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General Chemistry 1
Quarter 1 – Module 3
Determining Molar Mass
Chemical Reactions and Equations

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

General Chemistry 1- Grade 12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 3
Determining Molar Mass
Chemical Reactions and Equations

First Edition, 2020

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 General Chemistry 1
Quarter 1 – Module 3
Determining Molar Mass
Chemical Reactions and Equations

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This page is intentionally blank
 Table of Contents

What This Module is About........................................................................................................... i

What I Need to Know..................................................................................................................... ii
How to Learn from this Module.................................................................................................... .ii
Icons of this Module...................................................................................................................... .iii

What I Know.................................................................................................................................. ..iii

Lesson 1:
Index Fossils.......................................................................................................................
What I Need to Know...........................................................................................1

What I know ......................................................................................................... 2

What Is It............................................................................................................... 3

What’s New: …..................................................................................................... 5

What’s In: …......................................................................................................... 6

What’s More.......................................................................................................... 7

What I Have Learned: ........................................................................................8

Lesson 2:
History of the Earth Through Geological Time ....................................
What I need to know............................................................................................ 10

What I know ......................................................................................................... 10

What is it............................................................................................................. ..13

What’s New......................................................................................................... ..16

What is it.............................................................................................................. ..17

What’s More........................................................................................................ ..18

What is it.............................................................................................................. ..19

What’s New......................................................................................................... ..21

What’s I can Do.................................................................................................. ..22

What I have learned.............................................................................................23

Summary .....................................................................................................................................
Assessment: (Post-Test) ........................................................................................................... 23
Key to Answers............................................................................................................................ 26
References................................................................................................................................... 29
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Module 2

What This Module is About

Chemical transformations are happening in everyday life. It is not enough to
describe matter and the changes that it undergoes qualitatively. They often need
more accurate, quantitative observations. In chemical reactions, a huge number of
atoms and molecules are involved. Instead of dealing with particles that cannot be
seen, chemists work with bulk of matter. These observations use measurable
quantities and calculations that are essential in understanding chemical reactions.
This module contains discussions and activities that will explain and illustrate this
topic.

What I Need to Know

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. Calculate molecular formula given molar mass; and
2. Write and balanced chemical equations
How to Learn from this Module
To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following:
• Take your time reading the lessons carefully.
• Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises diligently.
• Answer all the given tests and exercises.

Icons of this Module

What I Need to This part contains learning objectives that
Know are set for you to learn as you go along the
module.

What I know This is an assessment as to your level of

knowledge to the subject matter at hand,
meant specifically to gauge prior related
knowledge
What’s In This part connects previous lesson with that
of the current one.

What’s New An introduction of the new lesson through

various activities, before it will be presented
to you

What is It These are discussions of the activities as a

way to deepen your discovery and under-
standing of the concept.

What’s More These are follow-up activities that are in-

tended for you to practice further in order to
master the competencies.

What I Have Activities designed to process what you

Learned have learned from the lesson

What I can do These are tasks that are designed to show-

case your skills and knowledge gained, and
applied into real-life concerns and situations.

II
 What I Know – Pre Assessment

Pretest: MULTIPLE CHOICE:

Directions: Read and understand each item and choose the letter of the correct answer.
Use separate answer sheet of paper.

1. Which is not a type of chemical reaction?

A. Combination C. decomposition
B. Substitution D. evaporation

2. What scientific law is explained using balanced chemical equations?

A. Law of chemical reactions C. law of conservation of mass
B. Law of conservation of energy D. law of definite proportions

3. The electrolysis of water into hydrogen and oxygen is an example of ______

reaction.
A. Combination C. double replacement
B. Decomposition D. single replacement

4. Which of the following symbols means a substance is in water solution?

A. (aq) C. (l)
B. (s) D. (w)

5. In a chemical equation, the symbol that takes the place of the word ‘yield’ is a(n)
A. Equal sign C. plus sign
B. Coefficient D. arrow

6. The symbol(s) written after a formula in a chemical equation stands for

A. Soluble C. solid
B. Solution D. synthesis

7. Which of the following is TRUE of a balanced equation?

A. The total number of atoms remains the same.
B. The kinds of atoms remain the same.
C. The total number of molecules remains the same.
D. The number of atoms of each element remains the same.

