Research Paper

St.
Anthony’s College
HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
San Jose de Buenavista, Antique 5007
Effect to the Income 1

COVID 19 PANDEMIC; ITS EFFECT TO THE INCOME OF ONLINE SELLERS
Covid 19 Pandemic; Its Effect to the Income of Online Sellers in Patnongon, Antique
__________________________________
A Research Paper
Presented to
Mr. Ralph Jessie S. Canencia & Mrs. Marites S. Albuera
St. Anthony’s College
San Jose de Buenavista Antique
__________________________________
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the
Subject Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion
__________________________________
By:
Bea Orcullo, Celine Heart Imbang, Charles Solis, Fairemae Lawrence Laude, Fearlean
Joy Soriano, Fiona Mae Ervite, Jagwinder Singh Uppal, Maejoy Escanillas, Mary Joy
Sebelleno, Princess Mae Borja
ABM Grade 12 – St. Bernardine of Siena
January 2022

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researchers would like to express their heartfelt and profound thanks to those
who rendered their precious time and effort in making this research possible.
First and foremost, praises and thanks to God, the Almighty, for the bountiful
blessings of strength, perseverance, wisdom, and good health in achieving our goals
despite the difficulties that came along our way.
To our families, for their unending love, understanding and support, for providing
our needs in all aspects, for the motivation, encouragement, pieces of advice, and for
being with us no matter what.
To our teachers in this subject, Mr. Ralph Jessie Canencia & Mrs. Marites
Albuera who unselfishly devoted their time, effort, and expertise in guiding and
motivating us to improve our research paper. For the pieces of advice and comments
which is of great help in making this research paper a success.
To the principal, Mrs. Marites Mejares, thank you for the approval to conduct our
study. Also, to the online sellers in Patnongon, Antique who served as the respondents of
this study, for the permission, cooperation, and support in the gathering of data of this
study.
To those who helped us in enormous and little ways but whose names are not
mentioned above, thank you so much
. To God be all the Glory!!

ABSTRACT
Title: Covid-19 Pandemic; It’s Effects to the Income of Online Sellers in Patnongon,
Antique
School: St. Anthony’s College
Date Published: January, 2022
Strand: Accountancy and Business, Management
Researchers: Mary Joy Sebelleno, Princess Mae D. Borja, Fearlean Joy Soriano, Charles
D. Solis, Fairemae Lawrence P. Laude, Celine Heart J. Imbang, Fiona Mae B. Ervite, Bea
Orcullo, Maejoy Escanillas, Jagwinder Singh Uppal
The study is all about how Covid 19 affects the online selling business of online sellers of
Patnongon, Antique. It aims to provide information about the problems that the
respondents encountered in the midst of Covid 19 pandemic, and how they cope up with
these problems. Patnongon, officially the Municipality of Patnongon, is a 3rd class
municipality in the province of Antique, Philippines. There are many online sellers living
within Patnongon; because the amount of time people spend on the internet and the
popularity of online shopping is growing, more people in Patnongon are deciding to
invest in e-commerce in order to increase their earnings. This kind of business, in this
Pandemic helps many online sellers in Patnongon to gain income and to have money to
buy essential things. It made a great impact to those Patnonganon who don’t have work
or enough money to sustain their families


TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Title Page …………………………………………………………………………. 1
Approval Sheet …………………………………………………………………… 2
Acknowledgement ………………………………………………………………… 2
Abstract ………………………………………………………………………….… 3
Table of Content …………………………………………………………………… 4
Chapter I: Introduction
Background of the Study……………………………….…………………….. 5
Statement of the Problem……………………………………………………... 9
Hypotheses……………………………………………………………………. 9
Conceptual Framework……………………………………………………….. 10
Definition of Terms …………………………………………………..……..... 10
Significance of the Study……………………………………………………… 11
Scope and Limitation of the study………………………………………….…. 12
Chapter II: Review of Related Literature
Covid-19 Pandemic …………………………………………………………. 17
Effects of Covid 19 Pandemic...………………………………………………. 18
Online Sellers………………………………………………………………….. 19
Effects of Covid 19 Pandemic to the Income of Online Sellers………………. 21
Factors That Could Affect Online Selling During Covid-19 Pandemic………. 23


Chapter III: Research Design and Methodology
Research Design ………………………………………………………….. 25
Respondents of the Study ………………………………………………….. 26
Sampling Procedure…………….…………………………………………... 26
Instrumentation…...………………………………………………………… 26
Data Gathering Procedure….……………………………………………….. 27
Statistical Data Analysis….............................................................................. 28
Chapter IV: Presentation, Analyses, and Data Interpretation
Analysis of Questionnaires………………………………………………….. 29
Chapter V: Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendation
Summary of Findings……………………………………………………. . 41
Recommendation………………………………………………………….. 42
Conclusion………………………………………………………………… 43
Appendices………………………………………………………………… 44
References………………………………………………………………… 48
COVID 19 PANDEMIC; ITS EFFECT TO THE INCOME OF ONLINE SELLERS
IN PATNONGON, ANTIQUE
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has created a global
health crisis that had a deep impact on the way we perceive our world and our everyday
lives. (Frontier Media, 2020). Covid 19 pandemic is a phenomena that affects millions of
lives around the world and has spread quickly. To date, countries have depended on
isolation, quarantine, and clinical care of infected individuals to avoid the disease. It
forces people to stay in their own homes and avoid social interaction. It forces people to
follow health protocols to not be contracted with the virus and for the safety of everyone.
Many lives were lost, hospitals are jam-packed with Covid patients, economies shut
downed, and businesses we’re closed. Human activities have been thrown into disarray as
a result of the Covid-19 pandemic. This pandemic has also increased the sense of
philanthropy and brought people closer together in the fight for survival. The outbreak of
the COVID-19 pandemic has rapidly transformed into an unprecedented global economic
and labor market crisis, with severe impact on the world of work in the Philippines.
(Abarcar, P. 2016, Asia Foundation, 2019)


