Week 5 General Chemistry 2 PDF

lOMoARcPSD|11005815
Week-5 General-Chemistry-2
Arts and Science (Virgen Milagrosa University Foundation)
Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

Downloaded by Den Angelica Dungo (denangelicadungo2616@gmail.com)
lOMoARcPSD|11005815
SHS-STEM
General
Chemistry 2
Quarter 1 – Module 5:
Thermochemistry
Self-Learning Module

lOMoARcPSD|11005815
I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you:
1. Explain the first law of thermodynamics (STEM_GC11TCIIIg-i-124),

2. Explain enthalpy of a reaction (STEM_GC11TCIIIg-i-125), and
3. Calculate the change in enthalpy of a given reaction using Hess Law
(STEM_GC11TCIIIg-i-127).
The scope of this module allows you to use it in many different learning situations. The
language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are
arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read
them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
This module is composed of four lessons:
• Lesson 1 – Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions and First Law of

Thermodynamics
• Lesson 2 – Thermochemical Equations, Enthalpy, and Hess’s Law
After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. describe the effect of concentration on the colligative properties of solution,
2. differentiate the colligative properties of nonelectrolyte solutions and of
electrolyte solutions,
3. calculate boiling point elevation and freezing point depression from the
concentration of a solute in a solution, and
4. calculate molar mass from colligative property data.

lOMoARcPSD|11005815
I Will Check on This

Read each sentence carefully. Select the letter of the best answer.
1. The combustion of gasoline is what type of reaction?
A. Endothermic C. Both A & B
B. Exothermic D. None of the above
2. What is the symbol for heat?

A. q C. ˚C
B. J D. K
3. What are chemical reactions that absorb energy?

A. slow C. fast
B. Endothermic D. Exothermic
4. What is the study of heat changes that accompany chemical reactions and phase
changes?
A. energy C. thermochemistry
B. chemistry D. thermodynamics
5. What is the formula for calculating heat?

A. 𝐸𝑘=1𝑚𝑣 2 C 𝐻 = 𝛥𝐻 × 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠
2
B. 𝒘 = −𝑝 △ 𝑉 D. 𝑞 = 𝑚𝑐∆𝑇
6. What are the two main types of energy?

A. Endothermic and Exothermic energy
B. Kinetic and Potential Energy
C. Spontaneous and Non-spontaneous energy
D. Entropy and Enthalpy
7. Consider the reaction: 2 H2O + energy → 2 H2 + O2

A. endothermic because energy was absorbed
B. exothermic because energy was released
C. endothermic because energy was released
D. exothermic because energy was absorbed
8. It is the heat required to raise the temperature of a substance by 1 ˚C.

A. calorie C. specific heat
B. joule D. enthalpy
9. It is the heat required to raise the temperature of a water by 1 ˚C.

A. calorie C. specific heat
B. joule D. enthalpy
10. Which statement is true about Hess’ Law?

A. The entropy change accompanying a chemical change is independent of the
route by which the chemical change occurs.
B. The enthalpy change accompanying a chemical change is independent of the
C. The enthalpy change accompanying a chemical change is dependent of the
D. The enthalpy change accompanying a chemical change is dependent of the
route by which the physical change occurs.

lOMoARcPSD|11005815
Lesson
Energy Changes in
1 Chemical Reactions
Lesson Overview
In this lesson we begin to explore energy and its changes. We are motivated
not only by the impact of energy on so many aspects of our daily lives but also by the fact
that if we are to properly understand chemistry, we must understand the energy changes
that accompany chemical reactions.
The study of energy and its transformations is known as thermodynamics.
This area of study began during the Industrial Revolution in order to develop the
relationships among heat, work, and fuels in steam engines. In this lesson we will examine
the relationships between chemical reactions and energy changes that involve
heat. This portion of thermodynamics is called thermochemistry.
The Nature of Energy

The concept of matter has always been easy to grasp because matter can
be seen and touched. By contrast, although the concept of energy is a familiar one, it is
challenging to deal with in a precise way. Energy is commonly defined as the capacity
to do work or transfer heat. This definition requires us to understand the concepts of
work and heat. Work is the energy used to cause an object to move against a force,
and heat is the energy used to cause the temperature of an object to increase.
Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy

Objects, whether they are baseballs or molecules, can possess kinetic
energy, the energy of motion. The magnitude of the kinetic energy, Ek, of an object
depends on its mass, m, and speed, v.
𝐸𝑘=1𝑚𝑣2
2
On the other hand, all other kinds of energy, the energy stored in a stretched
spring, in a weight held above your head, or in a chemical bond, for example, are
potential energy. An object has potential energy by virtue of its position relative to other
objects. Potential energy is, in essence, the “stored” energy that arises from the
attractions and repulsions an object experiences in relation to other objects.
Energy Conversion
We are all familiar with instances in which potential energy is converted into
kinetic energy. For example, take a look at Figure 1, and observe the cyclist poised at
the top of a hill. Because of the attractive force of gravity, the potential energy of the cyclist
and her bicycle is greater at the top of the hill than at the bottom. As a result, the bicycle
easily moves down the hill with increasing speed. As it does so, the potential energy

lOMoARcPSD|11005815
initially stored in it is converted into kinetic energy. The potential energy decreases as the
bicycle rolls down the hill, but its kinetic energy increases as the speed increases
Figure 1. Potential energy and kinetic energy. The potential energy

initially stored in the motionless bicycle at the top of the hill is
converted to kinetic energy as the bicycle moves down the hill and
loses potential energy.
Energy conversion also termed as the energy transformation, is the

process of changing one form of energy into another. Energy conversion occurs
everywhere and every minute of the day. There are numerous forms of energy like
thermal energy, electrical energy, nuclear energy, electromagnetic energy, mechanical
energy, chemical energy, sound energy etc. On the other hand, the term Energy
Transformation is used when energy changes forms from one form to another.
Whether the energy is transferred or transformed, the total amount of energy doesn’t
change and this is known as the Law of Conservation of Energy.
Figure 2. A diagram showing how different forms of

energy can be converted to another form of energy
Energy Transformation
Energy transfers may be in the form of heat or work. Both have a very important
relationship with the energy of the system and surroundings.
Heat, q, is the transfer of energy between system and surroundings due to
temperature difference. It spontaneously flows from a higher temperature to a lower
temperature. It may be absorbed or released by a system depending on which has a
higher temperature between the system and the surroundings. The convention for the
sign Q for the two cases is given in Table 1.

lOMoARcPSD|11005815
Table 1. Assigned Convention for Heat, Q

Systems absorbs heat +Q Endothermic Reaction
System releases heat -Q Exothermic reaction
Thermochemistry is the study of energy changes that occur during chemical

reactions and changes of state. Every substance has a certain amount of energy stored
in the chemical bonds of a substance.
In the study of energy changes, we should define a system as the part of the
universe on which you focus your attention. Everything else in the universe makes up the
surroundings. Together, the system and its surroundings make up the universe.
Together, the system and its surroundings make up the universe.
In thermochemistry, we examine the flow of heat between the system and its
surroundings. The law of conservation of energy states that in any chemical or physical
process, energy is neither created nor destroyed. This is also called the first law of
thermodynamics. In any chemical or physical process, energy in the universe remains
unchanged.
energy𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑣 = constant
Since we are looking at the universe in a system-surroundings point of view,
we can restate the first law of thermodynamics as “the sum of the energy in the system
and in the surrounding is constant.”
energy𝑠𝑦𝑠 + energy𝑠𝑢𝑟 = constant
Therefore, whatever energy released by the system is gained by the

surroundings. Their sum is still the same as shown in Figure 2.
Energy (sys) Energy Sur Energy (univ)
Figure 3. A bar graph illustrating that the total

energy of the universe is constant
The examples in the figure below exist in the same universe; they differ only
on the type of system they have.
Open, Isolated, and Closed Systems
Consider again the locked thermos jug, the bottle, and the cup. These illustrate
the three types of systems, namely, open, closed, and isolated as shown in Figure 4.