8. Which of the following is true of a chemical reaction?

A. Only physical changes occur. C. Only changes of state occur.
B. New substances must form. D. Chemical properties remain the
same.

9. When oxygen is available, sulfur dioxide is produced from the burning of sulfur. Which of
the following word equations best represents this reaction?
A. sulfur + oxygen → sulfur dioxide C. sulfur dioxide → sulfur + oxygen
B. sulfur dioxide + oxygen → sulfur D. sulfur → sulfur dioxide + oxygen

10. Why can’t you change the formula in order to balance a reaction?
A.The number of atoms in the left should be equal to the atoms on the right of the
arrow.
B.. The elements have definite mass ratios.
C. The molecule is indestructible.
D. The elements that combine have definite composition and fixed proportion of
elements by mass.
This page is intentionally blank
 Lesson Writing and Balancing
Chemical Equations
2
What I Need to Know

We will learn how to write sample chemical reactions and translate them into
chemical equations. This module will lead you to the beauty of the chemical
language to the extent that you will be able to write it, read it and interpret its
meaning.

What’s New

Activity #1: Ice Cube Experiment

Directions: Prepare all the materials needed, follow the procedures, and answer the guide
questions.

Materials:
Ice cube
Tap water
Clear plastic cup
Weighing scale (any)

Procedure:
1. Pour water into a clear plastic cup so that it is about 1/3-full.
2. Weigh using the weighing scale. Take note of the mass.
3. Add 1 piece of ice.
4. Weigh the cup, water, and ice. Record the combined mass.

Question:
1. What is the initial mass? ___________
2. What is the final mass? ___________
3. Does the mass change or stay the same as the ice cube melts? ____________
4. Why does this happen?
___________________________________________________________________
5. If you weighed a stick of butter and then let it melt, do you think it would weigh more,
less, or the same afterwards? Why?
___________________________________________________________________
 What Is It

Law of Conservation of Mass

In the late eighteenth century, Antoine Lavoisier, a French chemist, recognized the
importance of accurate measurements. He extensively studies and explained the nature of
combustion. He found out that combustion involved reaction with oxygen. His experiments,
in which he carefully weighed the reactants and products of various reactions, suggested
that mass is neither created nor destroyed. Lavoisier’s discovery of this law of conservation
of mass was the basis for the development in chemistry in the nineteenth century.

A chemical change involves reorganization of the atoms in one or more substances.

The law of conservation of mass requires that there must be exactly as many atoms among
the combined products of a chemical reaction as in its combined reactants. To understand
this better, let us define words that will be used in this lesson. Reactants are the starting
material in a chemical reaction. Products are the substance formed as a result of a chemical
reaction. In a chemical equation, reactants are found on the left side and the products are on
the right side. A chemical reaction can therefore be summarized as

Reactants → Products

For example, when the methane (CH4) in natural gas combines with oxygen (O2) in the air
and burns, carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) are formed.

The balanced chemical equation for this reaction is:

CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

The reactants in this reaction are methane and oxygen gas. The products are carbon dioxide
and water.

A balanced equation conforms to the law of conservation of mass. Let us check if the
number of atoms of each kind on the left side of the reaction is equal to the number of atoms
of each kind on the right side of the equation.

There is 1 atom of carbon on the left side and 1 atom of carbon on the right side.
There are 4 atoms of hydrogen on the left side. On the right side, there are 2 atoms of
hydrogen that is multiplied by the coefficient 2 found on the left side of H2O.

On the left side of the equation, there are 2 atoms of oxygen multiplied by the
coefficient 2 found on the left side of O 2. On the right side, there are two atoms of oxygen in
CO2 and 1 atom of oxygen in H2O multiplied by the coefficient 2 found on the left side of
H2O.

To get a clearer view of the number of atoms of each kind, look at the table below.
Kind of Atom No. on the Left side No. on the Right side
C 1 1
H 4 2x2=4
O 2x2=4 2 + 1(2) = 4

Thus, the balanced equation above conforms to the law of conservation of mass.

Let us have another example.

