MARI

NEENGI
NEERI
NGANDCONTROLSYSTEMS–I
I

MODULENO1–I
CENGI
NES

1. Thewor dEnginehasrootsint heLat

inword` I
ngenium`meaningt alentor
devi
ce. Thewor dengineintechni
calter
msi sdefi
nedasadev i
cethatconv erts
powerinsomef or
mi ntomoti
on.Hav i
ngsaidthi
swewoul dconfi
neourselvest oa
scopeappli
cabl
ef oraship. Thusinourappli
cati
onEnginemeansadev icet hat
conver
tsheati
ntomot i
on.Theheatcouldcomefrom di
ff
erentty
pesofmat erial
s.

2. HEATENGI NE 
-Engi
neswhi
chconvert
sheatener
gyi
ntomechani
calmoti
on.
 
Heatengi
nesar
eusual
lyt
hePri
memovers.Ther
earetwomai
ntypesofengi
nes:
-

(a) ExternalCombustion Engine (EC Engine) -Engines i

n whi ch t
he
combust i
onoff uelwhichisdirectl
yori ndi
rectl
yr esponsi
blefordriv
ingthe
engine,t
akespl aceoutsi
detheengi ne. Theperfectexampl eofthistypeof
enginewoul dbet hesteam t
urbines,wherefuelisbur ntinaboi l
er,andthe
steam producedfrom t
heboil
erisusedfordrivi
ngtheTur bi
ne.

(b) I
nter
nalCombust i
on Engine ( I
C Engine)
  
-Engi
nes in whi ch the
combustion of f
ueltakes place withi
nt he engine are cal
led Inter
nal
Combust i
onEngi
nes. 
Simplici
tyinenginedesi
gn,operati
onalcosts,andfuel
economyar ewhatmakest heseenginesmorepopularandef fi
cientthanEC
Engines.

3. Mostoft hecontemporaryshi
psuseI Cenginesandthi
siswher
eourfocus
wouldbe. TheI Cenginesarealsoclassi
fiedonmanypar amet
ersvi
zFueltype,
numberofstrokesi nacy cl
e,typeofpiston,si
ngleacti
ngordoubl
eacti
nget c.
Succeedi
ngparagraphsdef
inethesecat
egoriesbr
ief
ly.

I
GNI
TIONSYSTEM

4. Thei gniti
onsy stem canbeoft wot ypesi .
e.Compr essionIgnit
ionEngi nesand
Spar
kIgni ti
onEngines.
 
(a) Compr ession-I
gni t
ion Engines ( CIEngi nes)-You ar e awar e oft he
combi negasl awobt ainedbycombi ningBoy le`
sLawandGay -
Lucasl awi .e.
P1V1 P2V2 P2V2T1
= t
herefore T2 = . I fthe compr ession r ati
oi s
T1 T2 P1V1
i
ncr eased in an I C engi ne such t hatt he T2 t emper at
ure exceeds t he
aut oi
gniti
ont emperature,thefuelinject edint hehigh-temperatureairwi l
lauto
O O
-i
gni t
e.Theaut oignit
iont emper at
ureofDi eselis210 C,Gasol i
ne-280 C,
Bunkeroi lCNo6-407OCandt hatofLNGi s540O C. Theseengi nesdonot
requireanyi gnit
ionsy stem.Thef uelisi nj
ectedinat omisedformt hr
oughan
i
nj ectorattheinstantigniti
onisdesi red.

(
b) SparkIgnit
ionEngi
nes(SIEngi
nes) 
-Intheset
ypesofengi
nes,the
i
gni
ti
oni
sini
ti
atedbytheSpar
kPlug,whi
chproducesaspar
kattheinst
ant
 i
gni
ti
onisdesir
edt oi
gnit
ethefuelwithi
nthecy
linder. 
Allpet
rolengi
nesused
i
nautomobil
esar eanexampleoft hi
st y
peofengi ne.Intheseengines,t
he
f
uelmixedai
risfedtothecyl
i
nderthroughacarburetor
.

5. Bot hSIenginesandCIengi nesareint

ernalcombustionengi
nesandboth
makeuseofl
i
quidfuels. Ther
eareanumberofdiff
erencesbetweent
hetwo.Tabl
e
bel
owshowsmajordif
ferencesbet
weenSIandCIengines.

S.
no Par
amet
er SIEngi
ne CIEngi
ne

Iti
sanenginei
nwhicht
he Iti
sanengi nei
nwhi chheatof
sparki
susedtobur
nthe compr essedai
risusedtoburn
1. Def
ini
ti
on fuel
. thefuel.

Diesel
orot
herheavyf
uels
suchasbunkeroi
lC6areused
2. Fuelused Pet
rol
isusedasf
uel
. asfuel.

Operat
ing
3. cycl
e I
toper
ateson 
Ott
ocy
cle. I
toper
ateson 
Diesel
cycl
e.

Compressi
on Lowcompressi
onr
ati
o. Hi
gh 
compr
essi
onr
ati
o.14:
1
4. rat
io 10:
1to14;
1 t
o25:
1

Lesst hermal effi

ciency.
Ty picall
y30%- 35%f or
aut omot iveengi ne.Lar geship
engi nescanhav eef fici
encyas
highas50%i fall t
hewast e
heatr ecov er yopt i
onsar e
depl oyed.Theor eti
cal l
imitof
Highthermal
eff
ici
ency. ther mal effi
ci encyis51. &%i fa
Thermal About45%bestlevel engi neoper atesonr eversibl
e
5. eff
ici
ency reached cor notcy cle.

Thesparkplug 
i
susedt
o Fuel
-i
nject
edautoignit
esdue
Met
hodof producesparkf
ort
he tohi
ght emperatur
eresul
ting
6. i
gni
ti
on i
gniti
on. fr
om compr essi
onofair.

Low-speedengi
nes.Ot
herthan
automobil
eandsome
Engi
ne High-
speedengi
nes excepti
onsspeedi
sbelow
7. Speed gener
all
y1000RPM+. 1000RPM

Pressur
e Lowpressur
eisgener
ated Hi
ghpr essur
eisgener
ated
8. generat
ed aft
ercombusti
on. af
tercombustion.

Constant
parameter
duri
ngpower
9. str
oke Const
antv
olumecy
cle. Const
antpr
essur
ecy
cle.

10. I
ntake Ai
r+f
uel
.
Onl
yai
r.Fuel
isi
nject
edatt
he
 poi
nti
gni
ti
oni
sdesi
red

Weightof
engi
ne Si
engi
nehasl
esswei
ght
. CIengi
nesar
eheav
ier
.

Noi
se
12. pr
oduct
ion I
tpr
oducesl
essnoi
se. I
tpr
oducesmor
enoi
se.

Pr
oducti
on
of LessHy dr
ocar
boni
s Mor
ehydrocar
bonispr
oduced
13. hy
drocar
bon produced. t
husmorepoll
uti
ng.

Thestar
ti
ngofSIengi
nei
s Thestart
ingofCIengi
nei
s
14. St
art
ing easy
. di
ff
icult
.