lOMoARcPSD|11005815
An open system is one wherein transfer of matter and

energy occurs between the system and surroundings. The
system interacts with its surroundings. For example, hot
water in a cup evaporates and eventually cools the
surrounding’s temperature.
In a closed system, only energy can transfer
between the system and the surroundings. An example is a
closed bottle containing hot coffee. The coffee mix will
eventually cool to room temperature, but its mass remains
the same.
In an isolated system, matter and energy cannot
transfer between the system and its surroundings. The
system does not interact in any way at all with its surroundings. Figure 4. Types of Systems
Examples are the contents an adiabatic bomb calorimeter, or leak proof thermos bottle.
Thermodynamics is the study of the relationship between heat and other forms
of energy, particularly the transfer of heat into work. Thermodynamic quantities always
consist of two parts:
• A number, giving the magnitude of the change.
• A sign, indicating the direction of the flow.
The magnitude of Q can be computed using the equation,

𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐 △ 𝑇
Where 𝑄 = heat absorbed or released, 𝐉
𝑚 = mass of the substance, 𝐠
𝑐 = specific heat of the substance, 𝐉/𝐠°𝐂
△ 𝑇 = change in the temperature, °𝐂
Work, w, is defined as the force applied over a given distance. It is the energy
transfer between a system and the surroundings due to a force acting through a
distance. Work may be done by the system or done on the system. The convention of
the sign w for the two cases is gen in Table 2.
Table 2. Assigned Convention for Work, w
System does work on the -w Expansion
surroundings
System releases heat +w Compression
To determine the magnitude of work, we derive an expression for work where a

change in volume is used since expansion and compression are involved. Note that an
expansion and compression are involved. Note that an expansion gives a positive △ 𝑉
where
△ 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 − 𝑉𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙
From the definition of work,

𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 = 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 × △ 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

lOMoARcPSD|11005815
Recall that
𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 =
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
And force applied has a negative magnitude making the expression,
𝑤 = − 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 × 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 × △ 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
But area multiplied by △ 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 is equal to △ 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒, therefore,

𝑤 = − 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 × △ 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
The magnitude of work is in joules. One liter-atmosphere (L • atm) is equal to

101.3 joules.
Sample Problem
How much work is needed in a system to expand from 25 to 50 liters against a
pressure of 5 atm? Is work done by the system or on the system?
Solution
Using 𝒘 = −𝑝 △ 𝑉
𝒘 = −5 𝑎𝑡𝑚 (50 𝐿 − 25 𝐿)
101.3 𝐽
𝒘 = −125 𝐿 • 𝑎𝑡𝑚( )
1 𝐿 • 𝑎𝑡𝑚
Note:
1000 J = 1 kJ
𝒘 = −12662.5 𝐽 𝑜𝑟 − 12.7 𝑘𝐽
Energy flows out of the gas, so the value of w is negative.
Internal Energy and Enthalpy

Internal Energy, E, is the sum of the kinetic energy and potential energy found in
a system. It is the total energy found on the system being studied. However, internal
energy is not quantifiable. But this also changes as the system changes. The change in
the energy of the system can be determined by getting the difference between the final
and initial energy values.
△ 𝐸 = 𝐸𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 − 𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙
A positive △ 𝐸 means that energy was gained from the surroundings. A negative
△ 𝐸 means that the energy was lost to the surroundings.
Another equation for change in internal energy is the sum of heat and work.
△𝐸 =𝑄+𝑤
From this, we can say that when heat is absorbed by the system and the
surroundings are doing work on the system, the changes in internal energy is positive.
On the other hand, in a system releasing heat and doing work, is △ 𝐸 is negative.

lOMoARcPSD|11005815
System releases heat System absorbs heat
- Q + Q
SURROUNDINGS
SYSTEM
System does the work Surroundings do the work
- w + w
Figure 5. A schematic representation of heat, Q, and work, w, on the

system and surroundings.
Sample Problem
A system receives 450 kJ of heat from its surroundings and the surroundings do
50.0 kJ of work on the system. What is the change in internal energy?
Solution
Because heat is received by the system (Q is positive), and work is done
on the system (w is positive), so
△𝐸 =𝑄+𝑤
△ 𝐸 = 450 𝑘𝐽 + 50.0 𝑘𝐽
△ 𝑬 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑱
Exercise 1
What is the value of △ 𝐸 in a system wherein a car engine that releases heat
pushing the piston, doing 451 J of work and losing 325 J to the surroundings?
Enthalpy, H, is equal to the amount of heat flow in a system with constant pressure
QP. Because △ 𝐸 = 𝑄𝑃 + 𝑤, and 𝑤 = −𝑃 △ 𝑉, it is expressed as
𝑄𝑃 = △ 𝐻 = △ 𝐸 + 𝑃 △ 𝑉
Therefore, the heat of a reaction is said to be equal to the enthalpy of the
reaction. If the value of work is too small,
△𝐻 =△𝐸
Similar to Q, a positive △ 𝐻 means that the system absorbs heat and
undergoes endothermic reaction. The negative value means that the system releases
heat and undergoes exothermic reaction.
Table 4. Enthalpy Sign Convention
Reaction Type Sign
Exothermic △ 𝐻 < 0, (−)
Endothermic △ 𝐻 > 0, (+)

lOMoARcPSD|11005815
Calorimetry
Calorimetry is the science of measuring heat based on the change in
temperature of an observed body when it releases or absorbs heat. The temperature
change is based on the heat capacity of the body. Heat Capacity, C, is defined as the
amount of necessary to increase the temperature of a substance by 1°C. It is expressed
in the equation
𝑄
𝐶=
△𝑇
Where:
𝐶 = ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑄 = ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑
△ 𝑇 = 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
From this, an equation for Q can be derived

𝑄 =𝐶△𝑇
Specific heat, c, is the heat capacity per gram of substance. It is equal to

the heat capacity over the mass of substance.
ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑐=
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Hence,
𝑄 =𝐶△𝑇
The apparatus which determines the heat flow is called calorimeter.
There are two main types of calorimeter: constant pressure calorimeter and
constant-volume (bomb) calorimeter.
Figure 6. A coffee-cup calorimeter (an example of Figure 7. A constant volume calorimeter

constant-pressure calorimeter)
10

lOMoARcPSD|11005815
An example of a constant-pressure calorimeter is the coffee-cup calorimeter

(Figure 6). For this system, the heat QP is equal to △ 𝐻 because P is constant (1 atm)
since the calorimeter is not sealed. Assuming that no heat loss or gain comes from the
surroundings, the change in heat in the system comes from reaction occurring in the
solution. Therefore, the heat from the reaction is completely absorbed by the solution
assuming that the calorimeter itself does not absorb heat. What do you expect △ 𝑇 to be
for an exothermic reaction? The value should be positive since the reaction produces
heat which is then absorbed by the solution. Therefore,
−𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑄𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Sample Problem
A 10-g solid was heated in a test tube to 100°C in boiling water and added to the
coffee-cup calorimeter with 50 g of water. The water temperature increased from 25.1°C
to 28.5°C. What is the specific heat of the solid?
Solution
Since it is a coffee-cup calorimeter, the heat released by the solid is
absorbed by the water.
−𝑄𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 = 𝑄𝐻2 𝑂
We can rewrite this equation as

−𝑚𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 𝑐𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 (𝑇𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 − 𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 )𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 = 𝑚𝐻2 𝑂 𝑐𝐻2𝑂 (𝑇𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 − 𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 )𝐻2 𝑂
Therefore, the specific heat of the solid is

𝑚𝐻2 𝑂 𝑐𝐻2 𝑂 (𝑇𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 − 𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 )𝐻2 𝑂
𝑐𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 =
−𝑚𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 𝑐𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 (𝑇𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 − 𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 )𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑
𝑐𝐻2𝑂 = 4.184 𝐽⁄𝑔 • 𝐾
𝑇𝑖,𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 = 100°C → 373.15 𝐾
𝑇𝑖,𝐻2 𝑂 = 25.1°C → 298.25 𝐾
𝑇𝑓,𝐻2 𝑂,𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 = 28.5°C → 301.65 𝐾