When aluminum and barium oxide are heated together, a vigorous reaction begins,
and elemental barium and aluminum oxide, Al2O3, are formed. The equation is
 2Al(l) + 3BaO(s) → Al2O3(s) + 3Ba(l)

a. Identify the reactants and products.

b. Check the equation if it conforms with the Law of Conservation of Mass.
Answer:
a. The reactants are Al and BaO. The products are Al2O3 and Ba.
b.
Kind of No. on the Left side No. on the Right
Atom side
Al 1x2=2 2
Ba 1x3=3 1x3=3
O 1x3=3 3

It conforms with the Law of Conservation of Mass.

What’s More

Activity #2: Let’s Practice!

Directions: Identify the reactants and products of the reaction on (a). Check the
equation if it conforms with the Law of Conservation of Mass by filling in the table.
1. Cl2(g) + 2 KBr(aq) → 2KCl(aq) + Br2(l)
(a) _____________________________________________________
(b) Kind of No. on the Left side No. on the Right
Atom side

2. 2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2NaOH(s) + H2(g)

(a) _______________________________________________
Kind of No. on the Left side No. on the Right
Atom side

(b)

3. K2CrO4(aq) + 2AgNO3(aq) → Ag2CrO4(s) + KNO3(aq)

(a) _____________________________________________________
(b)

Kind of No. on the Left side No. on the Right

Atom side
 What’s In

You may ask, “Why must chemical equations be balanced?” Simply because it’s the
law! Matter cannot be created or destroyed in chemical reactions as stated in the law of
conservation of mass. In every chemical reaction, the same mass of matter must end up in
the products as started in the reactants. Balanced chemical equations show that mass is
conserved in chemical reactions. In our next topic, we will learn how to write chemical
equations and balance them out.

What Is It

Writing Chemical Reactions and Balancing Chemical Equations

The three fundamental chemical laws are the basis for writing chemical reactions. The
conversion of substances to other substances during a chemical reaction is usually
represented by a chemical equation. The chemical equation is very important because it
provides two types of information: the nature of reactants and products, and the relative
number of each. This lesson is broken in two parts to make your learning easier.

A. Writing Chemical Reactions

Writing chemical reactions are important for chemists. It is an important language that
translates the reactions into easy, readable and understandable sentence, which we call the
chemical equation. Word reactions are translated into symbols for easy reading. By looking
at the chemical equations, the reader can easily interpret what transpired in the reaction.
For example: The reaction of hydrogen and oxygen to give water is represented as
follows:
2H2 + O2 = 2H2O

There are conventions and simple rules to follow in writing chemical equations. They are
as follows:
1. As mentioned in previous texts, the starting material or substances called reactants
are written on the left side and the resulting substances called products are written
on the right side.
2. An arrow (→) is used to represent the conversion of the reactants to products. This
may literally mean “to yield” or “to form”. The plus sign (+) means “to react with” or “to
combine with”.
3. It is recommended that the states of the substances be indicated by placing the
following symbols after the formula of the substance (e.g. s, l, g, aq)
4. In a chemical reaction, the law of conservation of mass holds. A balanced equation
conforms to this law. As mentioned in the previous lesson, the number of atoms of
each kind on the left and right sides of the arrow must be equal.

In this example, we will write the chemical equation for this reaction:

Two molecules of acetylene gas will react with 5 molecules of oxygen gas to produce
4 molecules of carbon dioxide gas and two molecules of water vapor.

Strategy:
1. Identify the reactants and products: C2H2 + O2 → CO2 + H2O
 2. Indicate the states of the substances by placing their symbols on the right side of
the substances
C2H2(g) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(g)
3. Affix the number of molecules as coefficients at the left side of the substances
2C2H2(g) + 5O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
4. Check the equation if it conforms with the Law of Conservation of Mass
Kind of No. on the Left side No. on the Right
Atom side
C 2x2=4 1x4=4
H 2x2=4 2x2=4
O 2 x 5 = 10 4(2) + 1(2) = 10

B. Balancing Equations

In general, a balanced chemical equation is written in two steps:

1. Write the formula and state or phase of the reactants and products.
2. Balance the number of atoms of each kind by using coefficients. Write the
coefficients on the left side of the substances.
Note: The chemical formulas must not be changed. The subscripts must not be
changed. Only the coefficients are to be adjusted.