Maint
enance
15. cost Low Hi
gh

Vi
brati
on
16. pr
oblem Less Ver
yHi
gh

Costof
17. engi
ne Lesscost Hi
ghcost

Vol
umet o
18. powerr
ati
o Less Hi
gh

19. Fuelsuppl
y Car
bur
etor I
nject
or

Usedforlowpower Veryhighpowerrat
ingi
s
appl
icat
ionsgener
all
ybel
ow possibl
e,lar
gestmari
nedi
esel
20. appl
icat
ion 1000HP engineis109,
000HP

OPERATINGCYCLES.
 
6. Ot t
oCy cle whichisal
soknownas ConstantVolumeCombust ionCy
cle-I
tis
thest
andardcyclethatisemploy
edinPet
rolenginesi
.e.ourcarengi
nes.

Ott
oCy cl
eExplanat
ion:-Ott
ocycl
ecanbefour
-str
okeortwo-
str
okecycle.Thefour
-
st
rokecycl
eisexplainedwithr
efer
encet
oPressurevsVol
ume( PV)di
agram.Inthe
i
deali
sedprocessstepsare:
-

(a) I ntake St
roke. is perfor
med by an i
sobari
c(const
ant pr
essure
process)wher ei
nt heairint
akepor toftheengi
nei sopenwhi l
ethepiston
trav
elsf r
om toptobottom fi
ll
i
ngt hecyl
i
nderwit
hair.Attheendofthestr
oke,
theintakeportcl
oses.St ep0-1inP-Vdi
agram

(b) Compr essionSt r

oke. Post closure of intake por
tt he pi st
on
mov esupcompr essingtheairinan adiabati
c compression1-
2  st
roke.Atthe
endofthestrokef ueli
si gni
tedthusr aisi
ngthepr essurest
ep2—3.Thr ough
thecombusti
onoff uel
,heati
saddedi naconst antvolume(i
sochori
cpr ocess)
process

(
c) PowerSt
roke. Thi
sist
hewor
kst
rokewher
eint
heheatener
gy
 t
ransl
atesi
ntoworkbyanadiabati
cex
pansi
onprocess 
3-4 
str
oke.ThePist
on
i
smov edf r
om toptobottom duetothepressureofgasesandt hegas
t
emperatur
efal
lsint
heprocess.

(d) Exhaustst roke. Att heend oft hepi ston tr

avelto maxv ol
ume
posi
tiontheexhaustpor
topensandt hepr essureinstantl
yfal
lsstep4-
1.The
cycl
ei sclosedbytheexhaust1-
0  
stroke,characteri
zedbyi sochor
iccool
ing
andisentr
opicde-
compressionpr
ocesses.

7. DI ESELCYCLE i saCONSTANTPRESSURECOMBUSTI ON CYCLE -itisa

standardcy cl
ewhi chisempl oy
edi nslow-speedDi eselengines.Thef ourstrokes
areexplainedwi t
hr ef
erencetothedieselcy cl
eP-Vdi agr
am.Thebasi cprocessis
si
mi l
art o Otto cyclei.
e.Compr essi
on,Power ,and Exhaustst r
okes. Theonl y
di
f f
erenceist hatattheendoft hecompr essionst rokef ueli
si nj
ect
edforaf ini
te
durati
oni nwhi chthepistonmov esdownt husthev olumeincreasesbutpressure
doesnotdr op,step2-3ont hedi
agram.

8. DUALCOMBUSTI
ONCYCLE  I
tisal
socal
l
edmi
xedcy
cleorCONSTANT
PRESSUREANDCONSTANTVOLUMECOMBUSTI ONCYCLE.I tisacombinationof
bothOt t
ocy cleandDi eselcy cl
e. Themai nf eatureoft hi
scy cleisthatfuelis
i
njectedj ustbeforet
hepi stonreachesTDC( advanceanglegener al
lyoftheorderof
1to4degr ees,t
hust herei sv er
ysmallvolumechangewhi chisneglected)thef uel
i
gnitesatTDCt husr ai
singt hepressur
ewhi lev ol
umei sconst antstep2-3ont he
diagram.Ast hepistonst artsmov i
ngdownmor ef ueli
sgetti
ngaddedt huskeeping
thepr essureconstantwhi l
ev ol
umei si
ncr easingst ep3-4ont hediagram.Restof
thepr ocessissameasdi esel orOtt
ocycle.

9. I nt
ernal combusti
on engines can also be classi
fi
ed on the basis
of 
Str
okes or 
Cycl
es.Thebasi
cprocessofengi
nehasfol
l
owi ngst
epsi
rr
espect
iveof
thest
rokes;-

(
a) Fi
l
li
ngt
heEngi
neCy
li
nderwi
thFr
eshAi
r–I
ntakeSt
roke
(
b) Compr essi
ngtheai rsomucht hatthefuelv
aporswhichar
ecomi ngi
n
contactwiththiscompr essedairwhichi
snowatanel evat
edtemper
atur
edue
tocompr essionigni
tes.Compr essi
onStroke
c)Co
( mbust
ionoff
uel
d)E
( xpansi
onofhotgasesPowerSt
roke
e)Th
( eexhaustoft
hesegasesaf
termov
ingt
hepi
stonExhaustSt
roke
10. FourStrokeEngines 
-Anenginet
hatrequi
res4st
rokesofpi
stoni.
e.2times
upand2t i
mesdownt ocompleteonecycl
e,isaFourSt
rokeEngi
ne.Expl
anat
ionof
thi
shasbeencover
edintheprecedi
ngsect
ion.

11. TwoSt r
okeEngine 
-Anenginethatrequi
res2st r
okesofpist
oni.
e.1t
imeup
and1timedowntocompl et
eonecy cl
e,isaTwo- Str
okeEngine. ThePVdiagr
am
andbasi
cdi
agram ar
eshownbelow.Thepr ocessstepsare:
-

(a) West ar
tfr
om poi
nt2onPV,ast
heengi
neappr
oachesBDCmostof
theworkhasbeendoneandexhaustpor
topens(EPO). Thegasesar
e
exhaust
ed.
 (
b) Soonaf t
erEPOthei
nletpor
t(I
PO)al soopensper
mit
ti
ngfr
eshai
rtof
il
l
t
hecyl
inderar
ea. Thepi
stonpostr eachingBDC commencesit
supward
j
our
ny.

(c) Ast hepi

stonstar
tsmovingupfir
stt
heinl
etportcl
oses(
IPC)andsoon
ther
eaf
ter t
he exhaust por
t also cl
oses and the compressi
on cycl
e
commences.

(d) Justbef or
ereachingTDCt hefueli
sinjected(FVO)whichautoignit
es
aspistoni
satTDCt hei
njecti
onprocesscont
inues( t
il
lFVC)andast hepist
on
mov esdownt hepowerst r
okecommences,ef fecti
vepoweristransfer
redto
theshaftt
il
lexhaustportopens.

ADVANTAGESOF4STROKEENGI
NE:
- ADVANTAGESOF2STROKE
ENGI
NE:-
Mor etorque:-I
ngener al
,4stroke
enginesal waysmakeext ratorquethan Si
mpl edesign&construct
ion:
-It
2st r
okeengi neatlowRPM.Al though2 doesn’thaveval
ves.I
tsimplyhas
strokedonesgi vehighertor
queat i
nlet&out l
etpor
tswhichmakesi t
higherRPM buti thasalottodowi t
h si
mpler .
fueleffi
ciency.

