fractures in relation water flow and slope stability.

To understand the method of extraction that will be most suitable for mining.

To understand the mode occurrence, weather dessiminated or in bulk to the fesibility of the
project.

Logging proper

We carried out logging for two purposes;

First we did logging for resource definition whereby we tried to get the depth of the
mineralization, this data helps an as engineer to get orientation, size and shape of the
mineralization.

Since we were dealing with magnetite which posseses magnetic properties , it is attracted to a bar
magnet, the zones of magnetism were our zones of mineralization.

For the drill hole which was logged for resource definition, the result where as follows;

From a depth of 0.8-2.12 was magnetic though it was made up entirely of weathered material.

Some zones had weak magnetic attraction on the magnet showing low levels of mineralization

From depth 2.12-58.38 was highly magnetic showing zones of mineralisation.

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The remaining depth from 58.38-80.04 was unmineralisalised which is list of our interest.

If this logging were to be repeated for other drill holes and this depth of mineralized zones
interconnected using micromine we can successfully have the shape, size and orientation of the
ore body.

We could have successfully defined our resource or ore body.

2. And next we did logging for geotechnical data;

Here we base our focus on the different structures occurring on the core such as fractures, cracks
and foliation, also on the competence of the rock such as brittleness .

The mineralized weatered zone was noticed to be very brittle

In zones of mineralization, we noticed a lot of fractures and most of this fractures have been
infiltrated by percolating fluids.this sones will be easier to extract.

The mineraiised zones had a higher density as compared to the density of the non0mineralised
zone.

From 9.05m we noticed lot of brittleness

From the above data, we can think of the support mechanism needed during the mining process.

The fractures made us to start thinking of the possible means of water control into the mine
through fractures.

With the small portion on the core which contains iron, if every other should contain the same
amount, we conclude that there be no need to mine.

As can be used to determine the total quantity of iron on a core,

A. Core cutting
After logging was done, the core was cut using a cutting machine;

To have core duplicates which will be kept,

Also to get samples for further laboratory analysis.

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The cutting machine used in CAMINA, is made up of a cutting blade which rotates at a rotation
speed of 2800 rotations per minute, as such much care is needed when using it.

Cut cores, cutting blade and cutting machine

VI. Drying and Crushing

This are activities that take place in the company laboratory. All the activities are aimed at
preparing samples for further analysis

The following procedures are followed at the lab;

 The samples brought to the lab are lined up according to depth.

 Each sample bag is emptied into a weighed tray

Two types of sample bags are generally used ; a plastic green bag for weathered samples and a
cotton bag for hard rock

To avoid confusion in handling samples each bag is labeled and placed on the tray containing its
sample.

 The sample in its tray is measured or weighed on a scale

 To have the real weight, we take the weight of the sample in air, minus the weight of the
sample. care and good calculations must be made to achieve the right weight of the
samples.
 In certain cases the sample is dried before weighing is done.

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 Crushing
This samples are crushed using a crusher after they have
been wieghed and making sure to clean the machine after every sample is crushed to avoid any
mixing. The crusher we saw here, crushes samples to 3-4mm. Each sample is sieved into
different sizes using a series of different size range sieves. Four types of sieves were seen here.

Each grain size range gotten from sieving is separated into six equal quantities using a machine

Crushing machine

Quartering machine

A quartering machine divides samples into six equal parts in a maximum of 60seconds

Six cups are place on a rotating base of the machine where the samples are equally divided into
them.

Each cup and its sample are weighed

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3 cups, that is cup 1,3,5 are taken and package to send abroad or to a bigger lab for chemical
analysis depending on the quantity needed while the remaining 3 cups 2,4,6 are kept at the
company as duplicated.

Quartering machine

Here we got to learn that, the reason why different size ranges are send to the lab is to;

Get the grain size with a more quantity of the mineral of interest.

This gives an idea of the grain size range to be crushed during recovery and the type of crusher
to be used in this process.

This is a vital information to maximizing recovery.

Head analysis.

This is the total composition of the samples including the gangue. It can also be referred to as
bulk analysis

Concentrate analysis involves the composition of the mineral of interest without the gangue.

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Problems encountered in the company.

1 DURING DRILLING

 Lack of water which stops or delays the drilling

 A rod being stock in a hole
 Hole collapse
 NWS casing rod being stock in a hole
 Sand entering into rod while drilling in sandy areas.
 Wastage of chemicals when drilling in a water flooded area.
 Damage of drilling equipments cause by rattling due to lack of water in the hole.
 If the beam pump is rotating while the filter is block it hinders water from flowing into
the hole and this is a major problem.
 Shortage of water can cause the bit to burn.
 In some cases the wire line may fall of when the derrick has already been mounted and it
may be impossible to mount it back.

2 DURING MAPPING
-limited number of GPS, compass and clinometers.

This courses were poorly taught in school so practicing from scratch was hard.

3 DURING PANNING
-Lack of equipment.

Limited availability of gold in the area made the activity boring since students were panning and
not seeing the results

The path way to the panning area is quit poor making it a challenging task especially with open
pits filled with water from previous panning

4 DURING LOGGING
-Inability to obtain the strength of moist/fractured cores due to humidity lost.

We never had enough details to do a proper logging

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Recommendation

-Provision of more equipment in order to reduce time spent by many persons on an equipment

The school should provide computer labs and basic equipments such as those needed for panning
and mapping to facilitate studies.

Conclusion

This internship was an interesting experience I learned so many things and saw new places, I had
the opportunity to interact with my mates out of class. It was a success and up to expectation.

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