CHAPTER 4: ACQUACULTURE

What is Aquaculture? Aquaculture is the farming of aquatic organisms, including fish, mollusks,
crustaceans and aquatic plants. Farming implies some form of intervention in the rearing process
to enhance production, such as regular stocking, feeding, protection from predators, etc. Farming
also implies individual or corporate ownership of the stock being cultivated. For statistical
purposes, aquatic organisms which are harvested by an individual or corporate body which has
owned them throughout their rearing period contribute to aquaculture, while aquatic organisms
which are exploitable by the public as a common property resources, with or without appropriate
licenses, are the harvest of fisheries.

TYPES OF AQUACULTURE SYSTEM:

(SYSTEMS AND SPECIES)
Farming systems are also
diverse for example
including:
.
1. Water-based
Systems
You sent
Water-based systems include enclosures,
pens, cages and rafts, and are usually
situated in sheltered coastal or inland
waters. ... Extensive to semi-intensive
aquaculture systems produce the bulk of
aquaculture products.

2. LAND-BASED SYSTEMS
Land-based systems comprise mainly ponds,
rice fields, and other facilities built on dry land.
Ponds are the most common of all aquaculture
systems, and range from small, rudimentary, gravityfed facilities to large geometric ones, constructed
using machines and with sophisticated water
management regimes.
Carps and tilapias, both widely cultivated fish
species, are commonly grown in freshwater ponds,
whereas shrimp and finfish tolerant to more saline
waters are cultivated inbrackish water ponds.
3. RECYCLING SYSTEMS
Recirculating aquaculture systems
(RAS) operate by filtering water from the
fish (or shellfish) tanks so it can be reused
within the tank. This dramatically reduces
the amount of water and space required to
intensively produce seafood products.

4. INTEGRATED FARMING SYSTEM

Integrated fish farming combines fish,
swine, poultry, and vegetable production.
Chicken coops and pens for pigs and ducks can
be constructed on the dikes or above the ponds.
Fresh animal manure thus enters the pond
directly, hastening the growth of natural food
organisms for the fish being cultured in the
pond.

VARIOUS AQUATIC ORGANISM ARE GROWN IN DIFFERENT WAYS:

1.FISH
- A limbless cold-blooded vertebrate animal with gills and fins and living wholly in water. Ponds,
Polishing Ponds, Integrated Pond System.
2. SEAWEEDS AND MACRYOPHYTES
- "Seaweed" is the common name for
countless species of marine plants and algae
that grow in the ocean as well as in rivers,
lakes, and other water bodies
Macrophytes are aquatic plants
growing in or near water. They may be either
emergent (i.e., with upright portions above
the water surface), submerged or floating.

3. MOLLUSKS
- Mollusk, also spelled Mollusc, any soft-bodied invertebrate of the phylum Mollusca, usually wholly
or partly enclosed in a calcium carbonate shell secreted by a soft mantle covering the body

KIND OF MOLLUSK:
CLAMS
SNAILS
SQUID
OYSTERS
SCALLOPS
OCTOPUS
4. CRUSTACEANS
- Mollusk, also spelled Mollusc,any soft-bodied invertebrate of the phylum Mollusca, usually wholly
or partly enclosed in a calcium carbonate shell secreted by a soft mantle covering the body.
KIND OF CRUSTACEANS:
BRANCHIOPODA
- BRINE SHRIMP
MAXILLOPODA
- COPEPOD
- BARNACIES
OSTRACODA
- OSTRACOD
MALACOSTRACA
- CRAYFISH
- SAND HOPPER
- PRAWN
- MANTIS SHRIMP
- KRILL
- CRAB

VARIOUS TYPES OF CULTURAL PRACTICES ARE CARRIED OUT IN EACH OF THESE

DIVISIONS IN AQUACULTURE:
1. MARICULTURE
2. FISH FARMING
3. ALGACULTURE
4. INTEGRATED MULTI-TROPHIC AQUACULTURE
5. INLAND POND CULTURE
6. RECIRCULATING SYSTEM
7. OPEN-NET PEN AND CAGE SYSTEM
8. FLOW-THOUGH/RACEAWAY

1.MARICULTURE
- Mariculture is aquaculture that involves the use of seawater. It can either be done next to an ocean,
with a sectioned off part of the ocean or in ponds separate from the ocean but containing seawater all
the same.