Morefueleffi
ciency:-4strokeengi
nes
havegreaterf
uelef fi
ciencythan2 Morepower f
ul:
-In2st r
okeengi ne,
str
okeonesbecausef ueli ev
sconsumed eryalternatest r
okeispower
onceevery4str okes. str
okeunl ike4st rokedonein
whichpowerget sdeli
veredonce
Lesseevery4str
okes&alsoasnooi
lor every4st rokes.Thi sgi
vesa
l
ubri
canti
saddedt ot
hefuel
;4str
oke si
gnificantpowerboost .Al
so,the
engi
neproducesl
esspol
luti
on. accelerati
onwi llbehigher&power
deli
verywi llbeuniform dueto
Moredur abil
it
y:-Weal lknowt hatmore samer
eason.
theengineruns, quickeri
twear sout.2
str
okeengi nesar edesignedforhigh Positi
ondoesn’tmatt
er :
-2st roke
RPM.I fanengi necangof or10000 enginecanworkinanyposi tionas
rpm’sbeforeitwear sout;a4st roke l
ubr i
cati
onisdonethrought he
enginewith100r pm wil
lrunfor100 meansoff uel(
asthef uelpasses
minutesthant heother2st rokeengine bythroughwholecyli
nder&
whichhasahi gherr pm of500&wi l
lrun crankcase)
.
foronly20mi nutes.

Noextr
aadditi
onofoil
:-Onlyt
hemovi ng
par
tsneedlubr
icat
ioni
ntermediat
ely
.
Noextr
aoilorl
ubri
cantisaddedtofuel.

DISADVANTAGESOF4STROKE
ENGINE:
-

Compl i
cateddesign:
-A4st rokeengi
ne DISADVANTAGESOF2STROKE
hascompl exval
vemechani sms ENGINE:
-
operated&controll
edbygear s&chain.
Alsotherearemanypar t
st oworry Lessf ueleffi
ciency :
- Forev er y
aboutwhichmakesi tharderto al
ternatepowerst roke, fuelgets
tr
oubleshoot. consumedev eryalter natest r
oke.
Thismakest heengi nel essf uel-
Lesspower ful
:-Aspowerget sdel
ivered effi
cientalthoughi tr esultsin
onceev ery2r otati
onsofthe uniform pow er del
ive ry .
crankshaft(4st r
okes),
hence4st r
okei s
l
esspower ful. Oiladdi ti
on coul d be expensi ve:
-
Two- str
okeengi nesr equir
eami x
Expensive:-Af our-
str
okeenginehas ofoilinwi tht heair-fuelmi xtureto
manymor epar tsthan2strokeengines. l
ubr i
catet he Pi st
on,cy li
nderand
Sot heyoftenr equi
rerepai
rswhich crankshaftar ea.
l
eadst
ogr
eat
erexpense.

Crankshaft
,connect
ingr
odandcyli
nder
wall
s.Theseoilsmayemptyyour
pockets.

Mor epoll
uti
on:-2str
okeengine
producesalotofpollut
ion.The
combust i
onofoiladdedinthemi xt
ure
createsalotofsmokewhi chleadstoair
poll
ution.

Wast ageoffuel
:-
 Someti
mest hefresh
chargewhichisgoingtoundergo
combust i
ongetsoutalongwiththe
exhaustgases.Thisl
eadstowast ageof
fuel&alsopowerdeliv
eryoftheengi ne
get
saf
fect
ed.

Impropercombustion:-Theexhaust
gasesoftengettr
appedi nsi
det he
combustionchamber .Thismakest he
fr
eshchar gei
mpure.Ther ef
or e
maximum powerdoesn’ tgetdeliver
ed
becauseofimproperincompl ete
combustion.
 Speci
fi
cEnt
ropy
Temp e
Theer
na
t
rot
u
p r
yce
a-
nen
be t
r
maop
deiy
ntDi
oaa
n 
ig
nt
er
a
nms
si
ve,
or–T
  -
specs
i
fi
cD
,i
v
aar
ig
ar
ba
l
e ms
bydi
vi
dingbyt
he
mass.Engi neer suset hespeci ficentropyi nt her mody namicanal ysismor ethant he
I en
ngenertro
alp
,y
t itse lf
.T he spe
hephasesofasubst ci
ficentropy (
s
anceandt) o f
hera s
elub
atis t
anc
onshie isi
psbett
s en t
weenirop
ty p
spre run
operi
tt
ima
esarss
e.I
t
equals
mostcommonl tot h e t
o tale
yshownon ntrop
pr y(S
oper)
tdiv
ydii
dedb
agr y t
ams.Alhe to
artalma ss (m).
genumberofdi f
ferentpr operti
es
hav es=
b S
ee/
ndmef i
ned, andt herear esomedependenci esbet weenpr oper ties.
A Temper at ure-ent ropydi agram  (
T-sdiagr am)i st hetypeofdi agr am mostf requent l
y
usedt oa
whern
e:alyze ene rgytransfer syst
e m cycle s.I
t  i
s usedin t
he r
mo d y
n ami cs t
o
visualizechangest otemper atureandspeci fi
cent ropydur i
ngat her mody nami c
processorcy cle.
s=speci ficent r
opy( J/kg)
Thisi sbecauset he wor k 
donebyoront hesy stem andt he heatadded  t
o
or r
e mov
S= ee
n d
t 
rf
or
pom(
y t
Jh
)esy stem canbev i
sualizedont he T-sdiagram.Byt hedef ini
tionof
entropy ,t
he  heat  
transferredt oorf r
om asy stem equal sthe areaundert heT- s
curve oft hepr ocess.
m =mass( kg)
dQ=TdS
An isent r
opi cpr ocess isdepi ctedasa  verticalline  onaT- sdiagram, wher easan
i
sot hermal processi sahor izontalli
ne.Inani dealizedst ate,compr essi oni sapump,
compr essioni nacompr essorandex pansioni nat ur bi
near eisent ropicpr ocesses.
Ther eforeiti sv eryusef ul i
npowerengi neer ing,becauset hesedev icesar eusedi n
thermody nami ccy clesofpowerpl ants.
Not ethat, t
hei sent ropicassumpt i
onsar eonl yappl icablewi t
hideal cycles.Real
thermody nami ccy cleshav einherentenergyl ossesduet oineffi
ciencyofcompr essors
andt urbines.

T-
sdi
agr
am ofRanki
neCy
cle
Entr
opyquant ifi
est heener gyofasubst ancet hatisnol ongerav ai
labletoper form
usefulwor k.Becauseent r
opytellssomuchaboutt heusef ul
nessofanamountof
heattransferredi nper f
or mingwor k,
the steam t ables 
includevaluesof  
specific
entr
opy  (s=S/ m)aspar toftheinformationt abulated.
Ingener al
,speci fi
cent ropyisapr opert
yofasubst ance, l
ikepressure,temper ature,
andv olume, buti tcannotbemeasur eddi rectl
y .Normal l
y,theentropyofa
substancei sgi venwi threspecttosomer eferencev al
ue.Forexampl e,thespeci f
ic
entr
opyofwat erorst eam isgivenusingt her eferencet hatthe 
specificentropy  
of
wateris zero at 0.01°C and normalatmospher icpressur e,wheres=0. 00kJ/ kg.
Thef actthatt heabsol utev al
ueofspecif i
cent ropyi sunknowni snotapr oblem,
howev er,becausei ti
st hechangei nspeci fi
cent ropy(∆s)andnott heabsol ute
val
uet hatisimpor tantinpracticalpr
oblems.
 