In order to provide their daily needs, people looked for a way to have money. A
way that could help their daily needs while doing it in the comfort of their own homes.
It’s a way of adapting to the needed ways to engage in online selling. In this way,
shoppers are able to buy the things that they want and need and be delivered to their
doors. COVID-19 control measures have had a significant influence on merchants. While
many merchants shuttered their physical storefronts temporarily owing to stay-at-home
orders and enforced non-essential company closures, other online-only retailers saw
better sales. Even if it is not part of its core selection, bringing an essential product (e.g.,
hand sanitizer) into the retailer’s portfolio has substantial benefits: the essential product
helps the company acquire new customers and encourages previously offline-leaning
clients to purchase online. Online shopping is getting more popular as a means of
payment. It also has reasonable prices. Opening an e-commerce store allows for the direct
selling of low-cost products with promotions or discounts, lowering distribution expenses
and thus increasing revenue. It allows for more efficient and straightforward store
management. Because billing, shipments, and orders are handled directly through the e-
commerce platform, they become easier and faster to manage. (Fontebasso, A. 2020,
October 22).
The negative labor market impact of the pandemic is more pronounced among
vulnerable and part-time workers, young people, Overseas Filipino workers, women, and
healthcare and medical workers. Meanwhile, the health system is strained under the
challenge of management of Coronavirus (COVID-19) cases which likely crowd out the
delivery of essential health services. This note, a third note of the series using the

8Coronavirus (COVID-19) Low Income Household Panel and Economic (HOPE)
Survey, investigates the impact of the pandemic on education and health behaviors as
well as other welfare indicators of low-income households in the Philippines.(Cho, Y.,
Avalos, J., Kawasoe, Y., Johnson, D., & Rodriguez, R. 2021).
The study is all about how Covid 19 affects the online selling business of online
sellers of Patnongon, Antique. It aims to provide information about the problems that the
municipality in the province of Antique, Philippines. There are many online sellers living
within Patnongon; because the amount of time people spend on the internet and the
popularity of online shopping is growing, more people in Patnongon are deciding to
invest in e-commerce in order to increase their earnings. This kind of business, in this
Pandemic helps many online sellers in Patnongon to gain income and to have money to
buy essential things. It made a great impact to those Patnonganon who don’t have work
or enough money to sustain their families. (Xuwen, G., Xinjie, S., Hongdong, G., &
Yehong, L.2020, August 20).
It also aims to give awareness to the society that these kinds of businesses also
exist and are also affected by this phenomena. Physical stores are no longer the only way
to succeed in retail. This is demonstrated by the growing number of retailers who now
provide consumers with online store interfaces. With the rise of online shopping comes a
plethora of new market footprint coverage opportunities for retailers who can meet the
needs of offshore markets and provide suitable service. But keep in mind that just

because you start an internet store doesn’t mean you’ll be successful. Being online isn’t
enough for an e-commerce site! E-commerce management involves time, effort, and
commitment.
Statement of the Problem
1. What are the effects of covid-19 pandemic on the income of online sellers in
Patnongon, Antique?
2. Is the income of online sellers in Patnongon, Antique increased during covid-19
pandemic?
Hypotheses
1. If people are shopping more online, then the income of online sellers will
increase.
The income of online sellers in Patnongon, Antique is stable because of Covid 19
pandemic
The Covid 19 pandemic didn’t affect the income of online sellers in Patnongon,
Antique.
2. The income of online sellers in Patnongon, Antique has increased during covid-19
pandemic.
The income of online sellers in Patnongon, Antique has decreased during the
Covid 19 pandemic

Conceptual Framework
Online Sellers Living in Effects of Covid 19

A Patnongon diagram that Pandemic to the Income
shows the
relationship of
the key variables on Covid 19 Pandemic; its Effects to the Income of Online Sellers in
Patnongon, Antique is presented in Figure 1.
Independent Variable Dependent Variable
Figure1. A conceptual framework on Covid 19 Pandemic; Its Effect to the Income of

Online Sellers in Patnongon, Antique.
Definition of Terms
Covid-19. The new coronavirus causes or the most dangerous disease is called
coronavirus disease 2019, or COVID-19 for short.
Effects. A change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause.
Epidemic. The rapid and unexpected spread of a disease within a region.