Example 1. Write the balanced equation for the reaction of solid magnesium with oxygen in
air to produce magnesium oxide.
Step 1. Write the chemical equation
Mg(s) + O2(g) → MgO(s)
Step 2. Balance the number of atoms

Mg(s) + O2(g) → MgO(s)

Upon inspection, there are 2 atoms of oxygen in the left side, and only 1 atom of
oxygen on the right side. Thus, we shall focus on balancing the oxygen atom on the right
side by putting a coefficient 2 at the left side of MgO.
Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2MgO(s)
The oxygen atom is now balanced, but there is only 1 atom of Mg on the left side and
two atoms on the right side. The next move is to put a coefficient 2 on the left side of Mg to
balance the Mg atoms.
2Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2MgO(s)
Step 3. Check the equation if it conforms with the Law of Conservation of
Mass.

What’s More (A)

Activity #3: Self Test
Directions: Part A. Write the chemical equations of the following reactions:

1. Aqueous aluminum nitrate reacts with aqueous sodium hydroxide to form aqueous
aluminum hydroxide and aqueous sodium nitrate.
____________________________________________________________

2. Iron reacts with sulfuric acid to produce iron (III) sulfate and hydrogen gas.
____________________________________________________________

3. Oxygen gas reacts with carbon sulfide to produce carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide.
____________________________________________________________
Part B. Balance the following chemical reactions
Mg + N2 → Mg3N2

Cl2(g) + KBr(aq) → KCl(aq) + Br2(l)

C2H6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O

What’s More (B)

Activity 4. Reflection
Direction: Answer the guide question in 5-10 sentences. Observe proper grammar and
punctuation.

We balance equations for a lot of reasons. Frist, we want the equations to

represent what happens when we observe the chemical reaction in the real world. It
also obeys an important guiding principle which is the law of conservation of mass.

As a student, how do you balance the different aspects of your life?

What is your guiding principle in life?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
 Lesson
Determining Molar Mass
1
What’s In

All the ideas in this lesson will rely on your understandning a key concept to a
uit called the mole. In daily life, we measure things by counting or by weighing: we weigh rice
and flour, but we count eggs or ballpens. But how exactly can we count or weigh atoms,
ions, moleulces, or formula units when all of them are munite objects? As you’ll see,
chemists have devised a unit called the mole, to count chemical entitles by weighing them.

What Is It

Defining the Mole

The mole (mol) is the SI unit for amount of substance. It is defined as the amount of a
substance that contains the same number of atoms in 12 g of carbon-12. This number,
called Avogadrio’s number (in honor of the Italian physicist Amadeo Avogadro), is enormous:
One mole 1(mol) contains 6.022x1023 entities
Thus,
1 mol of carbon-12 contains 6.022x1023 carbon-12 atoms
1 mol of H2O contains 6.022x1023 H2O molecules
1 mol of NaCl contains 6.022x1023 NaCl formula units

Knowing the amount (in moles), the mass (in grams), and the number of entities beomes
very important as we mix different substances to run a reaction. The central relationship
between masses on the atomic scale and on the macroscopic scale is the same for
elements and compounds,

 Elements – the mass in atomic mass units (amu) of one atom of an element is the
same numerically as the mass in grams (g) of 1 mole of atoms of the element. Each
atom of an element is considered to have the atomic mass given in the periodic table.
Thus,

16

S
32.07
1 atom of S has a mass of 32.07 amu and 1 mol (6.022x1023 atoms) of S has a
mass of 32.07g
Calculating the Molecular Mass of a Compound

Using the periodic table and the formula of a compound, we calculate the molecular mass
(also called molecular weight) of a formula unit of the compound as the sum of the atomic
masses:

Molecular mass = sum of atomic masses

1. For example, the molecular mass of a water molecule (using atomic masses to four
significant figures from the periodic table) is

Molecular mass of H2O = (2 x atomic mass of H) + (1 x atomic mass of O)

= (2 x 1.008 amu) + 16.00 amu = 18.02 amu

2. Another example would be calculating the molecular mass of tetraphosphorus trisulfide.

First, we write the formula, then multiply the number of atoms of each element by its atomic
mass (which we can find from the periodic table), and find the sum.