(50 𝑔)(4.184 𝐽/𝑔 •𝐾)(301.65 𝐾−298.25 𝐾)
𝑐𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 =
−(10 𝑔)(301.65 𝐾−373.15 𝐾)
𝑐𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 = 0.995 𝐽/𝑔 • 𝐾
Exercise 2
What is the specific heat of metal whose mass is 94.5 g if the temperature
changes from 250°C to 48°C when it absorbs 850 J heat?
11

lOMoARcPSD|11005815
A bomb calorimeter or constant-volume calorimeter is used to study combustion

reaction. The system is the content of the bomb calorimeter, that is, the reactants and
products. The calorimeter and the thermometer are the surroundings. Water is also an
important component of a bomb calorimeter. From Figure 7, water can be seen in
between two metal barriers. When the reaction proceeds, the heat produced by the
reaction will be absorbed by the water and calorimeter. Most of the heat will be used to
raise the temperature of the water surrounding the reaction. Recalling the law of energy
conservation,
𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 + 𝑄𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 + 𝑄𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 0
From here,
Using the specific heat of water and heat capacity of calorimeter,
𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = −[𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 △ 𝑇) + 𝐶𝑐𝑎𝑙 △ 𝑇]
Sample Problem
A 1.00-g sample of Octane (C8H18) was burned in a bomb calorimeter with 1300
g of water (H2O). The temperature increases from 25°C to 34.10°C. Calculate the heat
of combustion of Octane in kJ/mol if the heat capacity of the calorimeter is 890 J/°C,
and the specific heat of water is 4.184 J/g°C.
Solution:
a) Calculating the heat absorbed by the water, 𝑄𝐻2 𝑂
Mass of water, 𝑚 = 1300 𝑔
Specific heat of water, 𝑐 = 4.184 𝐽⁄𝑔 °𝐶
Change in temperature, △ 𝑇 = 34.10°𝐶 − 25.00°𝐶 = 9.10°𝐶
𝑄𝐻2 𝑂 = 𝑚𝑐 △ 𝑇
𝑄𝐻2 𝑂 = (1300 𝑔)(4.184 𝐽⁄𝑔 °C)(9.1°C)
𝑄𝐻2 𝑂 = 49,496.72 𝐽 or 49.50 𝑘𝐽
b) Calculating the heat absorbed by the calorimeter, 𝑄𝑐𝑎𝑙
𝑐𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 890 𝐽/°𝐶
△ 𝑇 = 9.10°𝐶
𝐽
𝑄𝑐𝑎𝑙 = (890 ) (9.10°𝐶) = 8.099 𝐽 or 8.10 𝑘𝐽
°𝐶
c) Determine the total heat absorbed by the water and the calorimeter by
getting their sum.
𝑄𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 4.90 𝑘𝐽 + 8.10 𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝑐𝑎𝑙 = +57.6 𝑘𝐽
The sign of the heat of the reaction is positive because heat is being absorbed.
The total amount of heat released by the reaction is also equal to the total
amount of heat absorbed by the water and the calorimeter, you just have to change the
sign. Therefore,
𝑄𝑟𝑥𝑛 = 57.6 𝑘𝐽
The heat of combustion for Octane is equal to -57.6 kJ when 1.00-g of it was
burned. When one mole of Octane is burned, 57.6 kJ of heat is released from the
reaction. To determine the heat of combustion of Octane in kJ/mol.
ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐶8 𝐻18 = (−57.6 𝑘𝐽⁄𝑔)(144 𝑘𝐽⁄𝑔) = −6566 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙
12

lOMoARcPSD|11005815
Exercise 3
A 4.4-g is burned in a bomb calorimeter whose total heat capacity is 7.854
kJ/°C. A temperature change of 7.13°C occurred. What is the heat of combustion per
gram of the compound?
Combustion is a chemical process by which an organic compound reacts

with Oxygen to form Carbon dioxide and water, and release energy in the form of heat.
The amount of heat produced is called heat of combustion. It can be measured
experimentally using a calorimeter.
13

lOMoARcPSD|11005815
I Will Do This
Activity 1: Pringle Pop
After the activity, I will be able to determine which sample absorbs or releases
heat from change in temperature; and calculate the change in temperature of the reaction.
Materials
Potato chips container complete with plastic cover – the type lined with aluminum
foil (Example: Pringles potato chips container)
Dropper with a pointed tip (or medicine dropper)
Matches
Ethanol
Procedure
1. Poke a hole about 1½ inches from the bottom of the potato chips container using
a nail. The hole
2. Squirt a few drops of alcohol into the potato chips container with its cover
through the hole. Fill the glass or cup about half way with the liquid.
3. Shake the container vigorously and immediate introduce a lighted match into
the hole. Add a tablespoon of the dry material. Record your observations.
4. Touch the container. Discard the solution and try another combination.
Analysis Questions:
1. Is the reaction exothermic or endothermic? Why?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
2. Why did the lid or cover of the container pop?

_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
3. Why did the container pop as soon as the lighted matchstick was introduced into
the container?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
4. Why did the container pop as soon as the lighted matchstick was introduced into
the container?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
5. Where did the heat produced come from?

_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
6. What does this tell you about the potential energy of the products compared to
that of the reactants?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
14

lOMoARcPSD|11005815
Activity 2: Heat Up! Cool Down!
After the activity, I will be able to determine which sample absorbs or releases
heat from change in temperature; and calculate the change in temperature of the reaction.
Materials
Clear glass or cup Water
Ice White Vinegar
Baking Soda Salt
Steel Wool Thermometer
Procedure
5. The table below has a list of liquids to combine with solids. For your results, fill
out Table 1.
6. Fill the glass or cup about half way with the liquid.
7. Insert the thermometer in the liquid and record the temperature.
8. Add a tablespoon of the dry material. Record your observations.
9. Wait 1 minute and record the final temperature of the solution.
10. Discard the solution and try another combination.
11. For each trial, calculate the change in temperature of the reaction by
subtracting the initial value from the final value.
𝛥𝑇 = 𝑇𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 − 𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙
Liquid Additive Initial Final Change in Type of
Temperature (oC) Temperature Temperature (oC) Reaction
(oC)
Water Salt
Water Ice
Vinegar Baking soda
Vinegar Steel wool
Analysis Questions:
1. What do you observe when adding water and salt and water and ice?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
2. What do you observe when adding vinegar and baking soda, and vinegar and
steel wool?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
3. Why should you wait the same amount of time for each set-up?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
4. What can conclude from your observations and results based on the activity?
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
15

lOMoARcPSD|11005815
Activity 3: Calorimetric Problems
In this activity, you will be presented with different ways of solving calorimetric
problems. Formulas will be presented, and sample problems will be given as well. You will
deal with different cases and apply the appropriate quantitative analysis.
Problem 1: The following illustrates the calculation of the calorimeter constant.
Fifty (50) milliliters of water at 60 °C is added to 75 mL of water at 30 °C in a coffee cup

calorimeter. The resulting mixture was observed to have a temperature of 40 °C. What is
the calorimeter constant?
Solution:
assume that heat cannot flow in or out of the calorimeter. Thus, we write
𝑄𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 + 𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 + 𝑄𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 0
We consider that the density of water is 1 g/mL and its specific heat is 4.18
J/°C-g. Since we have to have mass in grams we do the following calculations:
50 𝑚𝐿 (1.0 𝑔/𝑚𝐿) = 50𝑔 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡 60°𝐶
75 𝑚𝐿 (1.0 𝑔/𝑚𝐿) = 75𝑔 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡 30°𝐶
Thus, the equation is
50 𝑔 (4.18 𝐽/°𝐶 − 𝑔)(40 °𝐶 − 60 °𝐶 ) + 75 𝑔 (4.18 𝐽/°𝐶 − 𝑔)(40 °𝐶 − 30 °𝐶 ) + 𝐶𝑐𝑎𝑙 (40 °𝐶 − 30 °𝐶 = 0
−4180 + 3135 + 𝐶𝑐𝑎𝑙 (10) = 0