Income. Is money that a person or a business receives in return for working, providing a
product or service, or investing capital. A person’s income may also derive from a
pension, a government benefit, or a gift.
Online Sellers. Online sellers can sell just about anything. Some, like Ann, design or
create the products themselves. Others sell new merchandise, antiques, or used items, like
books or toys. Starting an online business can be as simple as having something to sell
and access to the Internet.
Online selling. Is now a modern technology that uses around the world not only here in
the Philippines. It is a kind of electronic commerce that helps consumers and costumes to
buy directly and order directly of goods and services from the internet using an
application or web browser. Online selling at present is one of the latest and popular
websites that most Filipino visit and use. You only need Laptops, mobile phones, or
personal computer and internet connection before you can start browsing on the website
of online selling.
Social media. Social media is a computer-based technology that facilitates the sharing of
ideas, thoughts, and information through the building of virtual networks and
communities. The variety of stand-alone and built-in social media services currently
available introduces challenges of definition; however, there are some common features.
Significance of the Study
The results of the study will be a great benefit to the following:


Online sellers - Data given will provide information how to be an effective online sellers.
The results will be give them a strategy and technique for them to grow their business.
Residents of Patnongon Antique - The young users in Patnongon aged between 18 and 25
years old are important to online sellers in their town because they are actively involved
in online purchasing and the other group of online buyers is expected to dominate future
online market.
Also teens wield significant in involving on online shopping because of the trend attire
and to have an aesthetic look. It’s no surprise, then, that most of the teens lead the way on
mobile technology, with a showing that most of the teen access the internet primarily
through mobile phones. That means business like online selling on Facebook which
believe and rightfully.
Researchers - This study will help the researchers to find out what are the effects of
COVID-19 pandemic to the income of online sellers in Patnongon Antique. It will help to
the future researchers because the study can serve as their basis if they will continue the
research about the Income of Online Sellers during this pandemic.
Community - It will help the Online Sellers in Patnongon Antique to know the effects of
COVID-19 pandemic to their income. It will help the Online Sellers in Patnongon
Antique to gain a deeper understanding and know why they do the things they do in this
time of pandemic.

Scope and Limitations of the Study
The study focuses on the Impacts of Covid-19 to the Income of Online Sellers in
Patnongon, Antique. The data collection will be conducted to 30 online sellers in
Patnongon, Antique who will represent the population. The researchers have chosen the
respondents based on who they think would be appropriate for this study. Specifically,
the researchers purposively selected the online sellers who are living in Patnongon,
Antique.
Two groups of subjects were studied. They were the effects of covid-19 pandemic
to the income of online sellers and online sellers living in Patnongon, Antique. The
timeframe will depend greatly on the given time of this subject area.
This study will not cover other problems as not related or consider as one of the
effects of Covid-19 pandemic to the income of online sellers. The respondents are all
given the same questions to complete. The findings of this study will only apply to the
respondents of this survey and will not be utilized as a measure of the effects of online
sellers’ revenue on people who are not part of the study’s population. The questionnaire,
which will be prepared by the researchers, will be the primary source of data.
This study also have weaknesses such as it increases the competition between
online sellers. The buyers cannot see the product in its actual form. The delivery time is
delayed. Some online sellers have problems on their internet connection. There is also
misunderstanding between the seller and the buyer.


This study was a quantitative research utilizing the survey method. A descriptive
design seeks to describe the current status of a variable or phenomenon.
The simple random sampling was employed in the selection of groups. This was
derived as a technique for selecting subjects in such a way that researchers decide the
significant number of respondents within the desired group number for analysis.
Data gathered through the questionnaire was subjected to frequency counts. In
other words, the subjects’ responses for each individual were added together to find the
highest frequency of occurrence. This response to the questions, which are qualified, are
then presented to the tables in percentage forms.
TIME WORK FINISH

August 31, 2021 Brainstorming of title September 6, 2021
proposal
September 7, 2021 Submission of title proposal September 7, 2021
September 9, 2021 Formulation of Chapter 1: September 20, 2021
Background of the study,
Statement of the Problem
and Hypothesis
September 21, 2021 Formulation of Chapter 1: September 27, 2021
Conceptual Framework,
Significance of the Study,


Definition of Terms, and
Scope and Limitations of
the Study
September 28, 2021 Formulation of Chapter 2: October 21, 2021
Review of Related
Literature
October 22, 2021 Submission of Review of October 22, 2021
Related Literature
November 10, 2021 Brainstorming and November 15, 2021
Construction of Survey
Questionnaire
November 12, 2021 Formulation of Chapter 3: November 20, 2021
Methodology
 Validation of
Research Design
 Selecting the
Respondents of the
study
 Formulation of
Sampling Procedure
November 18, 2021 Submission of printed November 18, 2021
copies of Research
Questionnaire and Letter for


checking and approval
November 22, 2021 Actual Conduct of the Study November 22, 2021
November 24, 2021 Making of Raw data and November 26, 2021
Submission
December 8, 2021 Formulation of Chapter 4: January 7, 2022
Presentation, Analysis and
Interpretation of Data
January 12, 2022 Final Defense January 12, 2022
Figure 1. Presenting the Timetable of the Study
CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Covid 19 Pandemic
According to World Health Organization (2021) Coronavirus disease (COVID-
19) is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Most people infected with
the virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without
requiring special treatment. However, some will become seriously ill and require medical
attention. Older people and those with underlying medical conditions like cardiovascular
disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, or cancer are more likely to develop serious
illness. Anyone can get sick with COVID-19 and become seriously ill or die at any age.
The novel human coronavirus disease COVID19 is the fifth documented
pandemic since the 1918 flu pandemic. COVID19 was first reported in Wuhan, China,
and then spread around the world. The coronavirus has been officially named Severe
Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV2) by the International
Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses based on a phylogenetic analysis. SARSCoV2 is
believed to be contagious from an animal coronavirus and later adapted its ability to be
transmitted from person to person. Because the virus is highly contagious, it spreads
rapidly and continues to evolve in the human population. (Yen Chin et al. 2020)
The Philippine response to COVID19 has been described as one of the longest
and most stringent lockdowns in the world. Entire provinces and cities were closed,
mobility was restricted, and the use of masks and social distancing was strictly enforced.
The infractions were punished with punitive measures. The government relied heavily on

