Atomic Structure 1

Subatomic Particles
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Atomic Structure 1
Subatomic Particles
Introduction

What these
images reflect ?
Introduction

Hi, imagine that

you have entered
into the cosmos
for a second.

Do you know what our

scientists are doing round
the clock around the
globe? They are searching for
the known and unknown
things in the cosmos i.e.,
universe.
Introduction

The most striking feature

of research is to search for
the invisible matter.

..
Introduction

The early thinkers speculated on

the idea that matter was made up
of extremely small particles with
characteristic properties.
Introduction

The reason is that if they were able to Matter Atoms

Particles
Molecules
subdivide any sample of matter into
smaller and smaller pieces, they would
ultimately come to a particle so small
that further subdivision could be
humanly impossible.
Origin Of The Word Atom

⮚ The word atom has been derived from the Greek word ‘a-tomio’ ,which
means uncut-able or non-divisible.
Earlier Efforts

What is the first theory of matter

that has sound scientific base?

Dalton’s atomic theory

(1808) describes that,
“The atom is the ultimate
particle of matter”.
Earlier Efforts

What is Dalton’s atomic theory on

matter?

Atoms are indivisible

and no other particle of
matter exists as small
as atom.
Subatomic Particles

What are the smaller particles present in atom called?

Subatomic particles

Which experiments led to the point that atom is not the ultimate but it is
divisible further and contains subatomic particles in it ?

1) Discharge Tube Experiments

2) Faraday’s Laws of Electrolysis
3) Artificial Radioactivity All of these
Subatomic Particles

What are the subatomic particles discovered initially?

1) Electron

2) Proton

3) Neutron

Answer : All of these

The scientist behind the smallest particle of matter is…
a) J.J. Thomson
b) Rutherford

c) R. A. Millikan

d) John Dalton
Subatomic Particles

Before going into the details of discovery of electron, we need to keep in

mind a basic rule:

“Like charges repel each

other and unlike charges
attract each other”.
Subatomic Particles

Discovery of Electron

⮚ Michael Faraday studied the discharge of

electricity in partially evacuated tubes known as
cathode ray discharge tubes. Michael Faraday

⮚ The electrical discharge through gases is observed only at very low

pressures and high voltages.

⮚ The pressure of the different gases is adjusted through vacuum

pump by their evacuation.
Cathode Rays

To vacuum pump
Cathode Anode
+
-

High voltage
A CATHODE RAY DISCHARGE TUBE

A cathode ray tube is made of glass

containing two thin pieces of metal
called electrodes sealed in it.
Cathode Rays

⮚ When sufficient high voltage is applied across the electrodes, current

starts flowing through stream of particles moving in the tube from
negative electrode (cathode) to the positive electrode (anode).

⮚ These are called cathode rays or cathode ray particles.

⮚ In the absence of electric field or magnetic field, cathode rays or cathode

ray particles travel in straight lines.
Cathode Rays

To vacuum pump Perforated

anode
Fluorescent
Cathode (-) (+) Anode screen

- +

High voltage

Cathode rays discharge tube

with perforated anode
Cathode Rays

⮚ The flow of current from cathode to anode can be checked by making a

hole in the anode and coating the tube behind the anode with a
phosphorescent material (zinc sulphide).

⮚ These rays after passing through anode strike the zinc sulphide screen.

⮚ As a result, a bright spot develops on the screen. (The same principle is

involved in Television set)
Cathode Rays

⮚ In the absence of electric or magnetic fields, cathode rays or cathode

ray particles travel in straight lines.

⮚ In the presence of electric or magnetic fields, the behaviour of cathode

rays is similar to that of negatively charged particles called electrons.
Cathode Rays

⮚ The characteristics of cathode rays: They (electrons) do not depend

upon the material of electrode and the nature of the gas present in the
cathode ray tube.

⮚ The basic constituents of all atoms are electrons.

⮚ Cathode rays are made up of particles as they rotate a light frictionless

paddle wheel.
Cathode Rays

⮚ Cathode rays come out at right angles to the surface of cathode and
the direction of emission does not depend upon the position of anode.

⮚ Cathode rays are not formed in evacuated discharge tube.

⮚ Cathode rays ionize the gases indicating (proving) that they are
charged.
Cathode Rays

Charge to mass ratio (e/m) of electron

J.J Thomson
In 1897, British physicist J.J Thomson measured ratio of electric charge
(e) to the mass of electron (me) by using a cathode ray tube and applying
electric and magnetic fields mutually perpendicular as well as to the path
of electrons.
Cathode Rays

Electric
Cathode field
+
A
_
B

+ _

Anode Magnetic
field
Fluorescent
screen
Cathode Rays

The amount of deviation of particles from their path in the presence of

electrical or magnetic field depends on…
a) Magnitude of the negative charge on the particle:

Greater the negative charge, greater is the

interaction with electric or magnetic field.
Thus, greater is the deflection.

b) Mass of the particle:

Lighter the particle, higher is the

deflection.
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