Opening Letters

Formal style 
Dear Sir or Madam,
To Whom It May Concern:

Question
I am writing to inquire about…
I would like to express my concern about …
I am writing to express my interest in …

I am writing in connection with…

I am writing to inform you that…

Informal 
My dear friend

Closing Letters
Formal style (To someone you have not met, whose name you don’t know)
Yours faithfully,

- I look forward to hearing from you soon.

- Looking forward to hearing from you
-
- I look forward to receiving your reply”.
- If you have any further queries about the information presented/project
proposed, please do not hesitate to reach out via social media or this
email address.
-  I am expecting to hear from you soon...........

I look forward to your cooperation (I want smth to be done)

I look forward to working with you (work together on project)

I look forward to seeing/ meeting you.

Semi-formal (To someone you may or may not have met, whose last name you know)
Yours sincerely,
- I hope to hear from you soon.
-  I am eagerly waiting for your response............

Informal (To someone you know well, whose first name you know and use)
Best regards, See you around
 Best wishes, See you soon
Warm wishes, Take care
Yours truly Cheers
Many thanks,
Lots of love
All the best

Complain
I am writing to express my dissatisfaction about ….
I am writing to you to express my dissatisfaction about the poor service provided by
your airline

ฅ^•‫^•ﻌ‬ฅ ฅ^•‫^•ﻌ‬ฅ ฅ^•‫^•ﻌ‬ฅ ฅ^•‫^•ﻌ‬ฅ ฅ^•‫^•ﻌ‬ฅ ฅ^•‫^•ﻌ‬ฅ ฅ^•‫^•ﻌ‬ฅ ฅ^•‫^•ﻌ‬ฅ ฅ^•‫^•ﻌ‬ฅ ฅ^•‫^•ﻌ‬ฅ

Opinion Essays
1) Introduction

 Paraphrase the question

 Give your opinion
 State two supporting reasons

2) Main body paragraph 1

 Topic sentence – outline 1st reason for supporting this view

 Explanation – explain this idea
 Example – give an example or expand the idea

3) Main body paragraph 2

 Topic sentence – outline 2nd reason for supporting this view

 Explanation – explain this idea
 Example – give an example or expand the idea

4) Conclusion

 Summarise opinion and key reasons

  PAY ATTENTION TO:
 1. VOCABULARY
 2. USE COLLOCATION (do a favor, make a difference, take a chance)
 3. USE PHRASAL VERBS (come closer, go missing, get started)
 USE CLAUSE (as I have to, since unless, so that, though)
 USE IDIOMS (as Kill two birds with one stone, Let the cat out of the bag, Call it a day)
 USE CONTRAST, TRANSITION, CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB (as

 4. SENTENCE TYPES:
Simple Compound Complex

The prisoner escaped
The boys went to the park
The prisoner and his friend The prisoner and his friend
escaped escaped but were later
caught
The boys went to the park, Because the boys went to
but they didn’t go to the zoo the park , but they didn’t go
to the zoo

 Question

IDIOMS
Cut off from the world – отрезан от всего мира
- Breaking my head over smth --- не могу понять
- That's the last straw ------- это последняя капля
- it/he/she winds me up = made my blood boil --------- заводит меня, бесит меня
- drives me nuts ------ сводит меня с ума
- It gets on my nerves ------- действует мне на нервы
- An arm and leg ------ очень дорого
- Over the moon ------- крайне счастлив, доволен
- on top of the world
- over the moon
- like a dog with two tails
When his first child was born, Isaac was like a dog with two tails.

- One in a blue moon / Once in a lifetime ------- (шанс) раз в жизни

- piece of cake ------- очень легко
- bite my tongue ------- промолчал, не сказал
I wanted to tell him exactly what I thought of him, but I had to bite my tongue.

- Every cloud has a silver lining ------- в каждом плохом есть что-то хорошее
- spitting image ------- выглядит одинаково
- working/racing against the clock -------- время работает против меня, Я НЕ УСПЕВАЮ!
не хватает времени
It's now become a race against the clock.
- In the red -------- не хватает денег
- Out of the blue -------- вдруг, внезапно
- Give me the green light -------- если вы мне позволите
- Day and night -------- постоянно
- passed the finals with flying colours --------- сдал на отлично
- Learn by heart --------- запомнить наизусть
- Better late than never ---------- лучше поздно чем никогда
- Practice makes perfect --------- дело мастера боится, повторение - мать
учения.
- miss the boat --------- упустишь шанс

