PREVIOUS LEARNING

OUTCOMES (LO):
At the end of the lecture students will be able
to:
 Write the formula of pure bending and flexural
theory
 Identify the plane of symmetry

 Apply the flexural formula in bending of

determinate beams problems

 Produce the shearing stress distribution

diagram of the given problem

WEEK 9
CHAPTER 2
_____________________________________D
DEFLECTION OF BEAMS
LEARNING OUTCOMES (LO):

At the end of the lecture students will be able to:

 Compute using the fundamental of integration method

for beam deflection
DEFLECTION OF SD BEAMS
 In engineering, deflection is the degree to which a
structural element is displaced under a load.
 It may refer to an angle or a distance.
 The deflection distance of a member under a load is
directly related to the slope of the deflected shape of
the member under that load and can be calculated by
integrating the function that mathematically describes
the slope of the member under that load.
 Deflection can be calculated by standard formula (will
only give the deflection of common beam
configurations and load cases at discrete locations), or
by methods such as virtual work, direct integration,
Castiagliano’s Method, MACAULAY’S METHOD or
the direct stiffness method.
DEFLECTION OF SD BEAMS

 The calculation of deflections is an important part

of structural analysis and design.
 Deflections are essential for example in the
analysis of statically indeterminate structures and
in dynamic analysis, as when investigating the
vibration of aircraft or response of buildings to
earthquakes.
 Deflections are sometimes calculated in order to
verify that they are within tolerable limits.
 DEFLECTION OF BEAMS CONTD.

1. INTEGRATION METHOD
2. MACAULAY’S METHOD
 DEFLECTION OF SD BEAMS
(INTEGRATION METHOD)
• When a beam bends, it takes up various shapes such as
that illustrated in figure below:

• The shape maybe superimposed on x-y axis with the

origin at the left end of the beam.
• Any distance x meters from the left end, the beam will
have a deflection ,y , and a gradient or slope, dy/dx.
 DEFLECTION OF SD BEAMS
(INTEGRATION METHOD)

• Equation relating bending moment and radius of

curvature in a beam;

M is the bending moment.

I is the second moment of area about the centroid
E is the modulus of elasticity and,
R is the radius of curvature

• Rearrange, we have;
 DEFLECTION OF SD BEAMS
(INTEGRATION METHOD)
• Mathematically, it can be shown that any curve plotted
on x-y graph has a radius of curvature defined as;
 DEFLECTION OF SD BEAMS
(INTEGRATION METHOD)
• In beam, R is very large and equation may be simplified
as:

• EI = flexural stiffness of the beam.

• In order to solve the slope (dy/dx) or deflection (y), at
any point on the beam, an equation for M in terms of
position x must be substituted into Equation (i).
 DEFLECTION OF SD BEAMS
SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM SUBJECTED TO POINT LOAD IN
MIDDLE
Mx

• Reactions at supports = F/2

• Bending moment at position x, up to the middle ,
Mx = Fx/2 – F(x-L/2)
• Substituting into Equation (i);
 DEFLECTION OF SD BEAMS
SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM SUBJECTED TO POINT LOAD IN
MIDDLE

• Refer to Equation (ii) & (iii), A and B are constants of

integration and must be found from the boundary
condition:

• At x = 0, y = 0 (no deflection at the end)

• At x = L/2, dy/dx = 0 (horizontal at the middle)

• Substituting x = L/2 and dy/dx = 0 into Equation (ii);

• Substituting x = 0, y = 0 and A = -FL2/16 into Equation (iii):

 DEFLECTION OF SD BEAMS
SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM SUBJECTED TO POINT LOAD IN
MIDDLE

• Substituting A and B into Equation (ii) & (iii);

• Substituting x = 0 (left end);

• Slope at end:

• The slope at RHS will be opposite sign.

• Substituting x = L/2 into (iv) for deflection at the middle;
 DEFLECTION OF SD BEAMS
SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM SUBJECTED TO UDL

• Reactions at supports = wL/2

• Bending moment ,

• Substituting into Equation (i);

 DEFLECTION OF SD BEAMS
SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM SUBJECTED TO UDL

• A and B are constants of integration and must be found

from the boundary condition.

• At x = 0, y = 0 (no deflection at the end)

• At x = L/2, dy/dx = 0 (horizontal at the middle)
 DEFLECTION OF SD BEAMS
SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM SUBJECTED TO UDL

• Substituting x = L/2 and dy/dx = 0 into Equation 5A;

• Substituting x = 0, y = 0 and A into Equation 5B:

• Substituting A and B into Equation 5A & 5B;

 DEFLECTION OF SD BEAMS
SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM SUBJECTED TO UDL

• Substituting x = 0 (left end);

Slope at end:

• The slope at RHS will be opposite sign.

• Substituting x = L/2 for deflection at the middle;

 DEFLECTION OF SD BEAMS
CANTILEVER WITH POINT LOAD AT FREE END

• Reactions at supports = F
• Bending moment , M = -Fx

• A and B are constants of integration and must be found

from the boundary condition.
 DEFLECTION OF BEAMS
CANTILEVER WITH POINT LOAD AT FREE END
 DEFLECTION OF SD BEAMS
CANTILEVER WITH A UDL

• Reactions at supports = F
• Bending moment , M = -Fx
DEFLECTION OF SD BEAMS
CANTILEVER WITH A UDL
DEFLECTION OF SD BEAMS
CANTILEVER WITH A UDL
THE THEORY OF SUPERPOSITION
FOR COMBINED LOADS
THE THEORY OF SUPERPOSITION
FOR COMBINED LOADS
END OF WEEK 9