the police and military to ensure that order was maintained and all health protocols were
followed. This has led some observers and scholars to label the government’s response
“draconian,” “militarized,” or “police-centric” (Hapal, 2021). With the rapid spread of
pandemic COVID-19 in the Philippines and In whole wide world, people around the
world express panic in various behaviors (Nicomedes and Avila 2020). This affects the
economy of the county, social values, and psychological stress of the people involved
regardless of the directness of contact with the infected.
Effects of Covid 19 Pandemic
Pastor (2020) mentioned that the start of the extreme community quarantine in the
Philippines last March 2020 became the intervention of the government to slow down the
spread of the Coronavirus or more commonly known as COVID-19. The pandemic was
interfering many operations in the world which brought challenges to all affected
countries which includes the Philippines.
Pastor (2020) mentioned this to the sentiment of the Filipinos in the effect of
extreme community quarantine caused by COVID-19 pandemic particularly Luzon. This
sentiment reveals that most of the Filipinos encountered several problems concerning
extreme community quarantine (ECQ) . It is recommended that intervention should be
done bases on the requirement of the Filipinos who encounter problem in the food
shortage and everyone should support to flatten the curve in order for the operations and
life back to normal.


Chakraborty & Maity (2020) mentioned that the COVID-19 pandemic is
considered as the most crucial global health calamity of the Century and the greatest
challenge that the humankind faced since the 2nd world war. The current outbreak of
COVID-19 has affected over 21644111 people and killed more than 146,198, people in
more than 200 countries throughout the world. Till now there is no report of any
clinically approved antiviral drugs or vaccines that are effected against COVID-19.It has
rapidly spread around the world, posing enormous health, economic, environmental and
social challenges to the entire human population. The coronavirus outbreak is severely
disrupting the global economy. Almost all the nations are struggling to slow down the
transmission of the disease by testing & treating patients, quarantining suspected persons
through contact tracing, restricting large gatherings, maintaining complete or partial lock
down etc.
Online Sellers
According to Koo (2018) the cost of data storage, access, and transmission has
decreased dramatically as the economy has become more digital. Platform firms like
Amazon and Airbnb have built online marketplaces that have given individual
entrepreneurs, sometimes known as sellers, unprecedented market access by leveraging
digital technologies. Much of the existing research on digital platforms demonstrates that
platforms can influence seller behavior through a range of reward and punishment
mechanisms, such as search ranking algorithms and surge pricing. However, a significant

portion of the difference in sellers' behavior can be related to characteristics in their local
surroundings, which are outside the platform's control. Many of their behavioral patterns
may be explained by factors such as sellers' cultural conventions, neighborhood
interactions, and legal perceptions. These considerations have a significant impact on
how vendors behave on digital platforms. Their actions, in turn, have a significant
societal impact on a platform's growth trajectory. As a result, both platform designers and
politicians must pay attention to sellers' diverse local surroundings in order to predict
seller behavior, establish appropriate designs, and formulate solid policy.
Internet has become the opportunity for the sellers to add value to their products
and services. The key to attract more consumers and businesses to engage the benefits of
Electronic Commerce (E-Commerce) are the phenomenal growth and rising of the
popularity of the internet. The transactions between parties are electronically rather than
by physical exchanges or direct physical contact. This has transformed the traditional
commerce and enhanced sales and exchanges of products and information. With the click
of mouse the availability of goods and services is changing the global setting (Aldin,
Brehmer and Johansson 2004).
Using a mechanism design framework, Chen et al. (2020) demonstrate how the
live streaming platform can leverage information provision to improve its advertisement
revenue upon traditional position auctions. They develop an analytical framework that
incorporates the main characteristics of online influencers as well as different levels of
consumer sophistication to investigate a firm’s live stream adoption strategy and offer

useful guidance for the firm on quality investment, pricing strategy, and influencer
selection.
E -commerce makes online shopping a common practice they identified five
major factor that influenced the consumer’s intentions to switch from offline to online
channels, which include channel-risk perceptions, price-search intentions, search effort,
evaluation effort, and delivery time. Although Internet users can switch with relative ease
from one Web site to another that provides similar products and services, some
consumers seem to stick with specific Web sites (Gupta et al. 2004).
Effects of Covid 19 Pandemic to the Income of Online Sellers
As the global COVID-19 pandemic grows in reach and breadth, the ramifications
for workers and labor markets become increasingly severe. Even the most cautious
projections of a controlled worldwide outbreak reveal major global macroeconomic
consequences (McKibbin & Fernando 2020). For at least three reasons, online freelancers
are in unstable employment arrangements in general, and the pandemic offers a
particularly difficult scenario for them. First, because they do their business online, they
are more vulnerable to competition (Dunn 2017). Second, freelance employment is
project-based: beyond the specifics of the project’s contract, there is little to no
commitment between the employer and the worker (Wood et al. 2019). Finally, online
freelancers are susceptible in many nations due to their status as independent contractors,
especially during economic downturns.