- last resort -------------- в самую последнюю очередь

https://leverageedu.com/blog/idioms-with-examples/

https://www.ef.com/wwen/english-resources/english-idioms/

Transitional words. Lining words

To Show Time. after, afterward, always, as soon as, at last, at once, briefly, eventually, finally,
immediately, in the meantime, in the past (or future), last, later, meanwhile, next, never, now, often,
once, promptly, sometimes, soon.
To Provide a condition. If, in that case, provided that, unless.
To Show Place. above, among, around, at this point, behind, below, beside, beyond, down, forward,
from, here, in front of, inside, nearby, next to, on, on the other side, opposite, over, through.
To Add An Idea. again, also, and, as well as, besides, for one thing, further, furthermore, in addition
to, last, likewise, more, moreover, next, similarly, too. correspondingly, equally, in a similar way, in
like manner, in the same way, likewise, similarly, apart from this
To Illustrate or Explain an Idea. for example, for instance, in other words, in particular, namely,
specifically, such as, that is, thus, to illustrate. In other words, namely, simply put, specifically, that
is, that is to say, to clarify, to put it another way
To Compare or Contrast Ideas. but, even so, conversely, differently, however, in contrast, in spite
of, in the same way, nevertheless, on the contrary, on the other hand, still,yet, in comparison, even
though, however, in contrast, nevertheless, nonetheless, on the other hand, on the contrary
To Show a Result. accordingly, as a result, consequently (вследствие этого, в результате), for that
reason, hence, then, therefore, thus.
To Empasize an Idea. above all, especially, indeed, in fact, most important.
To Summarize an Idea. as has been noted, finally, in brief, in other words, in short, on the whole, to
sum up.
Obvious truth. Certainly, naturally, no doubt, obviously, to be sure, undoubtedly, without any
doubt,
accordingly (соответственно, таким образом)
not to mention (и разумеется) = let alone the fact
F for
A and = also, furthermore, moreover, in addition.
N nor .
B but = however, nonetheless, nevertheless.
O or = on the other hand.
Y yet = however, nonetheless, nevertheless.
S so = consequently, therefore, thus, as a result.

Common Conjunctive Adverbs (Transitional Words and Phrases)

Also Furthermore Moreover Still

As a result Hence Nevertheless Then
At the same time However Next Thereafter
Besides In addition Nonetheless Therefore
Certainly Incidentally Now Thus
Consequently Indeed On the other hand Undoubtedly
Finally Instead Otherwise
For example Likewise Similarly
Meanwhile
Using Commas, Semicolons, and Colons Within Sentences
Commas (,)
Rule: Use a comma between two independent clauses BEFORE and, or, but, for, so,
yet, nor.
Example: I have painted the entire house, but she is still working on sanding the floors.
I am going home, and I intend to stay there.
I eat spaghetti, but she eats pizza, and she hates my dog.
Rule: Do not put comma if you have only one clause (one subject and verb pair)
Example: I have painted the house but still need to sand the floors.

Semicolon (;)
Rule:  No conjunction between two independent clauses
Example: I have painted the house; I still need to sand the floors.
I am going home; I intend to stay there.
I love my dog; she hates my dog.
Rule: When you use a conjunctive adverb, put a semicolon (;) or period (.) before it and
a comma (,) after it.
Example: We have many different sizes of this shirt; however, it comes in only one
color.
The baby fell asleep; then, the doorbell rang.
The law does not permit drinking and driving anytime; otherwise, there
would be many more accidents.

I eat dinner with my mother and her friend, John; moreover, we always eat a
very healthy dinner
I eat dinner with my mother and her friend, John, and we always eat a very
healthy dinner

Rule: Do not put semicolon, but period when conjunctive adverb is between two
clause.

 Example: I woke up very late this morning. Nevertheless, I wasn’t late to school.

 They returned home. Likewise, I went home.

Colon (:)
Rule: Use colon when second sentence clarifies the first sentence.
Example: We have set this restriction: do your homework before watching television.
(а именно?)

Connecting two clauses

We plan to stay for another year; however, Peter is leaving now.

Some writers are now treating  however,  therefore, moreover  and  furthermore  as
conjunctions and just using a comma.
We plan to stay for another year, however Peter is leaving now.
  As intensifiers or for emphasis
We, however, do not agree with the verdict.

However as a conjunction. You can also use however as a conjunction to mean ‘by

whatever means’.
I don’t care however you do it, just get it done.