4180 − 3135
𝐶𝑐𝑎𝑙 =
10
𝐶𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 104 𝐽/°𝐶
The calorimeter constant is 104.5 J/°C.
Problem 2: The following problem illustrates the determination of the heat of
reaction of chemical reactions.
A student named Getch transferred 50.0 mL 1.00 M HCl into a coffee-cup

calorimeter, which had a temperature of 25.5 °C. Getch then added to this 50.0 mL
1.00 M NaOH which also had a temperature of 25.5 °C and stirred the mixture quickly.
The resulting solution was found to have a temperature of 32.5 °C. The calorimeter
constant for the coffee-cup calorimeter used was 15.0 J/ °C. Calculate the heat of
reaction.
Solution:
We consider that the density of water is 1 g/mL and its specific heat is 4.18
J/°C-g and assume that the density of the solutions used is close to that of water to
have the same density and specific heat.
We make use of the following equation to calculate for heat of reaction.
𝛥𝐻 + 𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑥 𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑥 𝛥𝑇 + 𝑐𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝛥𝑇 = 0
Since the amount of each reagent is given in units of volume we have to
change this to grams. Therefore,
(50.0 𝑚𝐿 + 50.0 𝑚𝐿)(1𝑔/𝑚𝐿) = 100.0𝑔 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
16

lOMoARcPSD|11005815
Substituting
𝛥𝐻 + 100.0 𝑔 (4.18 𝐽⁄°𝐶 − 𝑔)(32.5°C – 25.5°C) + 15.0 𝐽⁄°𝐶 (32.5°𝐶 − 25.5°𝐶 ) = 0
𝛥𝐻 + 2884.2 𝐽 + 103.5 𝐽 = 0
𝛥𝐻 = −2987.7 𝐽 or 29.88 𝑘𝐽
Thus, the heat released when the given amounts of HCl and NaOH react is
29.88 kJ. Since ΔH or change in enthalpy is expressed in kJ/mol. The value we calculated
is for the reaction of 50.0 mL of HCl and 50.0 mL of NaOH we much express this this in
kJ/mol. We must obtain the number of moles of HCl used in the reaction.
50.0 𝑚𝐿 × 1.00 𝑚𝑜𝑙 ⁄1000 𝑚𝐿 = 0.0500 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝐶𝑙
The same quantity of NaOH was used, 0.0500 mol
We calculate ΔH in J/mol by dividing the value we obtained above by the
number of moles of HCl used.
𝜟𝑯 = −29.88 𝑘𝐽⁄0.0500 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝜟𝑯 = −59.8 𝑘𝐽⁄0.0500 𝑚𝑜𝑙
Problem 3: Another Sample Problem

Five (5.00) grams of an unknown compound was dissolved in 75.0 mL of water with
an initial temperature of 22.5 °C contained in a coffee-cup calorimeter. Upon dissolution
of the compound the final temperature of the resulting solution was 33.2 °C. The
calorimeter used had a calorimeter constant of 200 J/ °C. What is the heat of solution of
the compound? Assuming the compound is sodium hydroxide, NaOH, what is the heat of
solution in kJ per mol?
Solution:
We assume the density and specific heat of the resulting solution is close to that of
pure water; density is 1.0 g/mL and specific heat is 4.18 J/ °C.
𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 75.0 𝑚𝐿 (1.0 𝑔⁄𝑚𝐿)
𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 75.0 𝑔
𝜟𝑯𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒏 + 𝒎𝒎𝒊𝒙 𝒄𝒎𝒊𝒙𝜟𝑻 + 𝒄𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝜟𝑻 = 𝟎
𝜟𝑯𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒏 + 𝟕𝟓. 𝟎 𝒈 (𝟒. 𝟏𝟖 𝑱⁄°𝑪)(𝟑𝟑. 𝟐 °𝑪 − 𝟐𝟐. 𝟓°𝑪) + (𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝑱⁄°𝑪)(𝟑𝟑. 𝟐°𝑪 − 𝟐𝟐. 𝟓°𝑪) = 𝟎
𝜟𝑯𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒏 + 𝟑𝟒𝟖𝟖. 𝟔 + 𝟐𝟏𝟒𝟎 = 𝟎

𝜟𝑯𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒏 = −5629 𝐽 or 5.629 𝑘𝐽
Assuming that the compound is NaOH (Molar mass =40.0 g/mol)
5.0 𝑔
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 =
40 𝑔⁄𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 = 0.125 𝑚𝑜𝑙
17

lOMoARcPSD|11005815
Therefore, kJ per mol:

−5.629 𝑘𝐽
𝜟𝑯𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒏 = = 45.0 𝒌𝑱⁄𝒎𝒐𝒍
0.125 𝑚𝑜𝑙
Exercise 1
Answer the following thoroughly and write your answer on a separate sheet of bond paper.
Write the (a) Given, (b) What is Required, and (c) solution. Box the final answer and indicate
the proper unit for the concentration.
1. A 500-mL bottle of water at room temperature and a 2-L bottle of water at the same
temperature were placed in a refrigerator. After 30 minutes, the 500-mL bottle of
water had cooled to the temperature of the refrigerator. An hour later, the 2-L of
water had cooled to the same temperature. When asked which sample of water
lost the most heat, Student A replied that both bottles lost the same amount of heat
because they started at the same temperature and finished at the same
temperature. Student B thought that the 2-L bottle of water lost more heat because
there was more water. A third student believed that the 500-mL bottle of water lost
more heat because it cooled more quickly. A fourth student thought that it was not
possible to tell because we do not know the initial temperature and the final
temperature of the water. Indicate which of these answers is correct and describe
the error in each of the other answers. Justify.
2. How many milliliters of sparkling water at 23 °C with a density of 1.00 g/mL must
be mixed with 180 mL (about 6 oz) of coffee at 95 °C so that the resulting
combination will have a temperature of 60 °C? Assume that coffee and water have
the same density and the same specific heat (4.184 J/g °C).
I Learned This
F
Fill in the blanks. Select your answer from the word box.
Thermodynamics Kinetic Energy Potential Energy joule Work Calorie

Thermochemistry Energy System Surrounding Heat Internal Energy
In this lesson I was able to learn that 1. ____________ is the study of energy and
its transformations. This lesson focused on 2. ____________ which is the transformations
of energy, especially heat during chemical reactions. In addition, I was also able to learn
that 3. ____________ is the energy due to the motion of the object, and 4. ____________
is the energy that an object possesses by virtue of its position relative to other objects.
Furthermore, I was also able to learn that the SI unit for energy is the 5. ____________
and another common energy unit is the 6. ____________ which was originally defined as
the quantity of energy necessary to increase the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 °C.
When we study thermodynamic properties, we define a specific amount of matter
as the system 7. ____________. Everything outside the system is the 8. ____________
When we study a chemical reaction, the system is generally the reactants and products.
A closed system can exchange energy, but not matter, with the surroundings. Energy can
be transferred between the system and the surroundings as work or heat.
9. ____________ is the energy expended to move an object against a force.
10. ____________ is the capacity to do work or to transfer heat.
18

lOMoARcPSD|11005815
I Practice This
Complete the concept map below
heat work system surroundings endothermic exothermic

exothermic endothermic 𝑤 = −𝑝𝜟𝑽 𝑸 = 𝒎𝒄𝜟𝑻 isothermic enthalpy
ENERGY
capacity to
do produce
1. 2.
Is energy transfer between Transfer can be
4. and 5. 6. 7.
Does work on surroundings Does work on the system Absorbs heat Releases heat
-w +w -Q +Q
(Expansion) (Compression) (T decreases) (T increases)
Measured as Measured as
8. 9.
w or Q
or w +Q
𝜟𝑬 (internal energy)
When work is too small
𝜟𝑯 = 𝜟𝑬
where
−𝜟𝑯 is exothermic
+𝜟𝑯 is 𝟏𝟎. __________
19

lOMoARcPSD|11005815
I Apply This
Answer the questions, solve the following problems, and apply the principles
learned from the lesson. Show the complete solution for problems involving calculations.
1. Answer the following:
a) State the First Law of Thermodynamics
b) What is meant by the internal energy of a system?
c) By what means can the internal energy of a closed system increase?
2. Calculate the 𝜟𝑬 and determine whether the process is endothermic or exothermic

for the following cases:
a) 𝑞 = 0.763 𝑘𝐽 and 𝑤 = −840 𝐽
b) A system releases 66.1 kJ of heat to its surroundings while the surroundings
do 44.0 kJ of work on the system
c) the system absorbs 7.25 kJ of heat from the surroundings while its volume
remains constant (assume that P-V work can be done)
3. How much will the temperature of a cup (180 g) of coffee at 95 °C be reduced

when a 45 g silver spoon (specific heat 0.24 J/g °C) at 25 °C is placed in the coffee
and the two are allowed to reach the same temperature? Assume that the coffee
has the same density and specific heat as water.
4. When 50.0 g of 0.200 M NaCl(aq) at 24.1 °C is added to 100.0 g of 0.100 M