According to Lau (2020) the prevalence of COVID-19 in low- and middle-
income countries (LMICs) raises severe concerns about effective pandemic response and
preparedness in the setting of compromised health systems and widespread
misinformation. It allows us to study how COVID-19 was perceived by homes in extreme
poverty in the Philippines.
The extant literature has situated the importance of e-commerce platforms that
facilitate virtual interactions and include informative and insightful product information
(Chandna and Salimath, 2018; Li et al., 2020) that consumers might consider to be
economic benefits (Zhang et al., 2017). Such that, firms can increase sales revenue as e-
commerce platforms help leverage existing consumers and attract new ones, build social
groups, and ensure compatibility with legacy systems (Lee et al., 2018), especially in
pandemic periods (Nielsen, 2020a, Nielsen, 2020b). In fact, Covid-19 has disrupted and
changed the business landscape as managers have been thrust into the position of
operating online supplies due to the reduction of in-person contact. However, the
literature has yet to address how e-commerce platforms can benefit both firms and
consumers during the pandemic. As a result, managers who seek to implement online
selling currently have no specific guidance to improve consumer intention for sustainable
consumption over time and circumstance (Guillen-Royo, 2019; Hernant and Rosengren,
2017).
Factors That Could Affect Online Selling During Covid-19 Pandemic


A highly infectious disease caused by a new coronavirus was first found in
Wuhan in December 2019 and quickly escalated into a pandemic, officially termed
COVID-19. To combat the World Health Organization’s declaration of a “public health
emergency of international concern,” a series of interventions and recommendations, like
wearing masks, working from home, social distancing and lockdown, have been issued to
limit physical interactions between citizens. People have accelerated their usage of ICT to
undertake daily tasks such as shopping in order to adapt to the setting of mobility limits
(Nguyen et al., 2021).
Prasetyo and Dela Fuente (2020) mentioned that it is difficult to establish e-
commerce without first understanding the factors that encourage online shopping. E-
commerce must establish the aspects that must be met, as well as the criteria they should
be consistent with. According to a study that looked into online purchasing, the shopping
experience and reasons led to high purchase intent. Another study found that attitude and
a shift in customers’ attitudes toward making online purchases are important aspects of
online purchasing.
According to Tran (2020) the relevance of e-commerce platforms that promote
virtual interactions and contain relevant and insightful product information that customers
may view to be economic benefits. As a result, businesses can enhance sales revenue by
leveraging existing customers and attracting new ones, creating social groups, and
ensuring compatibility with older systems, especially during pandemics. In reality, due to
the loss of in-person contact, Covid-19 has disrupted and transformed the company

landscape. Managers have been forced to operate online supply, which has disrupted and
changed the business landscape.
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY

This chapter introduces the research methodology for this study. This chapter is
concerned with the researcher’s strategy for collecting and analysing the data. This
chapter also encompasses the procedures followed to analysed and interpret the data
gathered. The details of the methodology will be further explained below.
Research Study Design
The study will use survey quantitative research design. In this study, the
researchers will use survey questionnaires and chi square statistics as the main method of
analysis. In addition, the study will put emphasis on presenting the Covid 19 Pandemic;
its effect to the income of online sellers in Patnongon, Antique.
The researchers distributed letter to their research adviser to ask permission to
conduct a survey to the selected online sellers. Questionnaires were made by the
researchers and further be validated before administering. Once survey questionnaires are
validated, it was reproduced to the respondents. After the questionnaires has been
answered by the respondents, the researchers gathered and analyzed the results.
The discussion of detailed step-by-step process of conducting the study will be in
narrative/description form in order to clearly present the purpose of the study which is to
determine the Covid 19 Pandemic; Its Effect to the Income of Online Sellers in
Patnongon, Antique. Also, this will be in narrative/description form for the easy
replication of the methodology by other researchers.

Respondents of the Study
A total of thirty (30) selected online sellers in Patnongon, Antique were the
respondents of the study.
Sampling Procedure
The proponents used purposive sampling to obtain data from the respondents
since the main research objective is to determine the Effect of Covid 19 to the income of
online sellers. A purposive sampling procedure is a non-probability sample that will be
selected based on characteristics of a population in the objective of the study.
Data Gathering Instrument
Research instrument is important in gathering data for analysis. The tool used in
gathering data in this study is a replicated survey questionnaire. A questionnaire that is
easy to understand to be answered by the respondents correctly. It has two parts, Part I is
made up of Yes/No questions pertaining to the income of online sellers during Covid-19
Pandemic. Part II is also made up of Yes/No questions but pertaining to the effects of
Covid-19.

