Professional Documents
Culture Documents
GENERAL PHYSICS 1
Quarter 1 – Module 2
VECTORS AND VECTOR ADDITION
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any
work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the
government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for
exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things,
impose as a condition the payment of royalty.
Management Team
Chairperson: Cherry Mae L. Limbaco, PhD, CESO V
Schools Division Superintendent
GENERAL
PHYSICS 1
Quarter 1 - Module 2
Assessment: (Post-Test)………………………………………………………………………..11
Key to Answers...........................................................................................................................................12
References...................................................................................................................................................13
How to Learn from this Module
To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following:
• Take your time reading the lessons carefully.
• Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises diligently.
• Answer all the given tests and exercises.
II
What I Know
Multiple Choice. Select the letter of the best answer from among the given choices.
Direction: Multiple choices. Select the letter that correspond to the best answer.
1. Which of the following statement is true in determining the resultant of two or more
vectors acting together in the same direction?
a. add the given vectors and take the common direction.
b. subtract the given vectors and take the common direction.
c. get the product of the given vectors and take the two direction.
d. add the given vectors and take the two direction.
2. All statement are true about vectors, except;
a. vectors are quantities with specified magnitude and direction.
b. vectors are quantities that have magnitude only.
c. vectors of two or more can be add by component method.
d. vectors can be add and take the common direction.
3. A quantity that can be completely described by a single value called magnitude.
a. vector b. magnitude c. scalar d. velocity
4. The following statement is an example of scalar, except;
a. an ant crawl on top of the table 15 cm.
b. the troop of soldier walking 20km to northward direction.
c. a bunch of flowers weighing 5 kilograms.
d. a car runs fast 50km/h.
5. A quantity that have magnitude and direction.
a. vector b. scalar c. displacement d. velocity
6. What is the vector some of 3 unit east and 5 unit east?
a. 5 units east b. 6 units east c. 7 units east d. 8 units east
7. To find the resultant of two vectors with opposite direction, you need to;
a. get the difference and take the direction of the vector with the greater value.
b. get the sum and take the direction of the vector with the greater value.
c. get the product and take the direction of the vector with the greater value.
d. get the product and take the direction of the vector with the smaller value.
8. Methods which are used to determine the vector sum or resultant of two or more
vectors, except;
a. parallelogram b. polygon c. component d. symmetrical
9. Which of the following is true about graphical method in calculating resultant vector?
a. the vectors to be added are drawn according to a convenient scale.
b. the vectors to be subtracted are drawn according to a convenient scale.
c. the product of vectors are drawn according to a convenient scale.
d. the vectors to be subtracted are directly drawn.
10. Since vectors are quantities with specified magnitudes and direction, the most
appropriate representation of the vector is;
a. arrow b. line c. curve d. angle theta
11. The formula used in obtaining the magnitude of the resultant in component method.
a. Pythagorean theorem b. polygon method c. arc tangent d. trigonometric
12. Which of the following is an example of vector quantity?
a. 25km/h b. jumping 20 seconds c. 50 grams d. 5cm, east
13. What is the difference of the two vectors 8 units, east and 5 units, west?
a. 3 units, west b. 3 units, east c. 4units, west d. 4units, east
14. What is the exact sum of vectors A= 10cm, east and B= 5cm, east?
a. 5 cm, east b. 5 cm, west c. 15cm, east d.15cm, west
15. The net displacement obtained from two or more vectors.
a. Scalar b. resultant c. sum d. force
VECTORS AND SCALAR
Lesson FORCES
1
Physical quantities are all around us, the number of hours we spend in school or in
our work, the speed and direction of the jeepney that we ride on everyday, and the amount
of food that we buy. How to describe accurately these physical quantities that involved?
Physical quantities are divided into two groups, the first group consists of length,
area, volume, and speed while the second group consists of force, acceleration, and
velocity. Which group do you think gives a clearer picture of quantities? When we describe
the speed of the wind, we say it 69 kmh; but when we talk about its velocity, we express it as
69 kmh, North of West of Manila. Could you find any differences between these two
quantities? Which gives an accurate and precise description of the wind? Why?