2. FISH FARMING
- Fish farming is the most
common type of aquaculture.
It involves the selective
breeding of fish, either in
freshwater or seawater, with
the purpose of producing a
food source for consumption.
Fish farming is highly
exploited as it allows for the
production of a cheap source
of protein.

3. ALGACULTURE
- Algaculture is a type of aquaculture
involving the cultivation of algae.
Algae are microbial organisms that
share animal and plant
characteristics. They are sometimes
motile like other microbes, but they
also contain chloroplasts that make
them green and allow them to
photosynthesize just like green
plants.

4. INTEGRATED MULTI-TROPHIC AQUACULTURE (IMTA)

- IMTA is an advanced system of
aquaculture where different
trophic levels are mixed into the
system to provide different
nutritional needs for each other.
Notably, it is an efficient system
because it tries to emulate the
ecological system that exists in
the natural habitat.
5. INLAND POND CULTURE
- This usually involves inland artificial
ponds of about 20 acres in size and
about 6-8ft deep. It is common to see
aeration systems connected to the
pond, to introduce air into the ponds.
This enhances the supply of oxygen
and also reduces ice formation in the
winter season.

6. RECIRCULATING SYSTEM
- This involves a closed set of chambers
(units) where fish is kept in one and water
treatment kept in another. It is highly
dependent on the power supply, as water
has to be pumped constantly through the
fish chambers. As water flows through the
treatment chamber, particulate matter is
filtered out and air introduced. This closed
system controls the salinity, temperature,
oxygen and anything that can cause harm
to the fish.

7. OPEN-NET PEN AND CAGE SYSTEM

- Open-net pen and Cage systems are
often found offshore and in
freshwater lakes. Mesh cages of
between 6 and 60 cubic feet (pens)
are installed in the water with the fish
inside it. With a high concentration of
fish in the pens, waste, chemicals,
parasites and diseases are often
exchanged in the immediate water
environments.

8.FLOW- THOUGH/RACEAWAY
- This is a system made of long units stocked
with fish. The units have feeding stations
attached to them. Water is diverted from
flowing water and fed into the raceway units
flowing downstream. Down the end of the
unit, waste is collected and disposed of.
Raceways are common for culturing trout

LESSON 2: IMPORTANCE OF FISHERY ARTS IN THE ECONOMIC GROWTH OF THE

COUNTRY

OBJECTIVES OF AQUACULTURE:
1.Production of protein rich, nutritive, palatable and easily digestible
human food benefiting the whole society through plentiful food
supplies at low or reasonable cost.
2. Providing new species and strengthening stocks of existing fish in
natural and man-made water bodies through artificial recruitment and
transportation.
3. Production of ornamental fish for aesthetic appeal.
4. Recycling of organic waste of human and livestock origin.
5. Production of Industrial Fish
6. Land and Aquatic Resource Utilization
a. Maximum resource allocation to aquaculture to optimal utilization.
b. Increasing standard of Living by maximizing profitability.
c. Creation of production surplus for export.
7. Providing means of sustenance and earning livelihood and monetary profit
through commercial and industrial aquaculture.
8. Production of bat-fish for commercial and sport fishery

IMPORTANCE OF AQUACULTURE:
Today, fish provides more than one billion poor people with most of
their daily animal protein. Fish provides nutrients and micronutrients that are
essential to cognitive and physical development, especially in children, and
are an important part of a healthy diet. As an affordable animal source of
protein in some of the poorest countries, fish is the primary source of
nutrition, creating growing demand for this staple. However, fish supplies are
failing to meet demand and there are major shortages in some critically poor
countries where they are needed most
Improving the productivity of fisheries and aquaculture is vital to
reducing hunger and poverty for millions in the developing world.
A sustainable approach to fisheries and aquaculture will help to protect
our natural resources and ensure that fish stocks are available for future
generations. Currently, overfishing, ineffective management practices,
industrial development and agricultural pollution have reduced fish stocks.
"Fish provides more than one billion poor people with most of their
daily animal protein."