Chapter 8 Reading Guide

1. There are two types of reactions in metabolic pathways: anabolic and catabolic
a. Catabolic reactions release energy
b. Anabolic reactions consume energy
c. Anabolic reactions build up larger molecules
d. Catabolic reactions break down molecules
e. Anabolic reactions are considered “uphill”
f. Photosynthesis is an anabolic reaction
g. Cellular respiration is a catabolic reaction
h. All metabolic reactions require enzymes to catalyze reactions.
2. Kinetic energy vs. potential energy
a. Kinetic energy is the relative motion of objects and moving objects can perform
work by imparting motion to other matter.
b. Potential energy is energy that matter possesses because of its location or
structure.

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3. Which type of energy does water behind a dam have? A mole of glucose?
a. Water behind a dam possesses potential energy because of its altitude above sea

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level.
b. A mole of glucose has chemical energy because it has energy that can be released

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in a chemical reaction.
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4. According to the first law of thermodynamics, what can and cannot happen to energy?
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a. Energy can be transferred and transformed
b. Energy cannot be created or destroyed
5. Why is the second law of thermodynamics called the “you always lose rule”?
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a. It is called the “you always lose rule” because during every energy transfer or
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transformation, some energy becomes unavailable to do work, meaning that you

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always “lose” energy as it transfers or transforms.

6. What is meant by a spontaneous process?
a. Spontaneous processes are processes that leads to an increase in entropy, or
biological disorder, without the input of energy, meaning that the process is
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energetically favorable.
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7. What is free energy and what is its symbol?

a. Free energy is the portion of a system’s energy that can perform work when
temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system, as in a living cell.
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b. The symbol for the change in free energy is ΔG.

8. For an exergonic reaction, is ΔG negative or positive?
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a. ΔG is negative for an exergonic reaction because they occur spontaneously.

9. Is cellular respiration an endergonic or exergonic reaction? What is the ΔG?
a. Cellular respiration is an exergonic reaction because it proceeds with a net release
of free energy.
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b. The ΔG of cellular respiration is ΔG = -686 kcal/mol

10. Is photosynthesis endergonic or exergonic? What is the energy source that drives it?
a. Photosynthesis is endergonic because it absorbs free energy from its surroundings.

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 b. Plants get the required energy for photosynthesis by capturing light and
converting its energy to chemical energy, which is gradually spent to assemble
glucose molecules.
11. If energy is released, ΔG must be negative.

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