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General Chemistry 1
Quarter 1 – Module 3
Determining Molar Mass
Chemical Reactions and Equations
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Lesson 1:
Index Fossils.......................................................................................................................
What I Need to Know...........................................................................................1
What I know ......................................................................................................... 2
What Is It............................................................................................................... 3
What’s New: …..................................................................................................... 5
What’s In: …......................................................................................................... 6
What’s More.......................................................................................................... 7
What I Have Learned: ........................................................................................8
Lesson 2:
History of the Earth Through Geological Time ....................................
What I need to know............................................................................................ 10
What I know ......................................................................................................... 10
What is it............................................................................................................. ..13
What’s New......................................................................................................... ..16
What is it.............................................................................................................. ..17
What’s More........................................................................................................ ..18
What is it.............................................................................................................. ..19
What’s New......................................................................................................... ..21
What’s I can Do.................................................................................................. ..22
What I have learned.............................................................................................23
Summary .....................................................................................................................................
Key to Answers............................................................................................................................ 26
References................................................................................................................................... 29
Module 2
II
What I Know – Pre Assessment
5. In a chemical equation, the symbol that takes the place of the word ‘yield’ is a(n)
A. Equal sign C. plus sign
B. Coefficient D. arrow
9. When oxygen is available, sulfur dioxide is produced from the burning of sulfur. Which of
the following word equations best represents this reaction?
A. sulfur + oxygen → sulfur dioxide C. sulfur dioxide → sulfur + oxygen
B. sulfur dioxide + oxygen → sulfur D. sulfur → sulfur dioxide + oxygen
10. Why can’t you change the formula in order to balance a reaction?
A.The number of atoms in the left should be equal to the atoms on the right of the
arrow.
B.. The elements have definite mass ratios.
C. The molecule is indestructible.
D. The elements that combine have definite composition and fixed proportion of
elements by mass.
Lesson Writing and Balancing
Chemical Equations
2
What I Need to Know
We will learn how to write sample chemical reactions and translate them into
chemical equations. This module will lead you to the beauty of the chemical
language to the extent that you will be able to write it, read it and interpret its
meaning.
What’s New
Materials:
Ice cube
Tap water
Clear plastic cup
Weighing scale (any)
Procedure:
1. Pour water into a clear plastic cup so that it is about 1/3-full.
2. Weigh using the weighing scale. Take note of the mass.
3. Add 1 piece of ice.
4. Weigh the cup, water, and ice. Record the combined mass.
Question:
1. What is the initial mass? ___________
2. What is the final mass? ___________
3. Does the mass change or stay the same as the ice cube melts? ____________
4. Why does this happen?
___________________________________________________________________
5. If you weighed a stick of butter and then let it melt, do you think it would weigh more,
less, or the same afterwards? Why?
___________________________________________________________________
What Is It
In the late eighteenth century, Antoine Lavoisier, a French chemist, recognized the
importance of accurate measurements. He extensively studies and explained the nature of
combustion. He found out that combustion involved reaction with oxygen. His experiments,
in which he carefully weighed the reactants and products of various reactions, suggested
that mass is neither created nor destroyed. Lavoisier’s discovery of this law of conservation
of mass was the basis for the development in chemistry in the nineteenth century.
Reactants → Products
For example, when the methane (CH4) in natural gas combines with oxygen (O2) in the air
and burns, carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) are formed.
The reactants in this reaction are methane and oxygen gas. The products are carbon dioxide
and water.
A balanced equation conforms to the law of conservation of mass. Let us check if the
number of atoms of each kind on the left side of the reaction is equal to the number of atoms
of each kind on the right side of the equation.
There is 1 atom of carbon on the left side and 1 atom of carbon on the right side.
There are 4 atoms of hydrogen on the left side. On the right side, there are 2 atoms of
hydrogen that is multiplied by the coefficient 2 found on the left side of H2O.
On the left side of the equation, there are 2 atoms of oxygen multiplied by the
coefficient 2 found on the left side of O 2. On the right side, there are two atoms of oxygen in
CO2 and 1 atom of oxygen in H 2O multiplied by the coefficient 2 found on the left side of
H2O.
To get a clearer view of the number of atoms of each kind, look at the table below.
Kind of Atom No. on the Left side No. on the Right side
C 1 1
H 4 2x2=4
O 2x2=4 2 + 1(2) = 4
Thus, the balanced equation above conforms to the law of conservation of mass.
What’s More
(b)
You may ask, “Why must chemical equations be balanced?” Simply because it’s the
law! Matter cannot be created or destroyed in chemical reactions as stated in the law of
conservation of mass. In every chemical reaction, the same mass of matter must end up in
the products as started in the reactants. Balanced chemical equations show that mass is
conserved in chemical reactions. In our next topic, we will learn how to write chemical
equations and balance them out.
What Is It
The three fundamental chemical laws are the basis for writing chemical reactions. The
conversion of substances to other substances during a chemical reaction is usually
represented by a chemical equation. The chemical equation is very important because it
provides two types of information: the nature of reactants and products, and the relative
number of each. This lesson is broken in two parts to make your learning easier.
There are conventions and simple rules to follow in writing chemical equations. They are
as follows:
1. As mentioned in previous texts, the starting material or substances called reactants
are written on the left side and the resulting substances called products are written
on the right side.
2. An arrow (→) is used to represent the conversion of the reactants to products. This
may literally mean “to yield” or “to form”. The plus sign (+) means “to react with” or “to
combine with”.
3. It is recommended that the states of the substances be indicated by placing the
following symbols after the formula of the substance (e.g. s, l, g, aq)
4. In a chemical reaction, the law of conservation of mass holds. A balanced equation
conforms to this law. As mentioned in the previous lesson, the number of atoms of
each kind on the left and right sides of the arrow must be equal.