The questions were then given to the respondents in the form of Google Forms as
the pandemic forbid the face to face conduction of the survey. Moreover, the
questionnaire was constructed by the researchers themselves and was validated by the
subject teacher of this course. Items that were accepted were considered and used in the
instrument whereas, items that were rejected undergone modification or revision.
Data Gathering Procedure
Prior to the conduct of the study, the researchers observed certain procedures. The
researchers distributed letter to their research adviser to ask permission to conduct a
survey to the selected online sellers. Questionnaires were made by the researchers and
further be validated before administering. Once survey questionnaires is validated, it will
be reproduced to the respondents. The researchers designed, constructed, and validated
the survey questionnaires then distributed thirty one (30) copies of the survey
questionnaire. After data gathering, the researchers collected it for analyzing and
interpreting the results.
Data analysis procedure


Frequency. This was used to determine the number of respondents who belong to each
category of variables.
Percentage. This was used in determining the proportion of respondents belonging to
each category of variables.
Standard deviation. The standard deviation was used to measure how spread out the data
values is around the mean.
Mean. The mean was used in determining the views of the respondents on the effects of
Covid 19 to the Income of Online Sellers.
Chi Square Test. This was utilized to examine the differences between the categorical
variables.
CHAPTER 4
PRESENTATION, ANALYSES AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter comprises the data analysis, presentation, and interpretation of the
findings resulting from online sellers in Patnongon, Antique. The main objective of this
study is to identify the effects on the income of online sellers in Patnongon, Antique.
Presented data were studied and documents were examined to answer the questions
communicated in the statement of the problem. A quantitative study and survey were
conducted. The data collection techniques were based on questionnaires and
observations. The analysis and interpretation of data are carried out in one phase. The
first part, which is based on the results of the questionnaire, deals with a quantitative
analysis of data.
Analysis of Questionnaires
Data analysis is the process of separating data into smaller and manageable parts
to find meaningful answers to the research questions and objectives and disseminate the
findings.
The questionnaires were given to thirty (30) online sellers in Patnongon, Antique.
Twenty-seven (27) female online sellers are equivalent to 90.3% and three (3) male
online sellers are equivalent to 9.7%.
Data gathered through the questionnaire was subjected to frequency counts. In
other words, the subjects’ responses for each question were added together to find the
highest frequency of occurrence. These responses to the questions, which are quantified,

are then presented in percentage forms. This analysis is presented in tabular form. The
researcher uses tables containing a variable and in some cases, combines two or more
variables in a single table.
Table No. 1 representing the distribution of Respondents.
Variables F %
A. Entire Group 30 100%
B. Sex
9.7%
Male 3
Female 27 90.3%
Table 2: Covid-19 Pandemic; Its effect on the income of online sellers in Patnongon,
Antique
Questions f Rank %
Did this Pandemic teaches you to be responsible? 30 1 100%
Have you gained any lessons during this Covid-19
Pandemic? 29 2.5 96.77%

Have you ever dreamed to be a successful business
man/woman trough online selling despite of 29 2.5 96.77%
Covid-19 Pandemic?
Have you gained stress and other mental illness
because of the Pandemic? 27 4 90.32%

Does Covid-19 Pandemic challenged you to be a

competitive online seller? 26 5.5 87.10%
Do you think that your business will survive this
pandemic? 26 5.5 87.10%

Do you have any difficulties in transacting
payments between you and your costumers? 24 7.3 80.65%

Did the Covid-19 Pandemic made you lose interest
of the things you use to love or do? 24 7.3 80.65%

Does Covid-19 Pandemic affects you as an online
seller? 24 7.3 80.65%

Does Covid-19 Pandemic affect your sales in
online selling? 23 10 77.42%

Did the Pandemic helped you to increase more of
your usual income? 18 11 61.29%

Did Covid-19 Pandemic made your income
decreased? 16 12 54.84%
Has your income increased since the Covid-19
pandemic started? 14 13.5 48.39%

Does your income this month increase compared
last month? 14 13.5 48.39%

Have you thought of planning to stop your online
business because of your income? 13 14.5 45.16%

Are you satisfied of your income as an online
seller when Covid-19 started? 13 14.5 45.16%

Have you ever thought of stopping your online
business because of Covid-19 Pandemic? 12 16 41.94%

Do you think that your income can sustain the
needs of your family? 10 17 35.48%

Are you triggered from your other competitors
because of their success despite of the Pandemic? 9 18 32.26%


Do you have other businesses besides online
selling that can add more to your income? 7 19 25.81%
Table 3: Covid-19 Pandemic; Its effect on the income of online sellers (female) in
Patnongon, Antique
Questions f Rank %
Did this Pandemic teaches you to be responsible? 27 1 100%
Pandemic? 26 2.5 96.43%

man/woman trough online selling despite of 26 2.5 96.43%
Covid-19 Pandemic?
because of the Pandemic? 25 4 92.86%

competitive online seller? 24 5 89.29%

pandemic? 23 6 85.71%


seller? 22 7.3 82.14%

online selling? 20 10 75%


your usual income? 16 11 60.71%
decreased? 14 12 53.57%
pandemic started? 13 13.5 50%

business because of your income? 13 13.5 50%

business because of Covid-19 Pandemic? 12 15 46.43%

last month? 12 16.5 42.86%

Are you satisfied of your income as an online seller
when Covid-19 started? 12 16.5 42.86%

needs of your family? 9 18.5 32.14%

because of their success despite of the Pandemic? 9 18.5 32.14%

selling that can add more to your income? 6 20 21.43%
Table 4: Covid-19 Pandemic; Its effect on the income of online sellers (male) in
Patnongon, Antique
Questions f Rank %
online selling? 3 1.17 100%

last month? 3 1.17 100%


Pandemic? 3 1.17 100%
Did this Pandemic teaches you to be responsible? 3 1.17 100%
pandemic? 3 1.17 100%

man/woman trough online selling despite of 3 1.17 100%
Covid-19 Pandemic?