Compar
isonBet
weenI
dealandAct
ualDi
eselCy
cle.

12. I nanidealDieselcycl
e t
hereareal otofassumpt ionsthatthegasi sperf
ect,
eachev enti
sinst
antaneousandt herearenol osses.Howev er
,i ntheactualDi
esel
cycle,t
herearemanyl ossesassociat
edwi theachpr ocess.Foranact ualcycl
e,the
shapeoft hepVdiagram issi
milartotheideal,butthearea(wor k)enclosedbythepV
diagram i
salwayslessthantheidealval
ue.Thei deal Di
eselcycleisbasedont he
foll
owingassumptions:

(
a) Cl
osedcy cle:Thel ar
gestdi
ff
erencebetweenthetwodiagramsisthe
si
mpl i
fi
cati
onoft hei nt
akeandexhauststrokesint
heideal
cy cl
e.I
ntheexhaust
str
oke,heatQout 
i
sej ectedtotheenvi
ronment(inareal
engi
ne, t
hegasleavesthe
engineandisreplacedbyanewmi xt
ureofairandf
uel)
.

(
b) I
sobar
icheataddi
ti
on.I
nreal
engi
nes,
theheataddi
ti
oni
snev
eri
sobar
ic.

(
c) Noheatt ransfer
-Compr ession–Thegasi scompressedadi
abatical
lyfr
om state1tost at
e
2.Inrealengines,t
herearealwayssomeineff
ici
enciesthatreducethermal
eff
ici
encye. g.heatl
oosduet ocool
ingwatercir
culat
inginthejacketto
keepthecy l
inderli
nertemperat
ureunderl
imits.

-Expansi
on.Thegasex
pandsadi
abat
ical
l
yfr
om st
ate3t
ost
ate4.

(
d) Compl
etecombust
ion 
oft
hemi
xtur
enounbur
ntf
uel
leav
est
hesy
stem.

(
e) Nopumpingwork.Pumpingworki
sthediff
erencebet weent heworkdone
duri
ngexhaustst
rokeandtheworkdoneduri
ngintakestroke.Inrealcy
cles,
ther
eisapressur
ediff
erencebet
weenexhaustandinletpressures.

(
f) Noblowdownloss.Bl
owdownlossi
scausedbytheearl
yopeningof
exhaustv
alves.Thi
sresul
tsi
nalossofworkout
putduri
ngtheexpansi
onstr
oke.

(
g) Noblow-byloss.Thebl
ow-bylossi
scausedbyt
hel
eakageofcompr
essed
gasest
hroughpistonri
ngsandothercr
evi
ces.

(
h) Nof
ri
cti
onall
osses.

13. Thesesi
mpli
fyi
ngassumpti
onsandlossesleadtothefactt
hatt
heencl
osedar
ea
(wor
k)oft
hePVdi
agram f
oranactual
engi
neissignif
icant
lysmall
ert
hant
hesizeoft
he
area(work)encl
osedbythePVdiagr
am ofthei
dealcycl
e.I
notherwords,t
heideal
enginecycl
ewi l
lover
est
imat
ethenetworkdonebyaround20%(simi
larl
yasinthecase
ofOt t
oengine)
.

14. Rotar
y Engi
ne(
WankelEngi
ne). Thi
sty
pe ofengi ne has been used i n
aut
omobi
l
esonlytheyuseOtt
ocy cl
ebutdonothav eanyr eciprocatingpi ston.
These engi nes gi ve 3 power
pulses per r evol
ution of t he
tr
iangularr
otatingpar tactingasa
pi
st on.Theseengi neshav ev ery
hi
ghpowert owei ghtratioandar e
usedf orhigh-speedappl i
cations.
Howev er, they nev er gai ned
populari
tyduet oreli
abi l
it
yissues.

PI
STONACTI
ON

15. TheI Cenginesar

eal
socl
assi
fi
edbasedont
hePi
stonAct
ion. Thesear
e
bri
efl
ydescr
ibed

(a) Singl
eAct i
ngEngi ne. Si
ngleAct
ingPistonEngi netypehav eone
Pist
onpercy li
nder,withthepr essureofthecombust i
ongasesact ingonlyon
thesurfaceofthepi ston. Singl
e-acti
ngEngi
nesar ethemostwi delyusedIC
engines.Theorientat
ionoft hepistoncoul
dbev er
ti
cal/hor
izontal
/atanangel.
 (b) Doubl eActingPistonEngine -Int
histy
peofengineboththeendsof
thecy li
nderandbot hfacesoft hepist
onareusedt odeveloppoweri .e.
cyli
nderdev elopspoweri nbot hupwardandaswel ldownwardstr
oke.Thi s
typeofar rangementisnotpossi blefort
heICengine.Howeveriti
susedi n
externalcombust i
onengi nes,themostcommonexampl ebeingthesteam
l
ocomot i
ve engine. Hy draul
icrams used in st
eeri
ng sy
stem orshi ps
stabi
liser
sar ealsodouble-acti
ngpist
onarr
angements.

(c) OPPOSED PI STON ENGI NES -Thisty peofengi necompr isesof2

pistonswhicharet r
aveli
ngi nopposi
tedir
ecti
ons. Thecombustionspaceisin
themi ddl
eoft hecy li
nderandl i
esbetweent hetwopi st
ons. Theseengines
have2cr ankshaf t
saswel l
,wheretheonepi stondri
vesonecr ankshaftand
otherpist
ondr ivestheot her. I
tmaybenot edthateachpistonbyi t
sel
fis
single-
act
ing.Suchengi nesareusedforhighpowert oweightr at
ioandhigh
speed.Theengi neact uall
yusestwo-st
rokediesel
/combinecycle.

16. PI STON CONNECTION.The pist

on can be connect
ed t
othe cr
ankshaf
t
di
rect
lyorthr
oughani
nter
medi
ateconnecti
ngel
ement.

(a) TRUNKPI STONTYPE. Int hi

st y
pe of engine,piston i
s
connect
eddirect
lyt
otheupperendoft heconnecti
ngr od. 
Agudgeonpinora
hori
zont
alpinorwri
stpiniswhatconnectsthetwo. Thisist
hetypeofengi
ne
thatwehaveonboardourshi
psforMedi um SpeedEngines.

(b) CROSSHEADTYPEENGINE. I nthi

st ype of engi
ne,pist
on i
s
att
achedt
oapi
stonr
odwhosel
owerendi
sconnectedt
oaCr osshead,
whi
ch
sl
idesupanddowninguides. 
Crossheadi
sconnectedt
otheconnect
edrod.
 