Formula: P4S3
Molecular mass = (4 x atomic mass of P) + (3 x atomic mass of S)
= (4 x 30.97 amu) + (3 x 32.07 amu) = 220.09 amu

3. In ionic compounds, it doesn’t consist of molecules so the mass of a formila unit is termed
as the formula mass instead of molecular mass. To calculate the formula mass of a
compound with a polyatomic ion, the number of atoms of each element inside the
parentheses is multiplied by the subscript outside the parentheses. For barium nitrate,
Ba(NO3)2,
Formula mass of Ba(NO3)2
= (1 x atomic mass of Ba) + (2 x atomic mass of N) + (6 x atomic mass of O)
= (137.3 amu + (2 x 14.01 amu) + (6 x 16.00 amu) = 261.3 amu

What’s More

Activity #1: Let’s Practice!

Directions: Familiarizing ourselves with the atomic mass will be a great help in
finding out the molecular mass of a compound. Take out a copy of your periodic
table. Locate and write the atomic mass of the following elements on the space
provided.
Atom Atomic Mass Atom Atomic Mass
1 Cl 6F
2N 7 Mg
3O 8 Al
4 Ca 9 Si
5P 10 S

What’s More #2
Activity #2: Calculating The Molecular Mass
Directions: Now that you are familiar with the atomic mass, let us calculate the
molecular mass of the different compounds. First, write the formula then afterwards
you can write your solutions on the space provided and encircle your final answer. (5
points each number)

1. hydrogen peroxide
Formula: _____________

2. cesium chloride
Formula: _____________

3. sulfuric acid
Formula: _____________

4. potassium sulfate
Formula: _____________
5. sodium oxide
Formula: _____________

6. nitrogen dioxide
Formula: _____________
SUMMARY

- A mole of substance is the amount that contains Avogadro’s number

(6.022 x 1023) of chemical entities (atoms, molecules, or formula units)
- The mass (in grams) of a mole of the entity has the same numerical value
as the mass (in amu) of the individual entity. Thus, the mole allows us to
count entities by weighing them
- Chemical changes have many applications in the modern world. The
creation of new materials like electronic gadgets is an example of this
application.
- The chemical equation shows the formula and the phase of the reactants
and products
- The four basic types of chemical reactions are combination,
decomposition, single displacement, and double displacement
 What I Have Learned

Post- Test
Directions: Read and understand each item and choose the letter of the correct answer.
Use separate answer sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following is TRUE of a balanced equation?

A. The total number of atoms remains the same.
B. The kinds of atoms remain the same.
C. The total number of molecules remains the same.
D. The number of atoms of each element remains the same.

2. Which of the following is true of a chemical reaction?

A. Only physical changes occur. C. Only changes of state occur.
B. New substances must form. D. Chemical properties remain the
same.

3. Which is not a type of chemical reaction?

C. Combination C. decomposition
D. Substitution D. evaporation

4. The electrolysis of water into hydrogen and oxygen is an example of ______ reaction.
C. Combination C. double replacement
D. Decomposition D. single replacement

5. What scientific law is explained using balanced chemical equations?

C. Law of chemical reactions C. law of conservation of mass
D. Law of conservation of energy D. law of definite proportions

6. Which of the following symbols means a substance is in water solution?

C. (aq) C. (l)
D. (s) D. (w)

7. When oxygen is available, sulfur dioxide is produced from the burning of sulfur. Which of
the following word equations best represents this reaction?
E. A. sulfur + oxygen → sulfur dioxide C. sulfur dioxide → sulfur +
oxygen
F. B. sulfur dioxide + oxygen → sulfur D. sulfur → sulfur dioxide +
oxygen

8. In a chemical equation, the symbol that takes the place of the word ‘yield’ is a(n)
A. Equal sign C. plus sign
B. Coefficient D. arrow

9. The symbol(s) written after a formula in a chemical equation stands for

A. Soluble C. solid
B. Solution D. synthesis
10. Why can’t you change the formula in order to balance a reaction?
A. The number of atoms in the left should be equal to the atoms on the right of the
arrow.
B.. The elements have definite mass ratios.
C. The molecule is indestructible.
D. The elements that combine have definite composition and fixed proportion of
elements by mass.
REFERENCES:
1. Echija, Elena, Cecilia Bayquen, Rafeal Alfonso, and Elmarita De Vera.
2020. Frontliners in Science and Technology. Makati City: Diwa
Scholastic Press
Silberberg, Martin. 2016. General Chemistry 1&2. McGrawHill Education
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