needs of your family? 2 7.10 66.67%

your usual income? 2 7.10 66.67%

Are you satisfied of your income as an online seller
when Covid-19 started? 2 7.10 66.67%

decreased? 2 7.10 66.67%

selling that can add more to your income? 2 7.10 66.67%

because of the Pandemic? 2 7.10 66.67%


seller? 2 7.10 66.67%

competitive online seller? 2 7.10 66.67%

pandemic started? 1 17.5 33.33%


because of their success despite of the Pandemic? 1 17.5 33.33%

business because of your income? 0 19 0%

business because of Covid-19 Pandemic? 0 19 0%
The scale below shall help in determining the right description to the resulted mean
and standard deviation of the chi square test.
Mean and Standard Deviation Description
15.01- 20.00. Excellent
10.01- 15.00. Good
5.01- 10.00. Fair
0.00-5.00. Poor
Number of Observed Expected ( O−E )2

E
Questions Frequency (O) Frequency (E)
1.Yes 24 20.05 0.78
No 6 9.95 1.57
2.Yes 25 20.05 1.22
No 5 9.95 2.46
3.Yes 15 20.05 1.27
No 15 9.95 2.56
4.Yes 15 20.05 1.27
No 15 9.95 2.56

5.Yes 10 20.05 5.04
No 20 9.95 10.15
6.Yes 19 20.05 0.05
No 11 9.95 0.11
7.Yes 14 20.05 1.83
No 16 9.95 3.68
8.Yes 14 20.05 1.83
No 16 9.95 3.68
9.Yes 17 20.05 0.46
No 13 9.95 0.93
10.Yes 8 20.05 7.24
No 22 9.95 14.59
11.Yes 29 20.05 4
No 1 9.95 18.1
12.Yes 13 20.05 2.48
No 17 9.95 5
13.Yes 27 20.05 2.41
No 3 9.95 4.85
14.Yes 24 20.05 0.78
No 6 9.95 1.57
15.Yes 25 20.05 1.22
No 5 9.95 2.46
16.Yes 10 20.05 5.04
No 20 9.95 10.15
17.Yes 30 20.05 4.94
No 0 9.95 20.05
18.Yes 27 20.05 2.41
No 3 9.95 4.85
19.Yes 26 20.05 1.77

No 4 9.95 3.56
20.Yes 29 20.05 4
No 1 9.95 18.1
Table No.5 presenting the results using Chi-Squared Test as the Statistical Tool
Mean and Standard Deviation Description
15.01- 20.00. Excellent

10.01- 15.00 Good
5.01- 10.00. Fair

0.00-5.00. Poor
Table No. 6. Rating Scale using Chi Square
Based on all statistical information reflected on the tables provided, it is evident
that the majority of subjects, who took part in this study, confirm that this Pandemic
teaches them to be responsible. They tended to rank highest because of the number of
checks equivalent to its frequency and percentage. The study also expresses that the least
of online sellers have other businesses besides online selling that can add more to their
income.
The study also expresses that the least of online sellers have other businesses
besides online selling that can add more to their income. The study show how online
seller engaged there self in online selling, the table also helps us to identify the income of
online seller during this pandemic. The table also tell us the rank and percentage of each
question according to our respondents.

CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary of Findings
The study is all about how Covid 19 affects the online selling business of online
sellers of Patnongon, Antique. It aims to provide information about the problems that the
municipality in the province of Antique, Philippines. This study is sought to answer the
following questions:
1. What are the effects of covid-19 pandemic on the income of online sellers in
Patnongon, Antique?
2. Is the income of online sellers in Patnongon, Antique increased during covid-19
pandemic?
3. The income of online sellers in Patnongon, Antique has increased during covid-19
pandemic?
4. The income of online sellers in Patnongon, Antique has decreased during the
Covid 19 pandemic?
A total of thirty (30) selected online sellers in Patnongon, Antique were the respondents
of the study. This study will not cover other problems as not related or consider as one of
the effects of Covid-19 pandemic to the income of online sellers. The respondents are all
given the same questions to complete. The findings of this study will only apply to the
respondents of this survey and will not be utilized as a measure of the effects of online
sellers’ revenue on people who are not part of the study’s population. The questionnaire,
which will be prepared by the researchers, will be the primary source of data.
Recommendations
1. The researchers recommend that online sellers in Patnongon, Antique should adapt to
the new normal of online selling.
2. The researchers recommend that the online sellers could improve their online selling
especially in their area.
3. There is need for some improvement of the online sellers especially in their marketing
strategy.
4. The questionnaires can serve as guide to the future research in similar fields on the
effects of Covid 19 pandemic to the income of online sellers.