AgNO3(aq) at 24.1 °C in a calorimeter, the temperature increases to 25.2 °C as
AgCl(s) forms. Assuming the specific heat of the solution and products is 4.20 J/g
°C, calculate the approximate amount of heat in joules produced.
5. One method of generating electricity is by burning coal to heat water, which

produces steam that drives an electric generator. To determine the rate at which
coal is to be fed into the burner in this type of plant, the heat of combustion per ton
of coal must be determined using a bomb calorimeter. When 1.00 g of coal is
burned in a bomb calorimeter, the temperature increases by 1.48 °C. If the heat
capacity of the calorimeter is 21.6 kJ/°C, determine the heat produced by
combustion of a ton of coal (2000 pounds). Remember 1 pound = 2.2 kg.
20

lOMoARcPSD|11005815
I Test Myself
1. Kinetic energy can be quantitatively expressed as?
A. 𝐸𝑘=1𝑚𝑣 2 C 𝐻 = 𝛥𝐻 × 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠
2
B. 𝒘 = −𝑝 △ 𝑉 D. 𝑞 = 𝑚𝑐∆𝑇
2. This system is where no reactants or products can escape, only heat can be
exchanged freely
A. Closed System C. Semi-closed system
B. Open System D. Semi-open system
3. It is a system that can freely exchange matter and energy with its surroundings.
An open system may appear to violate conservation laws because it can gain or
lose matter and energy.
A. Closed System C. Semi-closed system
B. Open System D. Semi-open system
4. This term pertains to everything else; the rest of the universe

A. System C. Galaxy
B. Environment D. Surrounding
5. A 59.7 g piece of metal that had been submerged in boiling water was quickly
transferred into 60.0 mL of water initially at 22.0 °C. The final temperature is 28.5
°C. Use these data to determine the specific heat of the metal.
(Provide the solution in your answer sheet).
A. 0.58 J/g˚C C. 0.38 J/g˚C
B. 0.68 J/g˚C D. 0.48 J/g˚C
21

lOMoARcPSD|11005815
Lesson
Thermochemical
Equation, Enthalpy, and
2
Hess’s Law
Lesson Overview
Enthalpy of Reaction
Enthalpy is a thermodynamic quantity equivalent to the total heat content of a
system. It is equal to the internal energy of the system plus the product of pressure and
volume.
At constant pressure, the change in enthalpy of the system is equal to the energy
flow as heat. That because heat can be neither created nor destroyed by the definition of
the first law of thermodynamics. The equation for change in enthalpy is:
𝜟𝑯 = 𝑯𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒔 − 𝑯𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒔
When the product has a greater enthalpy than the reactant, then 𝜟𝑯 will be
positive. That means the reaction is endothermic.
For an endothermic reaction, the heat content of the products is greater than the
heat content of the reactants because heat is absorbed. The value of 𝜟𝑯 > 0.
When the product has a lower enthalpy than the reactant, then 𝜟𝑯 will be
negative. That means the reaction is exothermic.
For an exothermic reaction, the heat content of reactants is greater than the heat
content of the products since heat is released. The value of 𝜟𝑯 < 0.
Thermochemical Equation
Thermochemical Equations are just likely balanced equations. If heat is
absorbed in a reaction, it is written as a reactant. If heat is released, it is written as a
product. In the exothermic reaction between Calcium oxide and water, the enthalpy
change can be considered a product.
CaO(s) + H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(s) - 65.2 kJ
This thermochemical equation is presented virtually in Figure 8 and Figure 9.
22

lOMoARcPSD|11005815
Heat of Reaction
Heat of Reaction is the enthalpy change for the chemical equation as it is
indicated. This is usually written as 𝜟𝑯, which is the heat flow at constant pressure. In
the equation below, the heat reaction is -65.2 kJ. This mean for each mole of CaO and
H2O that reacts to form Ca(OH)2, 65.2 kJ of heat is produced.
CaO(s) + H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(s) 𝜟𝑯 = −65.2 𝑘𝐽
In this reaction and in other exothermic process, the chemical potential energy of the
reactants is higher than the chemical potential energy of the reactants is higher than the
chemical potential energy of the products as shown in Figure 8.
Reactions that absorb heat from enthalpy change are considered endothermic
reactions as shown in the equation
2 NaHCO3(s) + 85 kJ → Na2CO3(s)+ H2O(l) + CO2(g)
This equation can also be written as
2 NaHCO3(s) → Na2CO3(s)+ H2O(l) + CO2(g) 𝜟𝑯 = 85 𝑘𝐽
Figure 9 shows the enthalpy diagram of this reaction.
Problems involving enthalpy changes are solved similar to stoichiometry
problems. The amount of heat absorbed or released depends on the number of moles of
the reactants involved. For example, the formation of a mole Ca(OH)2 releases 65.2 kJ
heat. The formation of 2 moles of the same substance would release twice as much heat,
that is equal to 130.4 kJ
Sample Problem 1
Calculate the amount of heat in kJ required to decompose 4 moles of Fe 2O3(s).
Fe2O3(s) + 3 CO(g) → 2 Fe(s) + 3 CO2(g) + 26.3 kJ
Solution:
Given: 𝜟𝑯 = 26.3 𝑘𝐽 for a mole of 𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3
Find: 𝜟𝑯 = for a mole of 𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3
26.3 𝑘𝐽
Write the conversion factor: 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3
Using the conversion factor, solve for 𝜟𝑯.

26.3 𝑘𝐽
𝜟𝑯 = 4 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3 × 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐹𝑒
2 𝑂3
𝜟𝑯 = 105.2 𝑘𝐽
23

lOMoARcPSD|11005815
Sample Problem 2
When one mole of nitrogen gas, N2, reacts with one mole of oxygen gas, O2, two
moles of nitric oxide, NO, are formed. In the process, 180.5 kJ of heat are required.
Before answering the problem, we should consider these properties in order for you to
be able to understand the properties of the heat of reaction ΔH. at of reaction ΔH has the following
The heat of reaction ΔH has the following properties:
1. ΔH is expressed in units of kJ/mole. The value of ΔH depends on the amount of
material. It is an extensive property. Thus, if 2 moles of glucose are burned, then
5610 kJ of heat will be produced.
2. The value of ΔH for a given reaction depends on the physical state of each
component. Thus, the state of every reactant and product participating in the
reaction must be indicated.
3. Considering the first law of conservation of energy, the amount of heat
released when 1 mole of glucose is burned in oxygen producing carbon dioxide
and water, is the same amount of heat required for 6 moles of carbon dioxide,
and 6 moles of water to react to form 1 mole of glucose. Note that the value of
ΔH is the same for the reverse reaction but has an opposite sign.
Therefore,
6 CO2 (g) + 6 H2O (l) → C6H12O6 (s) + 6 O2 (g) ΔH = 2805 kJ/mole
Or
6 CO2 (g) + 6 H2O (l) + 2805 kJ → C6H12O6 (s) + 6 O2 (g)
In the second equation above, the amount of heat is written as one of the reactants.
Another example
The thermochemical equation for the decomposition of ammonia, NH3 may be

written as:
3 1
NH3 (g) → H2 + N2 (g) ΔH = 29.61 kJ
2 2
Or
3 1
NH3 (g) + 29.61 kJ —> H2 + 2 N2 (g) 2
The decomposition of ammonia is an endothermic reaction, as such requires the

supply of heat to decompose ammonia. Note that 29.61 kJ of heat are required to
decompose 1 mole of ammonia. The reaction is endothermic. The heat content of the
products is greater than the heat content of the reactants. The heat content of chemical
substances depends on temperature and pressure. By convention, ΔH values are
generally reported at 25 °C (298 K) and standard atmosphere pressure (1 atm.)
Exercise 1
Answer the questions and solve the problems below.
1. The decomposition of NaHCO3(s) is an endothermic reaction. How many
kilojoules of heat is required to decompose 2.5 moles of NaHCO3(s)?
2 NaHCO3(s) → Na2CO3(s)+ H2O(l) + CO2(g)
2. There are different ways to write a chemical equation.
Rewrite this chemical equation into a different form as shown in previous
examples. Is the reaction endothermic or exothermic? Explain why.
1
C6H6 (l) + 7 2 O2 (g) → 3 H2O (l) + 6 CO2 (g) ΔH = - 3269 kJ/mole
24

lOMoARcPSD|11005815
I Will Do This
Activity 1: Enthalpy Experiment

Materials
Steel wool
Beaker
Thermometer
Vinegar
Procedure
1. Record initial temperature of the beaker.
2. Using a beaker soak the steel wool with the vinegar.
3. Remove the steel wool and remove the excess vinegar.
4. Place the steel wool in an empty beaker and wrap the steel wool around the
thermometer.
5. Cover the beaker with a piece of paper, so it is sealed.
6. Observe what happens in the beaker and record final temperature.
Data and Observations

Initial Temperature of the Beaker (°C) Temperature of the beaker upon the addition
of Vinegar (°C)
Analysis Questions:
1. What immediate changes were you able to observe after adding vinegar to the steel
wool?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
2. After the addition of vinegar on to the steel wool, what happened to the
temperature of the sealed beaker?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
3. If there was a temperature change? What attributed to such change?