In this example, we will write the chemical equation for this reaction:
Two molecules of acetylene gas will react with 5 molecules of oxygen gas to produce
4 molecules of carbon dioxide gas and two molecules of water vapor.
Strategy:
1. Identify the reactants and products: C2H2 + O2 → CO2 + H2O
2. Indicate the states of the substances by placing their symbols on the right side of
the substances
C2H2(g) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(g)
3. Affix the number of molecules as coefficients at the left side of the substances
2C2H2(g) + 5O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
4. Check the equation if it conforms with the Law of Conservation of Mass
Kind of No. on the Left side No. on the Right
Atom side
C 2x2=4 1x4=4
H 2x2=4 2x2=4
O 2 x 5 = 10 4(2) + 1(2) = 10
B. Balancing Equations
Example 1. Write the balanced equation for the reaction of solid magnesium with oxygen in
air to produce magnesium oxide.
Step 1. Write the chemical equation
Mg(s) + O2(g) → MgO(s)
Step 2. Balance the number of atoms
1. Aqueous aluminum nitrate reacts with aqueous sodium hydroxide to form aqueous
aluminum hydroxide and aqueous sodium nitrate.
____________________________________________________________
2. Iron reacts with sulfuric acid to produce iron (III) sulfate and hydrogen gas.
____________________________________________________________
3. Oxygen gas reacts with carbon sulfide to produce carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide.
____________________________________________________________
Part B. Balance the following chemical reactions
Mg + N2 → Mg3N2
___________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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Lesson
Determining Molar Mass
1
What’s In
All the ideas in this lesson will rely on your understandning a key concept to a
uit called the mole. In daily life, we measure things by counting or by weighing: we weigh rice
and flour, but we count eggs or ballpens. But how exactly can we count or weigh atoms,
ions, moleulces, or formula units when all of them are munite objects? As you’ll see,
chemists have devised a unit called the mole, to count chemical entitles by weighing them.
What Is It
The mole (mol) is the SI unit for amount of substance. It is defined as the amount of a
substance that contains the same number of atoms in 12 g of carbon-12. This number,
called Avogadrio’s number (in honor of the Italian physicist Amadeo Avogadro), is enormous:
One mole 1(mol) contains 6.022x1023 entities
Thus,
1 mol of carbon-12 contains 6.022x1023 carbon-12 atoms
1 mol of H2O contains 6.022x1023 H2O molecules
1 mol of NaCl contains 6.022x1023 NaCl formula units
Knowing the amount (in moles), the mass (in grams), and the number of entities beomes
very important as we mix different substances to run a reaction. The central relationship
between masses on the atomic scale and on the macroscopic scale is the same for
elements and compounds,
Elements – the mass in atomic mass units (amu) of one atom of an element is the
same numerically as the mass in grams (g) of 1 mole of atoms of the element. Each
atom of an element is considered to have the atomic mass given in the periodic table.
Thus,
16
S
32.07
1 atom of S has a mass of 32.07 amu and 1 mol (6.022x1023 atoms) of S has a
mass of 32.07g
Calculating the Molecular Mass of a Compound
Using the periodic table and the formula of a compound, we calculate the molecular mass
(also called molecular weight) of a formula unit of the compound as the sum of the atomic
masses:
1. For example, the molecular mass of a water molecule (using atomic masses to four
significant figures from the periodic table) is
First, we write the formula, then multiply the number of atoms of each element by its atomic
mass (which we can find from the periodic table), and find the sum.
Formula: P4S3
Molecular mass = (4 x atomic mass of P) + (3 x atomic mass of S)
= (4 x 30.97 amu) + (3 x 32.07 amu) = 220.09 amu
3. In ionic compounds, it doesn’t consist of molecules so the mass of a formila unit is termed
as the formula mass instead of molecular mass. To calculate the formula mass of a
compound with a polyatomic ion, the number of atoms of each element inside the
parentheses is multiplied by the subscript outside the parentheses. For barium nitrate,
Ba(NO3)2,
Formula mass of Ba(NO3)2
= (1 x atomic mass of Ba) + (2 x atomic mass of N) + (6 x atomic mass of O)
= (137.3 amu + (2 x 14.01 amu) + (6 x 16.00 amu) = 261.3 amu
What’s More
What’s More #2
Activity #2: Calculating The Molecular Mass
Directions: Now that you are familiar with the atomic mass, let us calculate the
molecular mass of the different compounds. First, write the formula then afterwards
you can write your solutions on the space provided and encircle your final answer. (5
points each number)
1. hydrogen peroxide
Formula: _____________
2. cesium chloride
Formula: _____________
3. sulfuric acid
Formula: _____________
4. potassium sulfate
Formula: _____________
5. sodium oxide
Formula: _____________
6. nitrogen dioxide
Formula: _____________
SUMMARY
Post- Test
Directions: Read and understand each item and choose the letter of the correct answer.
Use separate answer sheet of paper.
4. The electrolysis of water into hydrogen and oxygen is an example of ______ reaction.
C. Combination C. double replacement
D. Decomposition D. single replacement
7. When oxygen is available, sulfur dioxide is produced from the burning of sulfur. Which of
the following word equations best represents this reaction?
E. A. sulfur + oxygen → sulfur dioxide C. sulfur dioxide → sulfur +
oxygen
F. B. sulfur dioxide + oxygen → sulfur D. sulfur → sulfur dioxide +
oxygen
8. In a chemical equation, the symbol that takes the place of the word ‘yield’ is a(n)
A. Equal sign C. plus sign
B. Coefficient D. arrow