This module will present information regarding another physical quantity, force. This
quantity is common to us. Example; pulling a table, lifting heavy baggage, moving a chair, or
opening a window involves force. Pushing a table requires a greater exertion of the muscles
than pushing a chair. Why is this so? Why is it easier to transport a block of wood on a cart
with wheels than to carry it on one’s shoulder?
In this module you will learn that force is a vector. A vector is a quantity that includes
information about the size, strength and direction.
What’s In
There are physical quantities in physics which are represented by magnitudes and
units. When we say that the mass of an umbrella is 3 kilograms, such information gives the
magnitude and unit of mass. This quantity is called scalar. Mass therefore is an example of
scalar quantity.
Other quantities however cannot be completely specified by a magnitude and unit
alone. To describe the velocity of a car by saying that it is 50 km/h is incomplete. There is
still a need to describe the motion by including its direction of the car. The type of quantities
which contains both magnitude and direction is called the vector.
1
What’s New
Since vectors are quantities with specified magnitudes and direction, the most
appropriate representation of the vectors is the arrow ( ). Why? This is because the
length of the arrow with respect to some chosen scale indicates the magnitude while the
arrowhead represents the direction of the vector. A vector is usually represented by a letter
with an arrow above it ( A ) .The same letter without an arrow indicates the magnitude.
What Is It
A scalar is a quantity that can be completely described by a single value called
magnitude. Magnitude means the size or amount and always includes units of
measurement. Sometimes a single number does not include enough information to
describe a measurement. Giving complete directions would mean including instructions to
go to two kilometres to the north, turn right, then go to two kilometres east. The information
“Two kilometres to the north” is an example of a vector.(p110 Tom Hsu, Ph.D.)
The direction of some vectors is given in terms used by weather forecaster,
travellers, map readers and cartographers. The basic reference for angles is the following
N
N North NE Northeast
S South NW Northwest
W E E East SW Southwest
W West SE Southeast
For example: we draw a vector for a wind blowing at 30km/h in the northeast direction 450.
N 30km/h
45o
W E
S
2
SCALAR ADDITION
Adding scalar quantities is similar to ordinary addition. We add together the
quantities express in the same units. Look at the example.
Example:
If the mass (m1)=25g and another mass (m2)=50g their sum is m=m1 + m2
Therefore, m = m1 + m2
=0.025 kg + 5kg
=5.025kg (total mass of an object)
VECTOR ADDITION
Now that we know how to represent vectors graphically, we are now ready to add two
or more vectors.
For example, we are asked to determine the vector sum of the resultant of the
following vectors:
Solution:
2 units West
6 units East
(R) Resultant ( R) Resultant
NOTE:
To determine the resultant of two or more vectors acting together in the same
direction, add the given vectors and take the common direction. On the other hand, to find
the resultant of two vectors with opposite direction, get the difference and take the direction
of the vector with the greater value.
3
What’s More
ACTIVITY 2: ( Graphing of vectors). Represent the following vectors graphically:
A: 40 units, 45o North of East
B: 50 units, 30o South of West
C: 40 units, 45o Counterclockwise from the (+) x-axis.
D: 50 units, 30o clockwise from the (-) y-axis
ACTIVITY 3: (Scalar addition) In separate paper, solve the following problem with
complete solution.
2. If the mass (m1) = 15kg and the second mass (m2) = 250g. Find the total mass
ACTIVITY 4. (Vector Addition) In separate paper. Solve the given vectors and find the
resultant with exact direction.
When you draw a force vector on a graph, distance along the x or y- axes represents
the strength of the force in the x- and y- directions. A force at an angle has the same effect
as two smaller forces aligned with the x- and y- direction. To determine the resultant of two
or more vectors moving together in the same direction, add the given vectors and take the
common direction.
What Is It
RESULTANT OF VECTORS
How do you determine the resultant of vectors acting at certain angles? The following
are the different methods which are used to determine the vector sum or resultant of two or
more vectors.