_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
4. What can you say about the reaction (if there’s one)? Is it exothermic or endothermic?
Explain your answer.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
5. What is the Balanced Chemical Equation for the reaction (if there’s one)?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
25

lOMoARcPSD|11005815
Activity 2: Diamond to Graphite

In this activity you will be able to know the steps in calculating 𝜟𝑯 using the principles
learned in Hess’ Law.
Diamond is a gemstone composed Carbon atoms. Over

a very long period of time – several millions of years, a diamond
breaks down into a graphite, which is another form of Carbon.
How can we determine the enthalpy change for the Figure 10. A diamond
reaction?
𝐶(𝑠,𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑑) → 𝐶(𝑠,𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ𝑖𝑡𝑒) 𝜟𝑯 = ?
This enthalpy change (𝜟𝑯) for this reaction cannot be measured

directly but the enthalpy change can be measured by using the following
combustion reactions.
a) 𝐶(𝑠,𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ𝑖𝑡𝑒) + 𝑂2(𝑔) → 𝐶𝑂2(𝑔) 𝜟𝑯 = −393.5 𝑘𝐽
b) 𝐶(𝑠,𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑑) + 𝑂2(𝑔) → 𝐶𝑂2(𝑔) 𝜟𝑯 = −395.4 𝑘𝐽
Reverse equation (a) to give Figure 11. A graphite
c) 𝐶𝑂2(𝑔) → 𝐶(𝑠,𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ𝑖𝑡𝑒) + 𝑂2(𝑔) 𝜟𝑯 = 393.5 𝑘𝐽

When a reaction is reversed, the sign of 𝜟𝑯 must also change. To get the
equation for the conversion of diamond to graphite, add equations (b) and (c).
𝐶(𝑠,𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑑) + 𝑂2(𝑔) → 𝐶𝑂2(𝑔) 𝜟𝑯 = −395.4 𝑘𝐽
𝐶𝑂2(𝑔) → 𝐶(𝑠,𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ𝑖𝑡𝑒) + 𝑂2(𝑔) 𝜟𝑯 = 393.5 𝑘𝐽
___________________________________________
𝐶(𝑠,𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑑) → 𝐶(𝑠,𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ𝑖𝑡𝑒) 𝜟𝑯 = −𝟏. 𝟗 𝒌𝑱
Hess’ Law of Heat of Summation

Sometimes, it is difficult to measure the enthalpy change of a reaction. Some
reactions take place very slowly or in a series of intermediate reactions. However, it is
possible to determine the heat of reaction indirectly using Hess’ Law of heat of
summation.
Hess’ Law states that the enthalpy change of an overall reaction is the sum of the
enthalpy changes of its individual steps. Since enthalpy is a state function where the final
and initial states are the only important states, the individual equations and their known
enthalpy can be manipulated to determine the enthalpy of the reaction. The steps to be
followed to determine this unknown value is given in the solution of the Sample problem
below.
1
1. 𝑁2(𝑔) + 𝑂2(𝑔) → 𝑁𝑂2(𝑔) 𝜟𝑯 = 33.8 𝑘𝐽
2
1
2. 𝑁2(𝑔) + 𝑂2(𝑔) → 𝑁𝑂(𝑔) 𝜟𝑯 = −90.37 𝑘𝐽
2
1
3. 𝑁𝑂(𝑔) + 2 𝑂2(𝑔) → 𝑁𝑂2(𝑔) 𝜟𝑯 = ?
Solution
1. Identify the net equation whose 𝜟𝑯 is unknown. Make sure that the reaction is
balanced.
1
𝑁𝑂(𝑔) + 𝑂2(𝑔) → 𝑁𝑂2(𝑔) 𝜟𝑯 = ?
2
26

lOMoARcPSD|11005815
2. Manipulate equations where ΔH is known so that the correct moles of reactants

and products are on the correct sides. Remember that reversing the direction of
the reaction will give ΔH of the same magnitude but with opposite sign.
Multiplying or dividing the reaction by a factor should be done to both the ΔH
value and the reaction.
1
𝑁 + 𝑂2(𝑔) → 𝑁𝑂2(𝑔) 𝜟𝑯 = 33.8 𝑘𝐽
2 2(𝑔)
1
𝑁 + 𝑂2(𝑔) → 𝑁𝑂(𝑔) 𝜟𝑯 = −90.37 𝑘𝐽
2 2(𝑔)
3. Add these individual reactions to get the net reaction. The value of the unknown
𝜟𝑯 is the sum of the individual manipulated 𝜟𝑯.
1 1
𝑁𝑂(𝑔) → 𝑁2(𝑔) + 𝑂2(𝑔) 𝜟𝑯 = 90.37 𝑘𝐽
2 2
1
𝑁 + 𝑂2(𝑔) → 𝑁𝑂2(𝑔) 𝜟𝑯 = 33.8 𝑘𝐽
2 2(𝑔)
___________________________________________
1
𝑁𝑂(𝑔) + 𝑂2(𝑔) → 𝑁𝑂2(𝑔) 𝜟𝑯 = 123.55 𝑘𝐽
2
Exercise 2
Given the following equations:
a. CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (l) ΔH = - 890.4 kJ
b. 2 H2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2 H2O (l) ΔH = - 571.5 kJ
c. C (s) + O2 (g) → CO2 (g) ΔH = - 393.7 kJ
Find:
C (s) + 2 H2 (g) → CH4 (g) ΔH = ?
27

lOMoARcPSD|11005815
Standard Heat of Reaction

The heat of reaction 𝜟𝑯𝒓𝒙𝒏, also called enthalpy of reaction, is an extensive
property. Varying the amount of reactants also varies the magnitude of 𝜟𝑯. The phases
of the reactants and products are also factors to consider when determining the heat of
reaction of a net reaction. To compute for the enthalpy of reaction, enthalpies of formation
can be used.
𝜟𝑯°𝒓𝒙𝒏 = 𝒎𝜟𝑯°𝒇,𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒔 − 𝒎𝜟𝑯°𝒇,𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒔
The heat of reaction is determined at a standard state, 1 atm and 25°C. The
enthalpy of formation is the energy change occurring when 1 mole of a compound is
produced from its elements. An example is the formation of NaCl from Sodium and
Chlorine gas.
1
𝑁𝑎(𝑠) + 𝐶𝑙2(𝑔) → 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙(𝑠) 𝜟𝑯°𝒇 = 𝟒𝟏𝟏. 𝟎 𝒌𝑱
2
Remember that an element in its standard state has 𝜟𝑯°𝒇 = 𝟎. Other
elements exist as molecular compounds. Most formations are also exothermic, meaning
the compounds are more stable than the elements.
Table 5. Standard Enthalpies of Formation, 𝜟𝑯°𝒇 at 298 K
Calculating changes in enthalpy or ΔH of reactions.
1. Calculate the heat of hydrogenation of ethane (C2H4) given the following

thermochemical equations:
a. 2 C(graphite) + 3 H2 (g) → C2H6 (g) 𝜟𝑯°𝒇 = − 84.5 kJ/mol
b. 2 C (graphite) + 2 H2 (g) → C2H4 (g) 𝜟𝑯°𝒇 = 52.3 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙
Find:
C2H4 (g) + H2 (g) → C2H6 (g) 𝜟𝑯°𝒇 = ?
Solution
Applying Hess’s Law,
Reverse equation (b) and change the sign of ΔH:
C2H4 (g) → 2 C (graphite) + 2 H2 (g) 𝜟𝑯°𝒇 = −52.3 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙
Add equation (a):