Thistypeofengi
nesar
emai nl
yusedinlar
ge2strokeengi
nesandindouble
acti
ngengi
nes.

TRUNKPI
STONV/
SCROSSHEADENGI
NES
MEP –MeanEf fecti
vepower
SFOC –Specif
icFuelOilConsumpt
ion
LO -Lubr
icat
ingoil

17. TrunkPi
ston.Mostofthemedi
um andsmallsi
zeengi
nesusetr
unkpistons.
 
Asthepist
oni
sbei ngpushedupwar
dsbythecrankshaf
tandtheconnect
ingrod
duri
ngcompr essi
on,r esult
inginsi det hrustwhichispr oducedwhi chcausest he
pi
stontopr essagai nstthecy l
i
nderwal l
,f i
rstononeside,t henont heotherasi t
mov esdown.  Thussidet hrustalt
ernatesf rom si
detosideaspi stonmov esupand
down. Atthet opstroke,whent hegaspr essurei
sgreatest,sidet hr
ustisnegli
gible
(t
hishappensi nt r
unkt ypeengi nesast herei sasmallconnect ingrodangle). So,
mostoft heweart akepl aceatt hemi ddleofthest roke:maki ng pist
on ski r
t
i
ncreasesthrustbear i
ngar ea,andhencer educeswear. Inmedi um andsmal lsize
engi
nes,duet olowergaspr essure,unit'ssidepressureissosmal lthatneither
pi
stonnorlinerwear smuch.

18. CrossheadEngi
nes.Thecrossheadtakesthesi
dethr
ust,whi
chwi
l
lbehi
gh
i
nlar
geengi
nes. 
Crossheadengi
neshavethefol
lowi
ngadv
antages:
-

(
a) Easi
erLubr
icat
ion
(
b) Reducedl
i
nerwear
(
c) Uni
for
mlydi
str
ibut
edcl
ear
ancear
oundpi
ston
(
d) Si
mpl
erpi
stonconst
ruct
ionasgudgeonpi
nandi
tsbear
ingar
enot
e
t
her
e
Ont
heot
herhandCr
ossheadengi
nescanhav
ethef
oll
owi
ngdi
sadv
ant
ages:
-

(
a) Gr
eat
ercompl
i
cat
ioni
nengi
neconst
ruct
ion
(
b) Addedwei
ghtofcr
osshead
(
c) Addedhei
ghtduet
otheaddi
ti
onofanot
hercomponenti
.e.Cr
osshead
(
d) Needcar
eful
adj
ust
ment
s
 
19. CYLI
NDERARRANGEMENTCLASSI
FICATI
ON

(
a) CYLI NDER -IN-
LINEARRANGEMENT 
-Thisisthesimplestandthe
mostcommonar r
angement
. I
nthi
stypeofar
rangement
,allcyli
nder
sare
ver
ti
cal
l
yinl
ine.

(b) V- ARRANGEMENT  –i ncaseofengineshavi

ngmorethan8cy li
nders,
it
becomesdiffi
cul
ttomakeasuf fi
cient
lyr
igi
dframeandthecrankshaftwit
han
i
nli
ne arrangement. Al
so engi ne becomes quitelong and t akes up
consi
der
ablespace. 
Asar esul
t,V-Arr
angementisusedf
orengineswi t
hmor e
cyl
i
nder
s,(general
ly8,12,
16)reduci
ngthelengt
hbyupto50% thusgivi
ng
moreri
gidandstif
fcrankshaf
t,l
essmanufact
uri
ngandi
nst
all
i
ngcost
. Angl
e
bet
ween2cy l
indersorbanksi skeptf
rom 30degr
eeto120degr
ees(most
commonly40deg,75deg) .

(c) FLATARRANGEMENT  - 
Iti
saV-Engi
ne,butt
hist
ypeofVengi
nehas
anangl
ebet
weenbanksi
ncr
easeto180degr
ees. 

(d) RADI ALARRANGEMENT  -Inar adialarrangementengi neorRadi al

Engineallthecyli
ndersaresetinaci rcleandal lpointtowar dst hecent erof
thecir
cle. Theconnecti
ngrodsofallpi stonsworkonasi nglecr ankpi
n, which
rot
atesar oundthecenteroftheci r
cle.Thi sarrangementmakest heengi ne
verycompact .Howev er
,theyareverycompl exandr equi
rehighmai ntenance.
Thistypeofengi neswer eusedi naircraftsandsmal lwarshipsr equiri
ngt o
havehighspeeds( Missi
leBoats)butnowt urbi
nesar emor ewi delyused. 
 Mi
ssi
l
eBoatRadi
alEngi
ne Ai
rcr
aftRadi
alEngi
ne

20. HI GH COMPRESSI ON,SPARK I GNITED GASENGI NES – LNG hasanaut o

O
i
gni t
iontemperatureofabout427 Ct husnotsuscept i
bletoCompr essi
onIgnit
ion.
Intheset y
pesofengi nes,gasandairareadmi t
tedinthecyli
nderatthesamet ime
andi tisthegas/ ai
rmi xt
urewhichiscompr essed. Attheendofcompr essi
on,a
sparkplugpr oducesaspar kwhichignit
est hemi xt
ureandcausescombust ion.
Suchengi neswoul dbecomemor epopul
arinf uturedueLNG bei ngmuchmor e
cleanerandcheaperfuel.

Legend:
- Greenarrows–I nt
akeai
rpath
RedAr r
ows-Exhaustgases
Bl
uelinefrom LNFtank–fuelgasl
i
ne.

21. SpeedClassi
fi
cati
on. Engi
nesar
ecl
assi
fi
edaspermaxspeedt
heyar
e
desi
gnedt
ooper
ateat:
-

(
a) SLOW SPEEDENGI
NES 
-Engi
neswhi
chhav
erpm l
esst
han300r
.p.
m
 (b) MEDIUM SPEEDENGI
NES 
-Engi
neswhi
chhav
erpm r
angi
ngf
rom 300-
1000r
.p.
m.

(
c) HI
GHSPEEDENGI
NES 
-Engi
neswhi
chhav
erpm mor
ethan1000r
.p.
m.

22. BORE/ STROKERATIO. I nt

ernalcombusti
onenginescanal
sobeclassif
ied
accor
ding 
tother
ati
oofbore(
diameteroftheCyl
i
nder)andstroke(
lengt
hofpiston
tr
avelf
rom TDCtoBDC)
.

(a) SQUARE ENGI NE. I n case of

dimensi
ons ofbore and stroke aret he
samet heboretostrokerati
obecomes1
suchenginei
ssaidtobeSquar eEngine. 
In
thi
s type of engine Cr ankshaf
t, web
dimensi
ons become l ess compared t o
j
ournalandcr
ankpi
n.