1. Graphical Method
a. Parallelogram
b. Polygon method
2. Analytical or Mathematical method
a. Trigonometrical method
b. Component method
In the graphical method, the vectors to be added are drawn according to a
convenient scale. They also have to be drawn in their specified direction. These directions
are usually indicated by an angle measured from a certain reference line. With the aid of
protractor, vectors can be drawn in their respective direction and the resultant is then drawn.
If the vectors are represented by rectangular coordinate system, the angle is measured with
respect to the x-axis or the y-axis.
In the analytical method, the vectors need not be drawn according to scale. A rough
sketch is simply made to show their magnitude and direction. The figure is analysed
mathematically with the application of mathematical procedures and formulas.
A R
Φ ΦΦ
Φ Φ
0
B
The resultant R is the diagonal line of the parallelogram from the common point 0.
The magnitude of the resultant is obtained by using the length and the established scale.
The angle Φ (theta) relative to B is simply measured by a protractor.
R=11cm
7cm NE R= 11cm North of East
450
0 4cm E
5
The ant went 4cm east and change direction 7cm, 45 0 north of east (NE). The
resultant displacement does not change. The order in which displacement vectors
are taken does not affect the resultant (11cm NE).
To find the angle Φ (theta) may be determined from the sine law;
R B
=
Sin 1200 sin θ
11cm 5cm
=
Sin 1200 sin θ
Sin θ = 5 ( 0.866)
11
Sin θ = 0.3936
θ = 23.180
The component of a given vector makeup the set of vectors whose vector sum is the
given vector.
The following procedure are applied in adding several vectors in terms of their
components:
1. Resolve the initial vectors into their components in the x and y directions
6
2. Add the component in the x direction to give R x and add the components in the y
direction to give Ry. The following formulas help explain the second procedure:
Rx = x- component of R
= Ax + Bx + Cx + ……
= sum of the x-components
Ry = y- component of R
= Ay + By + Cy + ……
= sum of the y-components
3. Find the magnitude and direction of the resultant R from the components Rx and Ry.
The Pythagorean theorem is used , Thus;
R = √ a2 +b 2
The angle θ may be situated in any of the four quadrants depending on the directions
of Rx and Ry. There are four possible cases and those are shown below;
Example:
Given: A = 10 units, 300 counterclockwise from (+) x-axis
Solution:
B
A
450 300
x
Ax = A cos 300
= 10 units (0.866)
= 8.66 units
Ay = A sin 300
= 10 units (0.5)
= 5 units
7
The component of B are similarly obtained;
Bx = B cos 450
= 25 units (0.707)
= -17.68 units
This is considered negative since Bx is to the left
By = B sin 450
= 25 units (0.707)
= +17.68 units
Since By is upward, we consider it to be positive.
Rx = A x + B x
= 8.66 units + (-17.68 units)
= - 9.02 units
The negative sign indicate that Rx is directed to the left
Ry = A y + B y
= 5 units + 17.68 units
= +22.68 units
R =√(R x )2 +( R y )2
√ 2
= (−9.02units) +(22.68 units)
2
θ= arctan Ry
Rx R Ry
8
What’s More
ACTIVITY 5: Graphical Method (Parallelogram). illustrate the given magnitude in the
problem. Use separate paper and scientific calculator
.
Problem:
A group of soldiers walked 15 km north from their camp, then covered 10 km
due east. Note: Scale ( 1cm=1km).
a. What was the total distance walked by the soldier?
b. Determine the total displacement and exact direction of the travel.
c. Give the clear illustration of the path.
Problem:
What is the vector sum of 15cm East and 9cm North of east acting on point O
at an angle of 800?
Given:
A = 15 units, 25o Counterclockwise from (+) x-axis
9
What I Have Learned
A. Use the tail to tip method to add the given vectors
4. E = 10 km, northwest
F = 20 km, northeast
5. G = 50 mm, northwest
H = 5 mm, northwest
10
Assessment: (Post-Test)
Multiple Choice. Select the letter of the best answer from among the given choices.