2 C(graphite) + 3 H2 (g) → C2H6 (g) 𝜟𝑯°𝒇 = − 84.5 kJ/mol
28

lOMoARcPSD|11005815
H2
2 C(graphite) + 3 H2 (g) → C2H6 (g) 𝜟𝑯°𝒇 = − 84.5 kJ/mol
C2H4 (g) → 2 C (graphite) + 2 H2 (g) 𝜟𝑯°𝒇 = −52.3 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙
___________________________________________
C2H4 (g) + H2 → C2H6 (g) 𝜟𝑯°𝒇 = −136.8 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙
Examining this problem closely, the heat of reaction can be calculated by

subtracting the sum of the heats of formation of reactants from the sum of the heats of reaction
of products.
Therefore the equation:
𝜟𝑯𝒓𝒙𝒏 = 𝜮𝜟𝑯𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒔 − 𝜮𝜟𝑯𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒔
Using 𝑯°𝒇 to calculate the heat of hydrogenation of ethane:
𝜟𝑯𝒓𝒙𝒏 = 𝑯°𝒇 𝑪𝟐 𝑯𝟔(𝒈) − [𝜟𝑯°𝒇 𝑪𝟐 𝑯𝟒(𝒈) + 𝑯°𝒇 𝑯𝟐(𝒈) ]
𝜟𝑯𝒓𝒙𝒏 = (−𝟖𝟒. 𝟓 𝒌𝑱⁄𝒎𝒐𝒍) − (𝟓𝟐. 𝟑 𝒌𝑱⁄𝒎𝒐𝒍 + 𝟎)
𝜟𝑯𝒓𝒙𝒏 = −𝟏𝟑𝟔. 𝟖 𝒌𝑱⁄𝒎𝒐𝒍

Note that compounds are the only one assigned heats of formation values while elements are not
(the 𝜟𝑯𝒇 of elements is zero.)
Exercise 3
Calculate the 𝜟𝑯 for the reaction:
𝐶𝑆2(𝑙) + 2 𝑂2(𝑔) → 𝐶𝑂2(𝑔) + 2 𝑆𝑂2(𝑔)
Given:
𝜟𝑯°𝒇 𝐶𝑂2(𝑔) = −393.5 𝑘𝐽⁄𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝜟𝑯°𝒇 𝑆𝑂2(𝑔) = −296.8 𝑘𝐽⁄𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝜟𝑯°𝒇 𝐶𝑆2(𝑙) = −87.9 𝑘𝐽⁄𝑚𝑜𝑙
29

lOMoARcPSD|11005815
I Learned This
F
Fill in the blanks. Select your answer from the word box.
Calorimetry Heat Capacity greater than Constant-pressure calorimeter Hess’ Law direction
Extensive bomb-calorimeter Enthalpy Internal Energy equal sign
Intensive 𝜟𝑯°𝒓𝒙𝒏 𝜟𝑯 1st Law of Thermodynamics
In this lesson I was able to learn that 1. ____________ can be defined as the
amount of heat necessary to increase the temperature of a body by 1˚C. I was also able
to learn that 2. ____________ is the science of measuring heat based on the change in
temperature of an observed body when it releases or absorbs heat. In addition, I was also
able to learn that 3. ____________ is a thermodynamic quantity equivalent to the total
heat content of a system. It is 4. ____________ to the heat capacity over the mass of the
substance. In addition, I was also able to learn that there are two main types of
calorimeter, these are the 5. ____________ and 6. ____________.
7. ____________ states that the enthalpy change of an overall reaction is the sum
of the enthalpy changes of its individual steps. Furthermore, reversing the 8.
____________ will give a 𝜟𝑯 of same magnitude but with an opposite sign. Multiplying
or dividing the reaction with a factor should be done to both the 𝜟𝑯 value and the reaction.
The value of the unknown 𝜟𝑯 is the sum of the individual manipulated 𝜟𝑯. In addition, I
was also able to learn that enthalpy of reaction, 9. ____________, is an 10.
____________ property.
30

lOMoARcPSD|11005815
I Apply This
Answer the questions, solve the following problems, and apply the
principles learned from the lesson. Show the complete solution for problems involving
calculations.
1.
a) What is meant by the term state function?
b) Give an example of a quantity that is a state function and one that is
not.
c) Is the volume of a system a state function? Why or why not?
2. What is the connection between Hess’ Law and the fact that H is a state
function?
3. Consider the following hypothetical reactions:
𝐴 →𝐵 𝜟𝑯 = 𝟑𝟎 𝒌𝑱
𝐵 →𝐶 𝜟𝑯 = 𝟔𝟎 𝒌𝑱
a) Use Hess’ Law to calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction
𝐴 →𝐶
4. Calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction
𝑃4 𝑂6(𝑆) + 2 𝑂2(𝑔) → 𝑃4 𝑂10(𝑠)
𝑃4 + 3 𝑂2(𝑔) → 𝑃4 𝑂6(𝑆) 𝜟𝑯 = −𝟏𝟔𝟒𝟎. 𝟏 𝒌𝑱

𝑃4 + 5 𝑂2(𝑔) → 𝑃4 𝑂10(𝑆) 𝜟𝑯 = −𝟐𝟗𝟒𝟎. 𝟏 𝒌𝑱
5. For each of the following compounds, write a balanced thermochemical equation

depicting the formation of one mole of the compound from its elements in their
standard states and use Table 5 to obtain the value of 𝜟𝑯°𝒇 :
a) NO2(g)
b) SO3(g)
c) NaBr(s)
d) Pb(NO3)2(s)
31

lOMoARcPSD|11005815
I Test Myself
1. A reaction is allowed to take place in an insulated container containing 100 mL of
water. If the reaction is exothermic, what happens to the temperature of water?
A. The temperature of the water goes down.
B. The temperature of the water goes up.
C. The temperature of the water does not change
D. The temperature of the water is erratic
2. The thermochemical equation showing the formation of ammonia (NH3) from its
elements is:
𝑁2(𝑔) + 3 𝐻2(𝑔) → 2𝑁𝐻3(𝑔) 𝜟𝑯 = −𝟗𝟐 𝒌𝑱
This equation shows that 92 kJ of heat is:
A. Lost to the surroundings when one mole of hydrogen is used up in the
reaction.
B. Absorbed from the surroundings when one mole of nitrogen reacts.
C. Absorbed from the surroundings when one mole of ammonia is formed.
D. Lost to the surroundings when 2 moles of ammonia is formed.
3. Given the hypothetical thermochemical equation:
𝐴+𝐵 →𝐶+𝐷 𝜟𝑯 = −𝟒𝟑𝟎 𝒌𝑱
Which among the following statements is correct about this reaction?
A. The reaction is endothermic.

B. The equation may be written as 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 430 𝑘𝐽 → 𝐶 + 𝐷
C. The heat content of C and D is greater than the heat content of A and B.
D. The heat content of A and B is greater than the heat content of C and D.
4. An oxyacetylene torch is a tool that mixes and burns oxygen and acetylene to produce
an extremely hot flame. This tool is used to cut steel or weld iron and other metals. The
temperature of the film can reach 3480 ˚C. The burning of acetylene is given by the
thermochemical equation:
3
𝐶2 𝐻2(𝑔) + 𝐶𝑂2(𝑔) → 𝐶𝑂2(𝑔) + 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) 𝜟𝑯 = −𝟏𝟑𝟎𝟏. 𝟏 𝒌𝑱
2
For the reaction

𝐶𝑂2(𝑔) + 2 𝐻2𝑂(𝑙) → 2 𝐶2 𝐻2(𝑔) + 𝐶𝑂2(𝑔)
What is the 𝜟𝑯 for the reaction?