(b) OVERSQUARE ENGI NE ( SHORT

STROKEENGI NES)  
-Ift hebor e/stroker ati
o
i
sgr eaterthan1,i .ebor edi amet erislarger
thanthel engthofst roke.  Thisal lowsmor e
valv
est obeaccommodat edi nthecy l
inder
head t hus airi ntake and exhaust can
happen much f aster. These t ypes of
engines allow f orhi gherr .p.m and t hus
mor e powerwi thoutexcessi ve pi st
on speed.  These engi nes hav e l
ower
fri
ctionl osses( duet other educed di stancet rav eled dur ing eachengi ne
rotation)andl owercr ankstr
ess( duet othel owerpeakpi stonspeedr el
at i
ve
toengi nespeed) .Duet otheincreasedpi ston-andheadsur f
acear ea, t
heheat
l
ossi ncreasesast hebor e/stroker ati
oi si ncreasedexcessi vely.Because
thesechar acter
ist
icsf avourhigherengi nespeeds,ov ersquar eengi nesar e
oftent unedt odev eloppeakt orqueatar elat
ivelyhi ghspeed.  Ther educed
stroke lengt h all
ows f ora shor t
ercy l
inderand somet i
mes a shor t
er
connect i
ngr od,gener al
lymakingov ersquar eengi nesl esst al lbutwi dert han
undersquar eenginesofsi mi
larpower . 

(c) UNDERSQUAREENGI NE( LONGSTROKEENGI NE) - I

fthebor e/st roke
rati
oisl esst han1ori fthest r
oke/ borer at
ioisgreaterthan1t hent heengi ne
i
ssai dtobeUndersquar eengi ne. Thismeanst hatthelengthoft hest rokei s
greatert hant hebor e.  Atagi venengi nespeed,al ongerst rokei ncr eases
enginef ricti
on( si
ncet hepi st
ont ravelsagr eaterdistanceperst r
oke)and
i
ncreasesst ressont hecr ankshaf t(duet othehigherpeakpi stonspeed) .The
smal l
erbor ealsor educest hear eaav ai
lableforvalvesint hecy linderhead,
requiri
ngt hem t obesmal l
erorf eweri nnumber .Becauset hesef act or sf avor
l
owerengi nespeeds,undersquar eengi nesar emostof t
ent unedt odev elop
peakt orqueatr el
ativelylowspeeds.Anundersquar eengi newi l
lt ypi callybe
mor ecompacti nthedi recti
onsper pendiculartopistontravelbutl argeri nt he
dir
ectionpar allelt
opi stont ravel.
                         

OVERSQUAREENGI
NE UNDERSQUAREENGI
NE SQUAREENGI
NE
1 Usual
l
y, fast 1.Usual
lyslow t
orevup 1Goodc ompromi
se
accel
erati
ngreacheshigh sl
owaccel
erati
on. bet
weenothertwo
RPM inshortt
ime. opt
ions.
2Goodl ow engi
nespeed 2Provi
desgoodI ow
2 Responsive at hi
gher tor
que
speedtorquewith
engine speeds i.
e. l
ow
speed per
for
mance
goodhigh-speed
subopti
mal. 3.Basical
lyal ow r
pm power.
engi
ne
3Al l
owsuseofl ow
3poortor
queandpower fi
nal dri
verat
iofor
atl
owspeeds. 4 Gener al
ly good f uel goodt orqueatslow
economy due t o lower s peedsandhi gher
engi
neRPM usual lyused dr i
v erati
oforl
ow
4Usual
lyisusedwi t
ha wi t
hhi ghergearboxrati
o t orquehighpower
l
owergearrat
iogearbox to keep engine i
n high
regime.
to take advant
age of effi
ciencyr
egi
meandget
hi
gher speed hi
ghershaf
tRPM
Carengi
nesusemul
ti
per
formance.
speedgearboxand
squareengi
nesto
max imi
sepower&
torqueatwidespeed
range.

Maj
orPar
tsandAssembl
iesofShi
pbor
neDi
eselEngi
nes.
23. Maj orpart
sandassembliesofat ypi
cal2st r
okedieselengi
neused on
merchantshi
psareshowninthecutmodelbelow dul
yfl
aged.Thi
ssecti
onwould
cov
erthemajorassembl
esoft
heenginebot
hmov i
ngandstati
onary
.

24. BedPl
ate. The bed pl
atei
sthe l
ower
mostpor
ti
on ofan engi
ne t
hat
supportst heenginest ructureandi salsooneoft hemostl oadedconstructi
onal
partsoft heengine.Forl argeengines,thebedplat
eisfabri
catedusinglow carbon
steel(<0.23%)and hashi ghsur f
acef ini
sh.Thebedplateforal argeenginei s
assembledon- si
teduringt hei nst
all
ati
onoft heengine.Forsmal l
erengines,the
bedplatei sf ull
y made ofcast .The mai n component
s ofany bedpl ate are
l
ongitudinalandcr ossgirders.TheMainfuncti
onsofbedplateare:
-

(
a) Tosuppor
tthest
ati
cloadofst
ati
onar
yengi
nef
rameandbl
ocks
(
b) Tosuppor
tthedy
nami
cloadoft
her
unni
nggear
(
c) Tosuppor
tthe 
crankshaf
tandhol
diti
nper
fectal
i
gnment
(
d) Todi
str
ibutet
hestat
icanddy
nami
cloadgener
atedbyr
unni
ngengi
ne
ont
o t
heshi
pstruct
ure
(
e) Tocoll
ectt
hecrankcaselubeoi
landt
ransf
eri
ttot
hesumpt
ankf
rom
wher
ethel
ubeoi
lpumpcant akesuct
ion
(
f) Tofast
ent
heengi
net
othet
ankt
opt
ransmi
tt
ingpr
opel
l
ert
hrustt
othe
hul
l
 str
uct
ure
(
g) Tocont
ri
but
etot
hehul
lst
rengt
h oft
heshi
patengi
ner
oom bot
tom
st
ruct
ure

25. I nspect
ionofBedPl at
e. TheBedpl at
ebeingahighst ati
canddy namic
l
oadingmemberoft heengineneedst obecheckedr
egularl
yf oranystr
uctur
al
def
ect.Duringinspecti
onspeci
alat
tent
ionneedst
obepai
df orthefol
lowi
ngtypeof
def
ects.

(a) Cr acks:
 Cr
acks i
sthe mostcommon pr
obl
em t
hatoccur
s on t
he
bedpl
atestr
uctur
e:

(
i) Welded j
oint
sbet
ween t
he t
ransv
erse gi
rder
s& t
he l
ongi
tudi
nal
gi
rder
s
(
ii
) Undert
hebear
ingpocket
s
(
ii
i) Radi
all
yatt
iebol
tandf
ramebol
thol
es
(
iv) Ar
oundl
i
ght
eni
nghol
espr
ovi
dedi
nthebedpl
atesandgi
rder
s
(
v) Att
hebaseoft
hemai
nbear
ingkeeps
(b) Faultywel
dingandFaul
tycast
ing 
shoul
dbecheckedi
nthecaseof
newengi
nes.

(c) Cor r
osion:
 Asthebedplatei
st hebottom str
uct
urefi
ttedinthebil
ge
sect
ionoftheengineroom, i
tcomesincontactwithvar
iousf
luidssuchasoil
,
seawater
,etc.andtherefor
eispronet ocorr
osion.Aclosecheckshouldbe
madeforidenti
fyi
ngcorrosi
on.