Conclusion
This research was conducted to know the effects of Covid 19 pandemic to the income of
online sellers in Patnongon, Antique. This study enables to understand and put emphasis
on how covid 19 pandemic affects the lives of online sellers. The researchers conclude
that Covid 19 pandemic has greatly affected the income of online sellers and made them
adapt to the new platform of selling.
Appendices:
Appendix 1
Survey Questionnaires

This survey questionnaire aims to determine the Covid 19 Pandemic; Its Effect to the
Income of Online Sellers in Patnongon, Antique.
The following statements are related to the Covid 19 Pandemic; Its Effect to the Income
of Online Sellers in Patnongon, Antique. Read each statement carefully and check (/) the
box that corresponds to your answers.
Name (Optional): ________________________

Sex: _____ Age: _______
Address: ___________________________________________
I. We would like to know more about your income during Covid-19 Pandemic.
STATEMENTS YES NO
1) Does Covid-19 Pandemic affect your sales in online selling?
2) Do you have any difficulties in transacting payments between you

and your costumers?
3) Has your income increased since the Covid-19 pandemic started?
4) Does your income this month increase compared last month?
5) Do you think that your income can sustain the needs of your family?
6) Did the Pandemic helped you to increase more of your usual income?
7) Have you thought of planning to stop your online business because of

your income?
8) Are you satisfied of your income as an online seller when Covid-19

started?
9) Did Covid-19 Pandemic made your income decreased?
10) Do you have other businesses besides online selling that can add
more to your income?
II. We would like to know the effects of Covid-19 to you.


STATEMENTS YES NO
1) Have you gained any lessons during this Covid-19 Pandemic?
2) Have you ever thought of stopping your online business because of

Covid-19 Pandemic?
3) Have you gained stress and other mental illness because of the
Pandemic?
4) Did the Covid-19 Pandemic made you lose interest of the things you
use to love or do?
5) Does Covid-19 Pandemic affects you as an online seller?
6) Are you triggered from your other competitors because of their

success despite of the Pandemic?
7) Did this Pandemic teaches you to be responsible?
8) Does Covid-19 Pandemic challenged you to be a competitive online

seller?
9) Do you think that your business will survive this pandemic?
10) Have you ever dreamed to be a successful business man/woman

trough online selling despite of Covid-19 Pandemic?
Appendix 2
Letter to Respondents
November 19, 2021

High School Department
Dear Respondents:

We are the Senior High School students of Grade 12- St. Bernardine of Siena,
we’re inviting you to participate in our online research survey entitled “ Covid 19
Pandemic; Its Effect to the Income of Online Sellers in Patnongon, Antique.“
In regards, we are asking for your precious time and effort to answer all the questions that
are important and helpful for the completion of the study.
Your participation on this online survey is completely voluntary. The data collected will
remain confidential and be used solely for academic purposes.
Thank you very much in advance for your cooperation!
Respectfully yours,
MARY JOY F. SEBELLENO

Group Leader
Noted:
RALPH JESSIE S. CANENCIA

Research Adviser
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St.

Effect to the Income 1

Mr. Ralph Jessie S. Canencia & Mrs. Marites S. Albuera

St. Anthony’s College

San Jose de Buenavista Antique

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the

Subject Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion

Sebelleno, Princess Mae Borja

ABM Grade 12 – St. Bernardine of Siena

Effect to the Income 2

despite the difficulties that came along our way.

being with us no matter what.

which is of great help in making this research paper a success.

mentioned above, thank you so much

. To God be all the Glory!!

Effect to the Income 3

School: St. Anthony’s College

Date Published: January, 2022

Strand: Accountancy and Business, Management

these problems. Patnongon, officially the Municipality of Patnongon, is a 3rd class

popularity of online shopping is growing, more people in Patnongon are deciding to

or enough money to sustain their families

Effect to the Income 4

Title Page …………………………………………………………………………. 1

Approval Sheet …………………………………………………………………… 2

Table of Content …………………………………………………………………… 4

Background of the Study……………………………….…………………….. 5

Statement of the Problem……………………………………………………... 9

Definition of Terms …………………………………………………..……..... 10

Significance of the Study……………………………………………………… 11

Scope and Limitation of the study………………………………………….…. 12

Chapter II: Review of Related Literature

Covid-19 Pandemic …………………………………………………………. 17

Effects of Covid 19 Pandemic...………………………………………………. 18

Effects of Covid 19 Pandemic to the Income of Online Sellers………………. 21

Factors That Could Affect Online Selling During Covid-19 Pandemic………. 23

Effect to the Income 5

Research Design ………………………………………………………….. 25

Respondents of the Study ………………………………………………….. 26

Data Gathering Procedure….……………………………………………….. 27

Statistical Data Analysis….............................................................................. 28

Chapter IV: Presentation, Analyses, and Data Interpretation

Chapter V: Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendation

Effect to the Income 6

COVID 19 PANDEMIC; ITS EFFECT TO THE INCOME OF ONLINE SELLERS

Background of the Study

The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has created a global

(Abarcar, P. 2016, Asia Foundation, 2019)

Effect to the Income 7

many merchants shuttered their physical storefronts temporarily owing to stay-at-home

clients to purchase online. Online shopping is getting more popular as a means of

selling of low-cost products with promotions or discounts, lowering distribution expenses

Effect to the Income 8

well as other welfare indicators of low-income households in the Philippines.(Cho, Y.,

Avalos, J., Kawasoe, Y., Johnson, D., & Rodriguez, R. 2021).

these problems. Patnongon, officially the Municipality of Patnongon, is a 3rd class

popularity of online shopping is growing, more people in Patnongon are deciding to

Yehong, L.2020, August 20).

Effect to the Income 9

Statement of the Problem

2. Is the income of online sellers in Patnongon, Antique increased during covid-19

The income of online sellers in Patnongon, Antique is stable because of Covid 19

Effect to the Income 10