A. 𝜟𝑯 = 𝟏𝟑𝟎𝟏. 𝟏 𝒌𝑱 C. 𝜟𝑯 = 𝟐𝟔𝟎𝟐. 𝟐 𝒌𝑱
B. 𝜟𝑯 = −𝟏𝟑𝟎𝟏. 𝟏 𝒌𝑱 D. 𝜟𝑯 = −𝟐𝟔𝟎𝟐. 𝟐 𝒌𝑱
5. The Heat of Reaction refers to the

A. The heat released after burning 1 mole of a substance.
B. The heat released by 1 mole of a substance as it changes from a liquid
to a solid.
C. The amount of heat needed to melt 1 mole of a solid.
D. The heat released or absorbed during a chemical reaction.
32

lOMoARcPSD|11005815
References
Baguio, S.S.M. (2017). Breaking Through General Chemistry 2 For Senior High
School. C & E Publishing, Inc. 839 EDSA, South Triangle, Quezon City
Brown, T.L., LeMay, J.R., H.E., Bursten, B.E., Murphy, C.J., Woodward, P.M. (2012)
Chemistry: The Central Science. Pearson Education, Inc., Pearson Prentice
Hall, United States of America=
Maybay, E. B. (2006). General Chemistry Laboratory Manual. Quezon City: C & E
Publishing, Inc.
Samonte, J. L., & V, F. L. (2007). General Chemistry Laboratory Manual. Quezon,
City: C & E Publishing Inc.,.
https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/5c9cce435ff6c3001e403c52/thermochemistry
https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/57233363347cc3bb5d8ae850/hess's-law
https://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/energetics/sums.html
https://opentextbc.ca/chemistry/chapter/5-2-calorimetry/
33

lOMoARcPSD|11005815
Post-Test
Multiple Choice. Select the letter of the best answer.

1. A system doing work while it heats up has a _________.
A. +𝑤, +𝑞 C. −𝑤, +𝑞
B.+𝑤, −𝑞 D. −𝑤, −𝑞
2. An adiabatic expansion has a _________.
A. +𝑤, +𝑞 C. +𝑤, +𝑞 = 0
B.−𝑤, +𝑞 = 0 D. −𝑤, −𝑞
3. A system contracts by a volume of 300 cubic cm with pressure of 1.5 atm. Work is
equal to _________.
A. 450 𝐽 C. −46 𝐽
B.46 𝐽 D. 0 𝐽
4. If the system in number 3 occurs adiabatically, the would be equal to _________.
A. 450 𝐽 C. −46 𝐽
B.46 𝐽 D. 0 𝐽
5. What is the change in the internal energy of the system described in numbers 3
and 4?
A. 450 𝐽 C. −46 𝐽
B.46 𝐽 D. 0 𝐽
6. Using the same system in the previous problem, the change in enthalpy would be equal
to _______.
A. 450 𝐽 C. −46 𝐽
B.46 𝐽 D. 0 𝐽
7. A 23-g sample dissolved in water absorbs heat, increasing its temperature from
30˚C to 45˚C. What is the value of Q? Assume that the heat capacity of solution
is the same as water, 4.184 J/g • K.
A. 1443 𝐽 C. 7217 𝐽
B.−1443 𝐽 D. −7217 𝐽
8. Which of the following statements on specific heat is true?
A. It is an extrinsic property.
B. It is the heat capacity per mole of a substance
C. It is equal to zero when the heat capacity is zero
D. It is always equal to the heat capacity
9. If the enthalpy of formation of 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) is -286 kJ/mol, which of the following
thermochemical equations is correct?
A. 𝐻2(𝑔) + 𝑂2(𝑔) → 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑔) 𝑯 = −𝟐𝟖𝟔 𝒌𝑱/𝒎𝒐𝒍
1
B. 𝐻2(𝑔) + 𝑂 → 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) 𝑯 = −𝟐𝟖𝟔 𝒌𝑱/𝒎𝒐𝒍
2 2(𝑔)
C. 𝐻2(𝑔) + 𝑂2(𝑔) → 2 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) 𝑯 = −𝟐𝟖𝟔 𝒌𝑱/𝒎𝒐𝒍
D. 𝐻2(𝑔) + 𝑂2(𝑔) → 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) 𝑯 = −𝟐𝟖𝟔 𝒌𝑱/𝒎𝒐𝒍
10. Which of the following reaction at 25˚C does the enthalpy change represent a
standard enthalpy of formation.
1
A. 2 𝑁𝑎2(𝑔) + 𝑂 → 𝑁𝑎2 𝑂(𝑠))
2 2(𝑔)
B. 2 𝐾(𝑠) + 𝐶𝑙2(𝑔) → 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙)
C. 𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑂6 + 𝑂2(𝑔) → 6 𝐶𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑑 + 6 𝐻2(𝑔) + 3 𝑂2(𝑔)
1
D. 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) → 𝐻2(𝑔) + 𝑂2(𝑔)
2
34

lOMoARcPSD|11005815
35

lOMoARcPSD|11005815
Prepared by:
Eduardo Demisana
Special Science Teacher I
Sum-ag National High School
eduardo.demisana@deped.gov.ph
36
Copy protected with Online-PDF-No-Copy.com


Week 5 General Chemistry 2 PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Week 5 General Chemistry 2 PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

lOMoARcPSD|11005815

Arts and Science (Virgen Milagrosa University Foundation)

Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

Downloaded by Den Angelica Dungo (denangelicadungo2616@gmail.com)

1. Explain the first law of thermodynamics (STEM_GC11TCIIIg-i-124),

This module is composed of four lessons:

• Lesson 1 – Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions and First Law of

After going through this module, you are expected to:

Downloaded by Den Angelica Dungo (denangelicadungo2616@gmail.com)

I Will Check on This

2. What is the symbol for heat?

3. What are chemical reactions that absorb energy?

5. What is the formula for calculating heat?

6. What are the two main types of energy?

7. Consider the reaction: 2 H2O + energy → 2 H2 + O2

8. It is the heat required to raise the temperature of a substance by 1 ˚C.

9. It is the heat required to raise the temperature of a water by 1 ˚C.

10. Which statement is true about Hess’ Law?

Downloaded by Den Angelica Dungo (denangelicadungo2616@gmail.com)

The Nature of Energy

Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy

Downloaded by Den Angelica Dungo (denangelicadungo2616@gmail.com)

Figure 1. Potential energy and kinetic energy. The potential energy

Energy conversion also termed as the energy transformation, is the

Figure 2. A diagram showing how different forms of

Downloaded by Den Angelica Dungo (denangelicadungo2616@gmail.com)

Table 1. Assigned Convention for Heat, Q

Thermochemistry is the study of energy changes that occur during chemical

Therefore, whatever energy released by the system is gained by the

Energy (sys) Energy Sur Energy (univ)

Figure 3. A bar graph illustrating that the total

Downloaded by Den Angelica Dungo (denangelicadungo2616@gmail.com)

An open system is one wherein transfer of matter and

The magnitude of Q can be computed using the equation,

To determine the magnitude of work, we derive an expression for work where a

From the definition of work,

Downloaded by Den Angelica Dungo (denangelicadungo2616@gmail.com)

But area multiplied by △ 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 is equal to △ 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒, therefore,

The magnitude of work is in joules. One liter-atmosphere (L • atm) is equal to

Internal Energy and Enthalpy

Downloaded by Den Angelica Dungo (denangelicadungo2616@gmail.com)

System releases heat System absorbs heat

Figure 5. A schematic representation of heat, Q, and work, w, on the

Downloaded by Den Angelica Dungo (denangelicadungo2616@gmail.com)

From this, an equation for Q can be derived

Specific heat, c, is the heat capacity per gram of substance. It is equal to

Figure 6. A coffee-cup calorimeter (an example of Figure 7. A constant volume calorimeter

Downloaded by Den Angelica Dungo (denangelicadungo2616@gmail.com)

An example of a constant-pressure calorimeter is the coffee-cup calorimeter

We can rewrite this equation as

Therefore, the specific heat of the solid is

𝑐𝐻2𝑂 = 4.184 𝐽⁄𝑔 • 𝐾

𝑇𝑖,𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 = 100°C → 373.15 𝐾

𝑇𝑖,𝐻2 𝑂 = 25.1°C → 298.25 𝐾

𝑇𝑓,𝐻2 𝑂,𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 = 28.5°C → 301.65 𝐾

𝑐𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 = 0.995 𝐽/𝑔 • 𝐾

Downloaded by Den Angelica Dungo (denangelicadungo2616@gmail.com)

A bomb calorimeter or constant-volume calorimeter is used to study combustion

Downloaded by Den Angelica Dungo (denangelicadungo2616@gmail.com)

Combustion is a chemical process by which an organic compound reacts

Downloaded by Den Angelica Dungo (denangelicadungo2616@gmail.com)

Activity 1: Pringle Pop

2. Why did the lid or cover of the container pop?