(d) Loose Fr ames: The bedplate i

s held together wi
th A-
fr
ame
and 
entablatur
e(r
eferthei magebelow)oftheengine 
bymeansoft i
er od.
Checkthet i
erodi
stightenedandtherei
snolooseporti
onbetweent
heframe
andbedplate. 
 (e) Faul t
y Holdi
ng Down Bolt
s: 
The holdi
ng down bol ts keeps the
bedplat
ei nposi
ti
onwi t
hthebott
om struct
ureoft heship.Checkf orloose
holdi
ngdownbol t
sandt i
ght
enasperthemanuali ffoundloose.Also,check
forshear
ingandfret
ti
ngonthehol
dingdownbolts.

(f
) Oi ll
eakages: 
Thebedplat
eisalsoresponsi
blet
ocollectt
helubeoi
l
and t
ransf
erittot heengi
nesump.Checkf oranyoi ll
eakagefr
om the
bedpl
ateorthej
ointbet
weenthebedpl
ateandthefr
ame.

Ent
abl
atur
e

AFr
ame

BasePl
ate

26. Cr ankshaf t
.A cr ankshaf
tmai n purpose i st o conv er
tt he r eciprocat i
ng
mot i
onofpi stonsintor ot
arymotionanddr ivetheshaf tthroughcouplingandcor don
shaft.isanengi necomponentsubj ect
edt ohi ght orsionandf l
uctuatingbendi ng&
shearst r
ess.Mat erialsuchassi li
con(0. 3% ) ,Car bon(0. 2% ),Sulphur(0. 02% ) ,
Manganese(0. 6% )andPhosphor ous(0. 02% )i susedt obuildcr ankshaf t
.A
crankshaftmusthav eagoodbear ingsurface,r esistwearandt earofj ournalsand
crank-pi
n, Goodst rength,andimmunet ofati
guef ail
ure.Theycanbeconst ruct
edi n
ei
theroft hefourmet hodsv i
z FullyBuildup,OnePi ece,SemiBui ldup,Wel ded
Construction. Thephot ographshowsal argecr ankshaf tbei
ngi nst all
edont he
bedplate.
27. Camshaf t
.Acamshaf tconsi stsofasetofcamsf oreachuni tfitt
edont o
thecamshaf thydraul
ically.Thewhol eshaf ti ssuppor tedbyawhi temet alline
bearingwi thasetofcamsf itt
edmadeofst eel .Theyhav easepar atesetof
l
ubr i
cat i
ontoavoidanycont aminat i
onwi t
ht hef uel duetol eakage.
At wo- str
okemar i
nedi eselengi nehasf ewercam ont hecamshaf tthanoff our-
strokeengi neduetothef actthat ;t
hereisnoi nletv alveinat wo- str
okeengi net hat
requirecam mov ementf orscav engi ng.Toensur ethecor recttimingf orexhaustand
fuelinjecti
on;acamshaf tisdr i
v enbyt hecrankshaf t.Theyar econnect edeitherbya
chainorgearbasedont heengi nedesi gnSul zerhasgear swhi leB&W useschai nf or
dri
v i
ngt hecam shaf t
.Iti sacont r
oldev i
cewhi choper at est het hr
eemai nv al
v es
(Inlet,ExhaustandFueli njector) .Itoperatest hesev alveswi t
ht hehel pofcam
foll
ower ,rockerarm,andpushr od.Eachcam pr ofil
ei sdesi gnedt opr oducet he
desiredspeedandl i
ftoft hef ol
loweratt heappr opr iatetime.
28. Fr ameBox. Fr ameboxi salsoknownas“ A-
frame”isaseparat
elyfabr
icat
ed
str
ucture mounted on t
op oft he bedpl
ate.Theycarrycrosshead gui
deswhi l
e
supporti
ngthecy l
i
nderblock.Andar esecuredtothebedplateusingbolts.They
supportthecyl
i
nderblockorpopularl
ycall
edasEntablat
ure.

29. Pi ston.Api stoni sacomposi test r

uct ur ewit
hacr ownandski r
tt hatmade
themov ingpar tofacombust i
onchamber .Pist onCrownar esubj ectedt ofluctuati
ng
thermalandmechani calstresseswhi lei ttransf er
st hecombust ionf orcet ot he
pistonr odorconnect ingroddependi ngupont y peofengi ne(2St rokeor4St r
oke) .
They ar e desi gned as a concav e st ructur e att he t op t o pr ovide maxi mum
combust ionef fi
ciency .Itisagener alpr acticet ousechr omi um –mol y bdenum al loy
steeli ni tsconst ructionwi than8mm t hickI nconelmet alfittedont opofi ttoav oid
burni ngoft hecr own.  Ithasf ourt of i
vechr omi um-platedgr oov est oaccomodat e
thepi stonr i
ngs.Onot herhandt heski r
tactasagui def orthepi stont omov ealong
thecy li
nderl i
ner .
Theyar esubj ected t o much l owert emper atureand pr essur eand so f acel ow
thermalandmechani calstresses.Abr assbandsar efittedont ot heski rtf orbetter
mov emental ongt hecy li
nderliner.Thef unct ionofapi stoni nmar i
nedi eselengi ne
i
st oconv ertthef orceofexpandi nggasesdur ingcombust ionpr ocesst omechani cal
ener gy .Whi ledur ingt hecompr essionst rokei tcompr essest hegasi nbet weent he
crownandcy linderheadwi ththeener gypr ovidedbyf lywheel .Api stoncanbecal l
ed
ast hehear tofanengi neasi ttransform al lt hatenergyunderf luctuat i
ngt hermal
andmechani cal stress.
30. Pi stonRi ngs.Api stonr i
nghav ef ol
l
owi nggener alcharact
erist
icssuchas
strength,r esistancet owearandcor r
osion,elasti
cit
yandabi li
tytot r
ansferheat
radial
ly.Theyar emadeupofal loycastironwithaddedmi ner
alsli
kemol y
bdenum,
chromi um,t i
tanium andnickel;Somet i
mescopperandv anadium arealsoaddedi n
theirconst ruction. Api stonr i
ngpr ovi
desseal i
ngoft hecombust i
onchamberby
expendi ng out war ds.Bydoi ng thistheypr ev
entt hecombust ion gasesl eakor
escapef rom t hespacei nbet weency l
inderheadandpi stoncrown.I talsoprovi
de
properheatt ransferbetweent hepist
onandl i
nerwhi l
ef acilit
ati
nglubri
cationcontr
ol;
avoidingmi xtureoflubeoilwiththecharge.