Direction: Multiple choices. Select the letter that correspond to the best answer.
1. Which of the following statement is true in determining the resultant of two or more
vectors acting together in the same direction?
a. add the given vectors and take the common direction.
b. subtract the given vectors and take the common direction.
c. get the product of the given vectors and take the two direction.
d. add the given vectors and take the two direction.
2. All statement are true about vectors, except;
a. vectors are quantities with specified magnitude and direction.
b. vectors are quantities that have magnitude only.
c. vectors of two or more can be add by component method.
d. vectors can be add and take the common direction.
3. A quantity that can be completely described by a single value called magnitude.
a. vector b. magnitude c. scalar d.velocity
4. The following statement is an example of scalar, except;
a. an ant crawl on top of the table 15 cm.
b. the troop of soldier walking 20km to northward direction .
c. a bunch of flowers weighing 5 kilograms.
d. a car runs fast 50km/h.
5. A quantity that have magnitude and direction.
a. vector b. scalar c. displacement d. velocity
6. What is the vector some of 3 unit east and 5 unit east?
a. 5 units east b. 6 units east c. 7 units east d. 8 units east
7. To find the resultant of two vectors with opposite direction, you need to;
a. get the difference and take the direction of the vector with the greater value.
b. get the sum and take the direction of the vector with the greater value.
c. get the product and take the direction of the vector with the greater value.
d. get the product and take the direction of the vector with the smaller value.
8. Methods which are used to determine the vector sum or resultant of two or more
vectors, except;
a. Parallelogram b. polygon c. component d. symmetrical
9. Which of the following is true about graphical method in calculating resultant vector?
a. the vectors to be added are drawn according to a convenient scale.
b. the vectors to be subtracted are drawn according to a convenient scale.
c. the product of vectors are drawn according to a convenient scale.
d. the vectors to be subtracted are directly drawn.
10. Since vectors are quantities with specified magnitudes and direction, the most
appropriate representation of the vector is;
a. arrow b. line c. curve d. angle theta
11. The formula used in obtaining the magnitude of the resultant in component method.
a. Pythagorean theorem b. Polygon method c. arc tangent d. Trigonometric
12. Which of the following is an example of vector quantity?
a. 25km/h b. jumping 20 seconds c. 50 grams d. 5cm, east
13. What is the difference of the two vectors 8 units, east and 5 units, west?
3 units, west b. 3 units, east c. 4units west d. 4units, east
14. What is the exact sum of vectors A= 10cm, east and B= 5cm, east?
a. 5 cm, east b. 5 cm, west c. 15cm, east d.15cm, west
15. The net displacement obtained from two or more vectors.
a. Scalar b. resultant c. sum d. force
11
Answer key
Pretest Activity 4
1 .A 1. 7units 3units
2. B
3. C
4. B 10 units east
5. A
6. D 2. 8units
7. A
8. D 4 Units
9. A 4nits east
10. A
11.A
12. D 3. 2units
13.B 8units
14. C 6units west
15. B
ACTIVITY 2
3units
A. 40units NE 9units
6units west
0
45
B. Posttest
1 .A
2. B
3. C
300 4. B
50 units SW 5. A
6. D
7. A
C. y 8. D
40 units 9. A
10. A
X 11.A
12. D
13.B
14. C
15. B
D.
50 units SW
References
BEISER, A. Modern Technical Physics.pp.36-37.
NAVAZA, D & VALDES V. (1998). Physics Textbook. You and the natural world series.pp.31-40.
Turback,E.j.,Lutgens, F. K. & Tasa, D. (2012). Earth Science.New Jersey:Pearson Prentice Hall.pp88-96
Blaustein, D.et. al.(1999). Science, An Introduction to life, Earth and Physical Science. New
York: Glencoe McGraw-Hill
Bonnet, R.L. & Keen, G. D. (1990). Earth Science, Science Fair Project.PA:TabBooks.
Camp, W. G. & Donahue, R.L. (1994). Environmental Science. New Your: Delmar Pub.
13