32 Li ner . Al i
nerisat hinmet alcylinderi nsertedont opofacy l
i
nderblockand
securedatt het opbycy li
nderhead.Thi sal lowscy l
i
nderlinertoexpanddownwar d
whensubj ectedt oheat i
ng.I tisconstruct edofgoodqual i
tyall
oycastironwhichcan
withst
andhi ght emper atureandpr essur eoft hecy l
inder.
Certai
nBor esar egroov edi nsidethelinerf orbet tercolli
ngandt r
ansferofheatfrom
the piston.Thi s helps mai ntai
nt he st rengt h oft he metalatext r
emely high
temper ature.Cool i
ngwat eri splacedcal l
edj acket,aspacei nbetweent hecyli
nder
blockandt heliner.I
tist henseal edatt hebot tom wi t
hhelpof‘ O-
Rings’withatel
ltel
l
holetoi ndicateanyl eakage.
Spacef orscav engeai riscutandt henmachi nedi nlowerpar tsoft heli
nert o
generater otarymot ioninscav engingai rf orbet teref f
ici
ency.Anumberofhol esar e
alsodril
l
edf orcyli
nderlubr
icationi ntheli
nertopr ovidepoint
stoinj
ectcy l
i
nderl ub
oilwithanonr eturnval
v etoav oidblowbacks. Thef unct
ionofacy l
inderlinerin
mar i
nedieselengineist
opr ovidedur abl
eandheatr esist
antcombusti
onchamber .I
t
alsoprovidesareaf orcooling,l ubri
cat
ion,scavengingandassi stsinsealingt he
combust i
onchamber .Thishelpspr ev
entcompr essedgasandcombust i
onpr oducts
toescapef r
om theenginearoundt hewallsofthecy li
nder.

33. Connect ingRod. Aconnect ingrodi sf i

ttedi nbetweenacr ossheadand
crankshaftint wost rokemar i
nedieselengi ne;whi leinbetweengudgeonpi nand
crankshaftinfourst rokeengi ne.Theyar econst r
uct edofforgedsteelwi thshaped
structur
eatbot hendst oaccommodat ebear i
ngs.I nolderdesigns,whi temet al
bear i
ngswer eusedasbear ing;whilemoder nengi neshav ediff
erenttypeofwhi t
e
met alused.Whent hecl earanceoft hesebear i
ngsr eachmanuf actur
erlimit,theyare
replacedbyanewone.
Ahol eisgroov edi nsidet heconnect ingrodt oallowpassageofoi lf
orbear ingsand
underpi st
onspacecool ing.Ani deallengthofconnect i
ngr odisdesignedt obeas
l
essaspossi blet or educet hesiz eoft heengi newhi l
edealingwi thi ncreased
angulari
tyandsi det hrustwi thshortlength.Aconnect i
ngr oddoest hef unctionof
transfor
mingt her ecipr ocatingmot i
onofapi stonintorotarymotionofcr ankshaft.It
alsodot hewor koft ransf erringpowerpr oducedbyt hepist
ont othecrankshaf t
.

34. Cy l
inderHead. A cy li
nder head i s a st ruct
ur e which accompany
i
mpor tantengi nepar t
slikeinl etv al
ve(4St roke) ,Exhaustv alveandf uelinjector.
Theyar eexposedt omaxi mum t emperatur eandpr essuresopr ovi
dedwi thadequat e
coolingar rangement .Theysi tont opoft hel i
nerflangeandsecur edwi thaser iesof
nutandbol t
swi t
ht hecyli
nderbl ock.
Asi ti ssubj ect
edt ohi ght empandpr essurei tmustr adiall
yt r
ansf erheat ,be
symmet r
ical,havehighcoef ficientofther malexpansi onandr esi
stbendi ng.Abov e
alltheymustal sohav espacet oinstallexhaust ,inletandf uelinjectors.Internal
passagear ebor edintoitsdesi gnf orcool ingwat ert oincreasecool ingef f
iciency.
Toav oidt hermalshockduet ot emperaturegapi n-betweent hecy l
i
nderandcool i
ng
water ;reasonabl yhotwat eri susedf orcool i
ngcy l
inderhead.Nor mal l
y,cool i
ng
waterf orcy li
nderheadi sconnect edi nser ieswi thl i
nerjacketwat er.It’smai n
functioni st oform thet oppar toft hecombust i
onspace;whi lesuppor t
ingal l
necessar yv alvesrequir
edf ortheoper ationsuchasi nl
et,exhaustandf uel i
njector.

35. I nl
etandExhaustValv
es.Lar getwost rokemar i
nedieselenginehaveonly
exhaustval
vesmountedont hecyl
inderhead.Aexhaustv al
veopensi nwar
dt othe
cyl
indert
ohav eposi
ti
veclosingduetointernalpressur
e.Thev alv
eisoperatedby
thecam profi
l
eofcamsmount edont hecamshaf t.Moder
nengi nesuseairspri
ng
rathert hanmechani calspr ingsasi nol derdesi gns.Av alverotor(2St r
oke)or
rotocap(4St roke)i spr ovidedont hev alvesteam ofaexhaustv alvet otur
ni tbya
shortdegr eeoneachoper ati
on.I tensur esev ent emperaturet hrought hev alve
reducingchancesoff ail
ur e.Insomedesi gnshi ghqual i
tyheatr esistantsteelalloy
areusedf orit
sconst ruction; whi
lenewerdesi gnsv al
vesmadeofni moni cmet al.
Ani nletv alv
ei sthelargerv al
veoft het woast hecompr essedai risf or
cedi nto
cy l
i
nder .It
slar gediameteral sohel psr educescav engeairtemper atureav oi
dingrisk
ofear lyignit
ionandknocki ng.Theyar econst ructedbyl ow qualityf abri
catedalloy
steelast heyar esubjectedt olesscor r
osionandheatt hanexhaustv alve. The
functi
onofi nletv al
vesinaf ourstrokemar inedi eselenginei stoinjectachar geof
freshai rint hecombust ionspace;whi l
et hewor kofexhaustv alvesallmar ine
enginesi stoej ectoutalltheby productoft hecombust i
on.

36. Tur bocharger. I

nor dertoincreasepowerout putforagivenv olumeof
thecy l
inder,
moref uelneedstobebur ntinthecy l
i
nder .Tobur nmoref uelthereisa
requir
ementofmor eoxy gen.Toaccompl ishthi
siftheinletairpr
essur
ei sincreased
mor e mass ofai rwi llentert he cy
linder. Thist ask is accompl
ished byt he
turbochargerinmoder ndieselengi
nes.

37. A t urbochar gerconsi stsoft womai npar t

s;bl owerandt het urbine.Bot h
turbochargerandt hebl oweri smount edont hesameshaf tsepar at edbyl abyri
nth
andgl andseal s.Thet urbinebl adesr ot
atesbyt heener gyoft hef l
uegaspassi ng
throught henozzl erings.Hi ghv el
ocityfl
uegascomi ngoutoft henozzl eringsst ri
ke
theseheatr esistantbl adesoft urbine.Whichinturnr otatetheshaf tconnect edt oit.
Adequat ecool ingar rangement sar emadet oprolongi tsmaintenancef ree(Br eak
downmai ntenance)oper ati
on.Abl owerisfi
ttedont heothersi deoft heshaf twith
af i
lterandi nducert odi rectt heflowofai rt
owardst hecent er
.Thi shel psav oi
dany
shockl oadt ot hebl owerbl ades.Thesebl adesar emadeofl i
ghtal uminum al l
oy
dri
v enbyshaf tmov ement .Thei mpel l
ersucksinthef reshai raxiall
ywhi l
edel iv
ersit
radiall
ythr oughadi ffuser .At urbochargercanincreasepowerout putofanengi ne
by up t o 45%. You coul dr ead mor e about t urbo char ger on t hisl i
nk.
ht
tps:
//shi
pinsi
ght
.com/
gui
des/
tur
bochar
ger
s-1